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NASA NTRS1980

Mark 3 correlator hardware and software

The Mark 3 correlator system is described in some detail. The correlator system is based on a modular philosophy. Each correlator module independently processes the data from one track pair. Therefore, 28 modules are necessary to complete a full one baseline processor and 84 modules for a full 3 baseline processor. Each correlator module has two interfaces: (1) data and clock from each of the two tracks to be correlated and (2) Computer Automated Measurement and Control (CAMAC) dataway interface to the computer. The processor is organized around the IEEE CAMAC standard architecture, housing 15 correlator modules in each of 6 crates. This allows one pass processing of a full 3 baseline 28 track observation or a 6 baseline (4 station) 14 track observation. The correlator architecture allows easy expansion for up to 8 stations. The computer system is an HP 1000 system utilizing a 16 bit minicomputer with disc and tape peripherals. The processing software is also organized in a modular fashion with many independent but cooperative programs controlling the operation of the Mark 3 processor. Processing time through the correlator is normally real time or faster, with graphics displays providing real time monitor and control of the processing operation.

Whitney, A. R.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Characterization of contaminants in the Lyman-alpha forest auto-correlation with DESI

Baryon Acoustic Oscillations can be measured with sub-percent precision above redshift two with the Lyman-α (Lyα) forest auto-correlation and its cross-correlation with quasar positions. This is one of the key goals of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) which started its main survey in May 2021. We present in this paper a study of the contaminants to the Lyα forest which are mainly caused by correlated signals introduced by the spectroscopic data processing pipeline as well as astrophysical contaminants due to foreground absorption in the intergalactic medium. Notably, an excess signal caused by the sky background subtraction noise is present in the Lyα auto-correlation in the first line-of-sight separation bin. We use synthetic data to isolate this contribution, we also characterize the effect of spectro-photometric calibration noise, and propose a simple model to account for both effects in the analysis of the Lyα forest. We then measure the auto-correlation of the quasar flux transmission fraction of low redshift quasars, where there is no Lyα forest absorption but only its contaminants. We demonstrate that we can interpret the data with a two-component model: data processing noise and triply ionized Silicon and Carbon auto-correlations. This result can be used to improve the modeling of the Lyα auto-correlation function measured with DESI.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

NASA NTRS1975

A generalized correlation of experimental flat-plate collector performance

A generalized correlation of flat-plate collector performance obtained by outdoor and indoor test methods is presented. This correlation shows that the indoor (simulator) test approach is a special case of the general situation of variable solar conditions. The important feature of the generalized correlation is that it permits a separation of the solar variables (flux, incident angle, etc.) which affect collector performance from the collector parameters (absorptance, transmittance, heat loss, etc.) which also affect collector performance and which are uniquely part of a given collector design. The correlation permits an evaluation of the relative merits of using instantaneous, hourly and daily collector efficiencies in obtaining a good collector correlation. The question of the transient behavior outdoors of a collector is an important part of determining whether to use instantaneous, hourly or daily efficiency values in a correlation approach. Correlation of the experimental performance of collectors allows the following: (1) comparisons of different collector designs, (2) collector performance prediction under conditions that differ from the conditions of the test program, and (3) monitoring performance degradation effects.

Simon, F. F.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Multiplicity-dependent jet modification from di-hadron correlations in pp collisions at $ \sqrt{s} $ = 13 TeV

Short-range correlations between charged particles are studied via two-particle angular correlations in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV. The correlation functions are measured as a function of the relative azimuthal angle ∆φ and the pseudorapidity separation ∆η for pairs of primary charged particles within the pseudorapidity interval |η| < 0.9 and the transverse-momentum range 1 < p T < 8 GeV/c. Near-side (|∆φ| < 1.3) peak widths are extracted from a generalised Gaussian fitted over the correlations in full pseudorapidity separation (|∆η| < 1.8), while the per-trigger associated near-side yields are extracted for the short-range correlations (|∆η| < 1.3). Both are evaluated as a function of charged-particle multiplicity obtained by two different event activity estimators. The width of the near-side peak decreases with increasing multiplicity, and this trend is reproduced qualitatively by the Monte Carlo event generators PYTHIA 8, AMPT, and EPOS. However, the models overestimate the width in the low transverse-momentum region (p T < 3 GeV/c). The per-trigger associated near-side yield increases with increasing multiplicity. Although this trend is also captured qualitatively by the considered event generators, the yield is mostly overestimated by the models in the considered kinematic range. The measurement of the shape and yield of the short-range correlation peak can help us understand the interplay between jet fragmentation and event activity, quantify the narrowing trend of the near-side peak as a function of transverse momentum and multiplicity selections in pp collisions, and search for final-state jet modification in small collision systems.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Genuine k -partite correlations and entanglement in the ground state of the Dicke model for interacting qubits

