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NASA NTRS1972

Polar cap electric field distributions related to the interplanetary magnetic field direction

The correlations between the azimuthal direction of the interplanetary magnetic field and the most simple polar cap signatures are discussed. Only the spatial distribution of the dawn-dusk polar cap field is considered. For each OGO 6 traverse across the northern or southern polar cap, the simultaneous values of the interplanetary magnetic field in solar-equatorial coordinates were recorded by the Explorer 33 magnetometer. Histograms of these values are presented and are discussed. The high degree of correlation with the longitudinal angle indicates that the relative geometry of the interplanetary magnetic field and magnetospheric magnetic fields must be fundamental to explaining the distribution of polar cap electric fields. The sign of the solar-equatorial component perpendicular to the sun-earth line appears to be a more critical parameter than the sign of the component toward the sun. The Svalgaard-Mansurov correlation and the correspondence between fast convection and parallel magnetospheric and interplanetary magnetic fields are described.

Heppner, J. P.↗

NASA NTRS2011

Ten Years of Cloud Properties from MODIS: Global Statistics and Use in Climate Model Evaluation

The NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), launched onboard the Terra and Aqua spacecrafts, began Earth observations on February 24, 2000 and June 24,2002, respectively. Among the algorithms developed and applied to this sensor, a suite of cloud products includes cloud masking/detection, cloud-top properties (temperature, pressure), and optical properties (optical thickness, effective particle radius, water path, and thermodynamic phase). All cloud algorithms underwent numerous changes and enhancements between for the latest Collection 5 production version; this process continues with the current Collection 6 development. We will show example MODIS Collection 5 cloud climatologies derived from global spatial . and temporal aggregations provided in the archived gridded Level-3 MODIS atmosphere team product (product names MOD08 and MYD08 for MODIS Terra and Aqua, respectively). Data sets in this Level-3 product include scalar statistics as well as 1- and 2-D histograms of many cloud properties, allowing for higher order information and correlation studies. In addition to these statistics, we will show trends and statistical significance in annual and seasonal means for a variety of the MODIS cloud properties, as well as the time required for detection given assumed trends. To assist in climate model evaluation, we have developed a MODIS cloud simulator with an accompanying netCDF file containing subsetted monthly Level-3 statistical data sets that correspond to the simulator output. Correlations of cloud properties with ENSO offer the potential to evaluate model cloud sensitivity; initial results will be discussed.

Platnick, Steven E.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Opinion dynamics in financial markets via random networks

We investigate financial market dynamics by introducing a heterogeneous agent-based opinion formation model. In this work, we organize individuals in a financial market according to their trading strategy, namely, whether they are noise traders or fundamentalists. The opinion of a local majority compels the market exchanging behavior of noise traders, whereas the global behavior of the market influences the decisions of fundamentalist agents. We introduce a noise parameter, q , to represent the level of anxiety and perceived uncertainty regarding market behavior, enabling the possibility of adrift financial action. We place individuals as nodes in an Erdös-Rényi random graph, where the links represent their social interactions. At any given time, individuals assume one of two possible opinion states ±1 regarding buying or selling an asset. The model exhibits fundamental qualitative and quantitative real-world market features such as the distribution of logarithmic returns with fat tails, clustered volatility, and the long-term correlation of returns. We use Student’s t distributions to fit the histograms of logarithmic returns, showing a gradual shift from a leptokurtic to a mesokurtic regime depending on the fraction of fundamentalist agents. Furthermore, we compare our results with those concerning the distribution of the logarithmic returns of several real-world financial indices.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

NASA NTRS1974

Program for the analysis of time series

A digital computer program for the Fourier analysis of discrete time data is described. The program was designed to handle multiple channels of digitized data on general purpose computer systems. It is written, primarily, in a version of FORTRAN 2 currently in use on CDC 6000 series computers. Some small portions are written in CDC COMPASS, an assembler level code. However, functional descriptions of these portions are provided so that the program may be adapted for use on any facility possessing a FORTRAN compiler and random-access capability. Properly formatted digital data are windowed and analyzed by means of a fast Fourier transform algorithm to generate the following functions: (1) auto and/or cross power spectra, (2) autocorrelations and/or cross correlations, (3) Fourier coefficients, (4) coherence functions, (5) transfer functions, and (6) histograms.