Here, in this work, we calculate and study correlations of the Dicke model in the presence of qubit–qubit interaction. Whereas the analysis of correlations among its subsystems is essential for the understanding of corresponding critical phenomena and for performing quantum information tasks, the majority of correlation measures are restricted to bipartitions due to the inherent challenges associated with handling multiple partitions. To circunvent this we employ the calculation of Genuine Multipartite Correlations (GMC) based on the invariance of our model under particle permutation. We then quantify the correlations within each subpart of the system, as well as the percentage contribution of each GMC of order $k$, highlighting the many-body behaviors for different regimes of parameters. Additionally, we show that GMC signal both first- and second-order quantum phase transitions present in the model. Furthermore, as GMC encompasses both classical and quantum correlations, we employ Quantum Fisher Information (QFI) to detect genuine multipartite entanglement. Ultimately, we map the Dicke model with interacting qubits to spin in solids interacting with a quantum field of magnons, thus demonstrating a potential experimental realization of this model.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2024

Universal correlation for falling film evaporation heat transfer coefficients of water and seawater

Horizontal falling film evaporators are widely utilized in desalination industries to increase fresh water supply. However, universal correlations for seawater falling film evaporation under varied operational and geometrical conditions are simply unavailable in open literature. Thus, this study aims to develop such a universal correlation for both plain and enhanced tubes. The detailed heat transfer mechanisms are reviewed, and rational parameters are incorporated to develop the universal correlation. A dataset of 994 data points from 9 sources covering a wide range of conditions was compiled. These conditions include Reynolds numbers from 10 to 7235, heat fluxes from 7.7 to 208 kW/m -2 , saturation temperatures from 278 to 401 K, salinities from 0 to 60 gsalt kg -1 water, tube diameters from 15.8 to 50.8 mm, and liquid feeder height to diameter ratios from 1 to 2.25. Upon analysis, it was found that most of the recommended existing correlations exhibited poor predictive accuracy, as evidenced by larger MADs. The developed correlation in this study demonstrated the best predictive accuracy for the entire dataset, yielding a MAD of 16.8 % and an R 2 of 0.82. Furthermore, the performance of the new correlation was individually assessed across a broader spectrum of operational and design conditions, reflecting the individual conditions’ influences with an overall MAD of 20 %.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2025

Higher-order symmetry plane correlations in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV

The correlations between event-by-event fluctuations of symmetry planes are measured in Pb-Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV recorded by the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider. This analysis is conducted using the Gaussian estimator technique, which is insensitive to biases from correlations between different flow amplitudes. The study presents, for the first time, the centrality dependence of correlations involving up to five different symmetry planes. The correlation strength varies depending on the harmonic order of the symmetry plane and the collision centrality. Comparisons with measurements from lower energies indicate no significant differences within uncertainties. Additionally, the results are compared with hydrodynamic model calculations. Although the model predictions provide a qualitative explanation of the experimental results, they overestimate the data for some observables. This is particularly true for correlators that are sensitive to the nonlinear response of the medium to initial-state anisotropies in the collision system. As these new correlators provide unique information—independent of flow amplitudes—their usage in future model developments can further constrain the properties of the strongly interacting matter created in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Electron Correlation and High-Temperature Superconductivity

Strong electron correlation plays a central role in the high-temperature superconductivity (HTSC) of cuprates. However, to date, research has focused only on its role in spin dynamics and related effects, even though it is becoming increasingly clear that spin alone may not be sufficient to create HTSC. Here, we discuss a possible role of electron correlation in the Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) of Cooper pairs. Recently, we succeeded in observing dynamic electron correlation via inelastic X-ray scattering through results presented in real space. We discovered that electron correlations are strongly modified in the plasmon, proving that electron dynamics significantly affect electron correlation. Earlier, we found that in 4 He, the atom–atom distance in the BE condensate is 10% longer than that in the non-condensate. These results suggest the possibility that the reduction in electron-repulsion energy upon BEC is driving T c to high values. Thus, electron correlation itself could be the origin of the HTSC phenomenon.

Bose–Einstein condensation↗

DOE OSTI2025

Ultrafast Correlation Energy Estimator

A virtually no-cost method is proposed that can compute the correlation energies of general, covalently bonded, organic, and inorganic molecules (including conjugated π-electron systems) with a well-defined dominant Lewis structure at the accuracy of 99.5% of the near-exact values determined by the coupled-cluster singles, doubles, and perturbative triples [CCSD(T)] in the complete-basis-set (CBS) limit. This Correlation Energy Per Bond (CEPB) method assigns a partial correlation energy to each bond type (characterized by the identities of the two atoms forming the bond and its integer bond order) and to a lone pair, regardless of the bond length, bond angle, sp-hybridization, π-electron conjugation, ionicity, noncovalent interactions, etc. At its current stage, the method is mainly suitable for near-equilibrium geometries. The correlation energies per bond are determined by a fit to the CCSD(T)/CBS benchmarks. It can neither improve the equilibrium structures nor discern conformers or positional isomers, yet its accuracy for reaction energies rivals that of the second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory, which is far more expensive. Its promising performance underscores the possibility that surprisingly compact, chemically intuitive molecular fragments exist into which correlation energies can be partitioned, leading to various ultrafast correlation-energy estimators tailored to different purposes.

Binding energy↗

DOE OSTI2025

Reference Correlations for the Density and Viscosity of Molten Alkali and Alkaline Earth Fluoride Salts

While there is a significant body of literature pertaining to thermophysical property measurements of molten salts, there is often a wide degree of variability among independent measurements of the same compounds. As such, the scientific community benefits greatly from an unbiased, independent assessment of duplicate datasets, so that reference correlations which describe these thermophysical properties as functions of temperature can be determined and then commonly used by researchers, scientists, and engineers. With regard to molten fluoride compounds, a significant time has elapsed since density and viscosity reference correlations have been determined; Janz conducted the most recent effort, in 1988, to provide reference correlations for the densities and viscosities of molten fluoride compounds via the National Standard Reference Data System coordinated by the National Bureau of Standards. Since then, new data have been published for molten fluoride compounds, and a new precedent has surfaced for putting forth reference correlations that involve fitting to multiple primary datasets. In this work, reference correlations are put forth for molten alkali and alkaline earth fluoride compounds in an effort to provide updated, improved correlations for general use. For molten alkali fluoride densities, estimated uncertainties with a 95% confidence interval are summarized as follows: LiF (0.63%), NaF (0.48%), KF (0.76%), RbF (0.93%), and CsF (0.75%). For molten alkaline earth fluoride densities, an estimated uncertainty was not able to be quantified for BeF 2 because of limited data; however, estimated uncertainties with a 95% confidence interval are summarized as follows for the remaining alkaline earth fluorides: MgF 2 (1.5%), CaF 2 (0.92%), SrF 2 (1.6%), and BaF 2 (0.23%). For molten alkali fluoride viscosities, uncertainty was not able to be quantified for RbF and CsF because of limited data; however, estimated uncertainties with a 95% confidence interval are summarized as follows for the remaining alkali fluorides: LiF (4.4%), NaF (3.0%), and KF (4.0%). For molten alkaline earth fluoride viscosities, limited consistent data resulted in the recommendation of single datasets (from literature) that are deemed to be the most trustworthy based on the quality of the underlying experimental studies.

Birri, A. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), O↗

DOE OSTI2025

Modelling the impact of quasar redshift errors on the full-shape analysis of correlations in the Lyman-α forest.

In preparation for the first cosmological measurements from the full shape of the Lyman-α (Lyα) forest from DESI, we must carefully model all relevant systematics that might bias our analysis. It was shown in Youles et al. (2022) that random quasar redshift errors produce a smoothing effect on the mean quasar continuum in the Lyα forest region. This, in turn, gives rise to spurious features in the Lyα autocorrelation and its cross-correlation with quasars. Using synthetic data sets based on the DESI survey, we confirm that the impact on BAO measurements is small, but that a bias is introduced to parameters which depend on the full shape of our correlations. We combine a model of this contamination in the cross-correlation (Youles et al. 2022) with a new model we introduce here for the auto-correlation. These are parametrised by 3 parameters, which, when included in a joint fit to both correlation functions, successfully eliminate any impact of redshift errors on our full-shape constraints. We also present a strategy for removing this contamination from real data, by removing ∼0.3% of correlating pairs.