Brown, T. J.↗

NASA NTRS1974

Correlation of hippocampal theta rhythm with changes in cutaneous temperature

A possible role for the hippocampus in alerting an animal to changes in cutaneous temperature was examined. Following local warming or cooling of the ears of unanesthetized, loosely restrained rabbits, theta waves (4-7 Hz EEG waves) were recorded from electrodes straddling the hippocampus. The onset of the hippocampal theta rhythm was correlated with changes in cutaneous temperature, an observation consistent with studies indicating that the theta rhythm is a nonspecific response evoked by stimulation of several sensory modalities. Additional data from cats and rabbits were correlated with specific neurons within the hippocampus, namely pyramidal cells. Post stimulus time histograms obtained by excitation of the dorsal fornix were interpreted in terms of excitatory and inhibitory inputs to pyramidal cells. Thus, the theta rhythm, which appears to be evoked by changes in cutaneous temperature, can be related to a specific type of hippocampal neuron which is in turn connected with other areas of the brain involved in temperature regulation.

Horowitz, J. M.↗

NASA NTRS1978

A new color correlation method applied to XRF Al/Si ratios and other lunar remote sensing data

Orbital X-ray fluorescence Al/Si intensity ratios, corrected for variations in solar activity, are correlated with normal albedo, elevation measurements from laser altimetry data, and gamma ray data in the 2.75-8.60 MeV range. Each of these data sets is placed into a digital array consisting of 1/4 deg latitude by 1/4 deg longitude pixels. Information relative to the correlation of Al/Si ratios with each of the other data sets is presented in the following forms: (1) histograms are given for each data set to show the frequency distribution within the areas of common coverage; (2) density plots are produced from the plot of a two-dimensional array consisting of the Al/Si ratio vs the other parameter value for each pixel; and (3) color correlation maps are produced by placing the two-dimensional array into a 3 x 3 matrix consisting of nine equal subarrays containing an equal number of data points.

Clark, P. E.↗

NASA NTRS1997

Anterior segment sparing to reduce charged particle radiotherapy complications in uveal melanoma

PURPOSE: The purpose of this investigation is to delineate the risk factors in the development of neovascular glaucoma (NVG) after helium-ion irradiation of uveal melanoma patients and to propose treatment technique that may reduce this risk. METHODS AND MATERIALS: 347 uveal melanoma patients were treated with helium-ions using a single-port treatment technique. Using univariate and multivariate statistics, the NVG complication rate was analyzed according to the percent of anterior chamber in the radiation field, tumor size, tumor location, sex, age, dose, and other risk factors. Several University of California San Francisco-Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) patients in each size category (medium, large, and extralarge) were retrospectively replanned using two ports instead of a single port. By using appropriate polar and azimuthal gaze angles or by treating patients with two ports, the maximum dose to the anterior segment of the eye can often be reduced. Although a larger volume of anterior chamber may receive a lower dose by using two ports than a single port treatment. We hypothesize that this could reduce the level of complications that result from the irradiation of the anterior chamber of the eye. Dose-volume histograms were calculated for the lens, and compared for the single and two-port techniques. RESULTS: NVG developed in 121 (35%) patients. The risk of NVG peaked between 1 and 2.5 years posttreatment. By univariate and multivariate analysis, the percent of lens in the field was strongly correlated with the development of NVG. Other contributing factors were tumor height, history of diabetes, and vitreous hemorrhage. Dose-volume histogram analysis of single-port vs. two-port techniques demonstrate that for some patients in the medium and large category tumor groups, a significant decrease in dose to the structures in the anterior segment of the eye could have been achieved with the use of two ports. CONCLUSION: The development of NVG after helium-ion irradiation is correlated to the amount of lens, anterior chamber in the treatment field, tumor height, proximity to the fovea, history of diabetes, and the development of vitreous hemorrhage. Although the influence of the higher LET deposition of helium-ions is unclear, this study suggests that by reducing the dose to the anterior segment of the eye may reduce the NVG complications. Based on this retrospective analysis of LBNL patients, we have implemented techniques to reduce the amount of the anterior segment receiving a high dose in our new series of patients treated with protons using the cyclotron at the UC Davis Crocker Nuclear Laboratory (CNL).

NASA Discipline Radiation Health↗

NASA NTRS1985

Cosmogenic Mn-53 in meteorites

The distributions of the Mn-53 contents in 106 nonantarctic and 112 antarctic chondrites were analyzed. A correlation analysis of these distributions showed that the correlation coefficient is a maximum r sub max = 0.75 plus or minus 0.03) when the histogram for antarctic chondrites is displaced by 40 plus or minus 8 dpm kg-1Fe towards lower Mn-53 contents. The distribution of Mn-53 saturated contents in nonantarctic ordinary chondrites was investigated as a function of their radiation age (T). It is found that the Mn-53 average content is higher by (21 plus or minus 9)% in H-chondrites with radiation age T approximately 12 Myr than in thse with T 12 Myr. This effect can be attributed to the fact that a considerable proportion of H-chondrites with T 12 Myr originates from a comet or from the objects of Chiron like, with the orbits more inclined to the ecliptic plane and/or more extended, which caused their irradiation by cosmic rays of higher intensity.

Alexeev, V. A.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Universal Monte Carlo Event Generator

With the Jefferson Lab 12 GeV physics program underway and plans for the future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC), the nuclear physics community is entering a new era of exploration of QCD phenomena involving extensive data taking and event-level processing. This brings with it the potential for unprecedented access to multidimensional particle momentum distributions (PMDs) that can be connected to various theoretical frameworks by unfolding the emergent quantum mechanical properties of QCD using the PMDs. In practice, the PMDs are rendered as discretized histograms (typically one- or two-dimensional projections), and detector effects must be taken into account to unfold the pure detector effect-free PMDs that can be connected with theory. One of the challenges in this new era is obtaining faithful reconstructions of the multidimensional PMDs that preserve all of the inherent particle correlations. In this LDRD project we developed a novel approach using machine learning (ML) that solves this challenge, by avoiding entirely the need to use histograms as the main numerical technique to obtain the detector effect-free PMDs. The new approach is, moreover, scalable to higher dimensional PMDs. The central idea involves training neural networks (NNs) to generate synthetic event-level data (momenta 4-vectors of final state particles) to preserve all correlations among the particles. This is achieved by converting the trial synthetic vertex-level events to detector-level events using detector simulators. The NNs are then tuned using a specialized distance metric between the synthetic detector events and the real detector events.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Thermodynamics of the Inner Heliosheath

We derive annual sky maps of the proton temperature in the inner heliosheath (IHS), and track their temporal evolution over the years 2009–2016 of Interstellar Boundary Explorer observations. Other associated thermodynamic parameters also determined are the density, kappa (the parameter that characterizes kappa distributions), temperature rate, polytropic index, and entropy. We exploit the theory of kappa distributions and their connection with polytropes, to (i) express a new polytropic quantity Π that remains invariant along streamlines where temperature and density may vary, (ii) parameterize the proton flux in terms of the Π invariant and kappa, and (iii) derive the temperature and density, respectively, from the slope and intercept of the linear relationship between kappa and logarithm of Π. We find the following thermodynamic characteristics: (1) temperature sky maps and histograms shifted to their lowest values in 2012 and their highest in 2015; (2) temperature negatively correlated with density, reflecting the subisothermal polytropic behavior; (3) temperature positively correlated with kappa, revealing characteristics of the mechanism responsible for generating kappa distributions; (4) processes in IHS are subisothermal tending toward isobaric, consistent with previously published results; (5) linear relationship between kappa and polytropic indices, revealing characteristics of the particle potential energy; and (6) entropy positively correlated with polytropic index, aligned with the underlying theory that entropy increases toward the isothermal state where the kappa distribution reduces to the Maxwell–Boltzmann description.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Accelerating fissile material detection with a neutron source

A system discriminating fissile material from nonfissile material wherein a digital data acquisition unit collects data at high rate, and processes large volumes of data directly to count neutrons from the unknown source and detect excess grouped neutrons to identify fission. The system includes a Poisson neutron generator for in-beam interrogation of a possible fissile neutron source and inducing neutron emission therefrom, and a DC power supply that exhibits electrical ripple of less than one part per million. A neutron count histogram and Poisson count distribution are overlaid to provide a visual indication of the difference in correlation of natural and induced emitted neutrons from the radiation source to characterize the neutron source as fissile material or non-fissile material.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗

DOE OSTI2020

Accelerating fissile material detection with a neutron source

A method of discriminating fissile material from non-fissile material with a digital data acquisition system that collects data at high rate, and processes large volumes of data directly to count neutrons from the unknown source and detect excess grouped neutrons to identify fission. The system includes a Poisson neutron generator for in-beam interrogation of a possible fissile neutron source and inducing neutron emission therefrom, and a DC power supply that exhibits electrical ripple of less than one part per million. A neutron count histogram and Poisson count distribution are overlaid to provide a visual indication of the difference in correlation of natural and induced emitted neutrons from the radiation source to characterize the neutron source as fissile material or non-fissile material.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗

NASA NTRS1985

Analysis of data acquired by Shuttle Imaging Radar SIR-A and Landsat Thematic Mapper over Baldwin County, Alabama

Seasonally compatible data collected by SIR-A and by Landsat 4 TM over the lower coastal plain in Alabama were coregistered, forming a SIR-A/TM multichannel data set with 30 m x 30 m pixel size. Spectral signature plots and histogram analysis of the data were used to observe data characteristics. Radar returns from pine forest classes correlated highly with the tree ages, suggesting the potential utility of microwave remote sensing for forest biomass estimation. As compared with the TM-only data set, the use of SIR-A/TM data set improved classification accuracy of the seven land cover types studied. In addition, the SIR-A/TM classified data support previous finding by Engheta and Elachi (1982) that microwave data appear to be correlated with differing bottomland hardwood forest vegetation as associated with varying water regimens (i.e., wet versus dry).

Wu, S.-T.↗

DOE OSTI2020

Monte Carlo simulations for understanding the transport properties of metallic nanowires

We report the conductance calculation of metallic nanowires of different metals under the application of a tensile force. The elongation induced by the tensile force was simulated by means of the canonical Monte Carlo method combined with the embedded atom method to compute the energy of the system. We studied nanowires composed of Ag, Au, Pt and Cu. The conductance was calculated by means of the Landauer formula and the non-equilibrium Green function formalism. As previously verified experimentally and using other simulation techniques, the conductance is quantized. In addition to this, we have found that there is a strong correlation between the magnitude of the conductance and the width of the nanowire at its thinnest point. Conductance histograms were analyzed for all the different metals.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS2004

National Airspace System Delay Estimation Using Weather Weighted Traffic Counts

Assessment of National Airspace System performance, which is usually measured in terms of delays resulting from the application of traffic flow management initiatives in response to weather conditions, volume, equipment outages and runway conditions, is needed both for guiding flow control decisions during the day of operations and for post operations analysis. Comparison of the actual delay, resulting from the traffic flow management initiatives, with the expected delay, based on traffic demand and other conditions, provides the assessment of the National Airspace System performance. This paper provides a method for estimating delay using the expected traffic demand and weather. In order to identify the cause of delays, 517 days of National Airspace System delay data reported by the Federal Aviation Administration s Operations Network were analyzed. This analysis shows that weather is the most important causal factor for delays followed by equipment and runway delays. Guided by these results, the concept of weather weighted traffic counts as a measure of system delay is described. Examples are given to show the variation of these counts as a function of time of the day. The various datasets, consisting of aircraft position data, enroute severe weather data, surface wind speed and visibility data, reported delay data and number of aircraft handled by the Centers data, and their sources are described. The procedure for selecting reference days on which traffic was minimally impacted by weather is described. Different traffic demand on each reference day of the week, determined by analysis of 42 days of traffic and delay data, was used as the expected traffic demand for each day of the week. Next, the method for computing the weather weighted traffic counts using the expected traffic demand, derived from reference days, and the expanded regions around severe weather cells is discussed. It is shown via a numerical example that this approach improves the dynamic range of the weather weighted traffic counts considerably. Time histories of these new weather weighted traffic counts are used for synthesizing two statistical features, six histogram features and six time domain features. In addition to these enroute weather features, two surface weather features of number of major airports in the United States with high mean winds and low mean visibility are also described. A least squares procedure for establishing a functional relation between the features, using combinations of these features, and system delays is explored using 36 days of data. Best correlations between the estimated delays using the functional relation and the actual delays provided by the Operations Network are obtained with two different combinations of features: 1) six time domain features of weather weighted traffic counts plus two surface weather features, and 2) six histogram features and mean of weather weighted traffic counts along with the two surface weather features. Correlation coefficient values of 0.73 and 0.83 were found in these two instances.