cosmology↗

DOE OSTI2025

Mitigating cosmic-ray-like correlated events with a modular quantum processor

Quantum processors based on superconducting qubits are being scaled to larger qubit numbers, enabling the implementation of small-scale quantum error-correction codes. However, catastrophic chip-scale correlated errors have been observed in these processors, attributed to, e.g., cosmic ray impacts, which challenge conventional error-correction codes such as the surface code. These events are characterized by a temporary but pronounced suppression of the qubit-energy relaxation times. Here, in this study, we explore the potential for modular quantum computing architectures to mitigate such correlated energy decay events. We measure cosmic-ray-like events in a quantum processor comprising a motherboard and two flip-chip bonded daughterboard modules, each module containing two superconducting qubits. We monitor the appearance of correlated qubit decay events within a single module and across the physically separated modules. We find that while decay events within one module are strongly correlated (over 85%), events in separate modules only display approximately 2% correlations. We also report coincident decay events in the motherboard and in either of the two daughterboard modules, providing further insight into the nature of these decay events. These results suggest that modular architectures, combined with bespoke errorcorrection codes, offer a promising approach for protecting future quantum processors from chip-scale correlated errors.

Wu, Xuntao [Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States)] ↗

DOE OSTI2025

Probing cold nuclear matter with energy correlators

The future electron-ion collider (EIC) will produce the first-ever high energy collisions between electrons and a wide range of nuclei, opening a new era in the study of cold nuclear matter. Quarks and gluons produced in these collisions will propagate through the dense nuclear matter of nuclei, imprinting its structure into subtle correlations in the energy flux of final state hadrons. In this article, we apply recent developments from the field of jet substructure, namely the energy correlator observables, to decode these correlations and provide a new window into nuclear structure. The energy correlators provide a calibrated probe of the scale dependence of vacuum quantum chromodynamics (QCD), enabling medium modifications to be imaged and interpreted as a function of scale. Using the eHIJING parton shower to simulate electron-nucleus collisions, we demonstrate that the size of the nucleus is imprinted as an angular scale in the correlators, with a magnitude that is visible for realistic EIC kinematics. We can observe the size difference between the proposed EIC nuclear targets 3 He, 4 He, 12 C, 40 Ca, 64 Cu, 197 Au, and 238 U, showing that the energy correlators can image femtometer length scales using asymptotic energy flux. Our approach offers a unified view of jet substructure across collider experiments, and provides numerous new theoretical tools to unravel the complex dynamics of QCD in extreme environments, both hot and cold.

Electron-ion collisions↗

DOE OSTI2025

Cluster spin glass correlations and dynamics in Zn 0.5⁢ Mn 0.5⁢ Te

Here, we present a combined magnetometry, muon spin-relaxation (𝜇⁢SR), and neutron-scattering study of the insulating spin glass Zn 0.5 ⁢Mn 0.5 ⁢Te, for which magnetic Mn 2+ and nonmagnetic Zn 2+ ions are randomly distributed on a face-centered cubic lattice. The magnetometry and 𝜇⁢SR results confirm a spin freezing transition around 𝑇 𝑓 ≈ 23 K, with the spin-fluctuation rate decreasing gradually and somewhat inhomogeneously through the sample volume as the temperature decreases toward 𝑇 𝑓 . Characteristic spin-correlation times well above 𝑇 𝑓 are on the order of 10 −10 s, much slower than typically observed in canonical spin glasses but in line with expectations for a cluster spin glass. Using magnetic pair distribution function (mPDF) analysis and reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modeling of the magnetic diffuse neutron-scattering data, we show that the spin-glass ground state consists of clusters of spins exhibiting short-range-ordered type-III antiferromagnetic correlations with a locally ordered moment of 3.1⁢(1)⁢𝜇 B between nearest-neighbor spins. The type-III correlations decay exponentially as a function of spin separation distance with a correlation length of approximately 5 Å. The diffuse magnetic scattering and corresponding mPDF show no significant changes across 𝑇 𝑓 , indicating that the dynamically fluctuating short-range spin correlations in the paramagnetic state retain the same basic type-III configuration that characterizes the spin-glass state; the only change apparent from the neutron-scattering data is a gradual reduction of the correlation length and locally ordered moment with increasing temperature. Taken together, these results paint a unique and detailed picture of the local magnetic structure and dynamics in Zn 0.5 ⁢Mn 0.5⁢ Te and provide strong evidence that this material is best described as a cluster spin glass. In addition, this work showcases a statistical method for extracting diffuse scattering signals from neutron powder diffraction data, which we developed to facilitate the mPDF and RMC analysis of the neutron data. This method has the potential to be broadly useful for neutron powder diffraction experiments on a variety of materials with short-range atomic or magnetic order.