Chatterji, Gano B.↗

NASA NTRS1991

SO2-rich equatorial basins and epeirogeny of Io

Comparison of Io's large scale topography with an SO2 abundance map shows that SO2 is concentrated in equatorial topographic basins. In these basins, about 30 pct. of the surface is covered by SO2 at all elevations above the mean triaxial figure, and SO2 coverage increases with decreasing elevation to as much as 56 pct. at elevations below -1.5 km. The correlation is not good from long 240 to 360 degs where bright areas are covered by red, Pele type plume fallout, and in the polar regions where the topography is poorly known. The histogram of SO2 abundance binned by elevation appears bimodal, with a secondary concentration of SO2 at high elevations, but it is not certain that this is significant. Additional observations suggest that the basins have relatively little higher frequency topographic relief. The distribution of active plumes and hotspots show no obvious correlation with the topography. However, the Pele type plume all erupted from regions higher than the mean figure, and five of the eight Prometheus type plumes are more energetic and are associated with high temperature hotspots, whereas Prometheus type plumes are long lived and require large volatile reservoirs.

Mcewen, Alfred S.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Structure in gamma ray burst time profiles: Correlations with other observables

One of the current debates raging in the world of gamma-ray burst physics is whether the sources of these enigmatic bursts arise from a single or from multiple distributions. Several authors contend that the histograms of GRB observables imply the latter. The two most-likely candidate components are galactic and cosmological. For example, some researchers claim that a dip in the V/V max distribution is a result of such a two-component source distribution. Others have used a parameter called the 'burst variability' calculated by dividing the maximum count rate on the 64-msec timescale by that from the 1024-msec timescale to show that a correlation of this parameter with bursts brightness implies a two-component model. This method has met vigorous criticism. We have developed two parameters that measure the variability or structure in the time profiles of BATSE gamma-ray bursts. Both parameters ('structure' and 'spike height') are based on the statistics of 'runs up' and 'runs down.' In short, the structure parameter is the observed number of runs (at several lengths) minus the number expected in a chance distribution. The 'spike height' is the sum of all run heights minus the expected sum. These two are straight-forward to calculate, robust, and measure the variability over the complete profile--not just at the peak. We have applied this algorithm to the profiles of 156 GRB's. In this paper we present graphs of the two parameters as functions of the following: (1) burst duration, (2) burst hardness ratio, (3) V/V max, (4) source galactic longitude, and (5) source galactic latitude. We seek correlations as well as groupings in the data that might indicate a multi-component source distribution.

Lestrade, John Patrick↗

DOE OSTI2024

Predictive analytics of selections of russet potatoes

We explore the application of machine learning algorithms specifically to enhance the selection process of Russet potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) clones in breeding trials by predicting their suitability for advancement. This study addresses the challenge of efficiently identifying high-yield, disease-resistant, and climate-resilient potato varieties that meet processing industry standards. Leveraging manually collected data from trials in the state of Oregon, we investigate the potential of a wide variety of state-of-the-art binary classification models. The dataset includes 1086 clones, with data on 38 attributes recorded for each clone, focusing on yield, size, appearance, and frying characteristics, with several control varieties planted consistently across four Oregon regions from 2013 to 2021. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of the dataset that includes preprocessing, feature engineering, and imputation to address missing values. We focus on several key metrics such as accuracy, F1-score, and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) for model evaluation. The top-performing models, namely a feedforward neural network classifier (Neural Net), a histogram-based gradient boosting classifier (HGBC), and a support vector machine classifier (SVM), demonstrate consistent and significant results. To further validate our findings, we conducted a simulation study using the aims, data-generating mechanisms, estimands, methods, and performance measures (ADEMP) framework, simulating different data-generating scenarios to assess model robustness and performance through true positive, true negative, false positive, and false negative distributions, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) and MCC. The simulation results highlight that non-linear models like SVM and HGBC consistently show higher AUC-ROC and MCC than logistic regression, thus outperforming the traditional linear model across various distributions, and emphasizing the importance of model selection and tuning in agricultural trials. Variable selection further enhances model performance and identifies influential features in predicting trial outcomes. The findings emphasize the potential of machine learning in streamlining the selection process for potato varieties, offering benefits such as increased efficiency, substantial cost savings, and judicious resource utilization. Our study contributes insights into precision agriculture and showcases the relevance of advanced technologies for informed decision-making in breeding programs.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