magnetism↗

NASA NTRS1975

The effects of correlation on goodness of fit

Autocorrelated normal random variates were generated via computer and the effects of various levels of correlation on goodness of fit problems were studied. The results are useful in determining the distribution or estimating the parameters of populations that correlate observations such as wind speeds and temperature. The model used to generate the autocorrelated data is an autoregressive process of order 1. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov and chi-square statistics are used in the analysis. It was observed in the simulation that high positive correlations tend to shift the sample mean away from the population mean and negative correlations tend to shift the sample mean towards the population mean. In many cases, it was observed that positive and negative correlations tend to decrease the standard deviation. However, since this did not occur in all cases, no definite conclusion can be made regarding the standard deviation. Since the autoregressive process is a linear transformation, it is not surprising that normality was preserved. However, a possible extension of this problem could be to generate non-normal data and observe how the distribution is affected by correlation. Another extension might utilize another model such as autoregressive of order k or a moving average process of order k.

Kitchens, L. J.↗

NASA NTRS1978

Optimum wall impedance for spinning modes - A correlation with mode cut-off ratio

A correlating equation relating the optimum acoustic impedance for the wall lining of a circular duct to the acoustic mode cut-off ratio is presented and compared to exact calculations. The optimum impedance was correlated with cut-off ratio because the cut-off ratio appears to be the fundamental parameter governing the propagation of sound in the duct. Modes with similar cut-off ratios respond in a similar way to the acoustic liner. The correlating equation is useful for the design of suppressors for aircraft engine inlets having a steady mean flow with a boundary layer and spinning mode noise source excitation. The correlation is a semi-empirical expression developed from an empirical modification of an equation originally derived from sound propagation theory in a thin boundary layer. Exact calculations of the optimum wall impedance were made over a wide range of frequency parameters, boundary layer thicknesses and flow Mach numbers to develop and verify the correlation. This correlating equation represents a part of a simplified liner design method, based upon modal cut-off ratio, for multimodal noise propagation.

Rice, E. J.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Correlation of Preston-tube data with laminar skin friction (Log No. J12984)

Preston tube data within laminar boundary layers obtained on a sharp ten-degree cone in the NASA Ames eleven-foot transonic wind tunnel are correlated with the corresponding values of theoretical skin friction. Data were obtained over a Mach number range of 0.30 to 0.95 and unit Reynolds numbers of 9.84, 13.1, and 16.4 million per meter. The rms scatter of skin friction coefficient about the correlation is of the order of one percent, which is comparable to the reported accuracy for calibrations of Preston tubes in incompressible pipe flows. In contrast to previous works on Preston tube/skin friction correlations, which are based on the physical height of the probe's face, this satisfactory correlation for compressible boundary layer flows is achieved by accounting for the effects of a variable "effective" height of the probe. The coefficients, which appear in the correlation, are dependent on the particular tunnel environment. The general procedure can be used to define correlations for other wind tunnels.

Reed, T. D.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Correlation of Preston-tube data with laminar skin friction

Preston-tube data have been obtained on a sharp ten-degree cone in the NASA Ames Eleven-Foot Transonic Wind Tunnel. Data were obtained over a Mach number range of 0.30 to 0.95 and unit Reynolds numbers of 9.84, 13.1, and 16.4 million per meter. The portions of these data, that were obtained within laminar boundary layers, have been correlated with the corresponding values of theoretical skin friction. The rms scatter of skin-friction coefficient about the correlation is of the order of one percent, which is comparable to the reported accuracy for calibrations of Preston-tubes in incompressible pipe-flows. In contrast to previous works on Preston-tube/skin-friction correlations, which are based on the physical height of the probe's face, this very satisfactory correlation for compressible boundary-layer flows is achieved by accounting for the effects of a variable 'effective' height of the probe. The coefficients, which appear in the correlation, are dependent on the particular tunnel environment. The general procedure can be used to define correlations for other wind tunnels.

Reed, T. D.↗