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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1991

Mapping the composition of planetary surfaces by Auger electron spectroscopy

The feasibility of AES as a remote-sensing technique to map the composition of the sunlit surfaces of planetary bodies without atmospheres is studied. Solar X-rays eject photoelectrons from the planetary surface. The resulting ions relax by emission of fluorescence X-rays or Auger electrons, with energies characteristic of the element which is ionized. The spectrum of Auger electrons and photoelectrons is computed for a variety of elements and for representative lunar rock types illuminated by soft-X-ray line and continuum emission typical of solar long-lived coronal active regions. The Auger electron lines for O, Si, Mg, Al, Fe, and Ca in lunar rocks stand well above the continuum background from photoelectrons and backscattered interplanetary electrons, with typical line-to-continuum ratios from about 20 to over 1000.

Lin, R. P.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Using the historical record to determine dust sources

We have recently completed a study of virtually all reported dust activity noted in contemporary and historical records of Mars observations. This study included the compilation of maps showing the locations of these events to the degree that they could be determined. Whenever possible, regional (major) storms were individually mapped, as well as on a composite map. Areas of local events were shown only on a composite map. The four mappable plane-encircling storms were each given separate treatment on maps that portray their development around the planet.

Martin, L. J.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Questions/Issues to be Discussed at the Snow/Ice Workshop

How soon after acquisition will you need the snow/ice maps? For the composite maps, which do you prefer, a composite of 7 days, 10 days, other, and why? What would be the most useful MODIS at-launch and post-launch snow and ice products? Specifically what would you use the products for? What metadata should be included with the data products? For example, quality control data are metadata. Image i.d.# and lat/long are also metadata. What improvements can you suggest to the snow and ice products as currently planned?

Hall, Dorothy K.↗
NASA NTRS2006

Moon Mineralogy Mapper: Unlocking the Mysteries of the Moon

Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) is a state-of-the-art high spectral resolution imaging spectrometer that will characterize and map the mineral composition of the Moon. The M3 instrument will be flown on Chandrayaan-I, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) mission to be launched in March 2008. The Moon is a cornerstone to understanding early solar system processes. M3 high-resolution compositional maps will dramatically improve our understanding about the early evolution of the terrestrial planets and will provide an assessment of lunar resources at high spatial resolution.

Runyon, Cassandra↗
NASA NTRS1976

Remote sensing as an aid to community development in an arid area

High-altitude color infrared photography of a 70,000 acre site north of Tucson, Ariz., has been used to construct maps for land-use planning. Remote sensing data on land use, soil type, vegetation type, ground water recharge areas, and slope were categorized and digitized. Individual categories were assigned ranks indicating their suitability for urban development. Maps of individual characteristics were weighted according to their importance in a given land-use decision, and composite maps indicating good, average, and poor locations for a given type of development were plotted. These composite maps were found to be in good agreement with ground truth results.

Foster, K. E.↗
NASA NTRS2015

Mapping Species Composition of Forests and Tree Plantations in Northeastern Costa Rica with an Integration of Hyperspectral and Multitemporal Landsat Imagery

An efficient means to map tree plantations is needed to detect tropical land use change and evaluate reforestation projects. To analyze recent tree plantation expansion in northeastern Costa Rica, we examined the potential of combining moderate-resolution hyperspectral imagery (2005 HyMap mosaic) with multitemporal, multispectral data (Landsat) to accurately classify (1) general forest types and (2) tree plantations by species composition. Following a linear discriminant analysis to reduce data dimensionality, we compared four Random Forest classification models: hyperspectral data (HD) alone; HD plus interannual spectral metrics; HD plus a multitemporal forest regrowth classification; and all three models combined. The fourth, combined model achieved overall accuracy of 88.5%. Adding multitemporal data significantly improved classification accuracy (p less than 0.0001) of all forest types, although the effect on tree plantation accuracy was modest. The hyperspectral data alone classified six species of tree plantations with 75% to 93% producer's accuracy; adding multitemporal spectral data increased accuracy only for two species with dense canopies. Non-native tree species had higher classification accuracy overall and made up the majority of tree plantations in this landscape. Our results indicate that combining occasionally acquired hyperspectral data with widely available multitemporal satellite imagery enhances mapping and monitoring of reforestation in tropical landscapes.

hyperspectral fusion↗
NASA NTRS1973

Apollo 15 and 16 results of the integrated geochemical experiment.

A number of experiments carried in orbit on the Apollo 15 and 16 spacecraft were used in the compositional mapping of the lunar surface. The observations involved measurements of secondary (fluorescent) X-rays, gamma rays and alpha particle emissions. A large scale compositional map of over 20% of the lunar surface was obtained for the first time. It was possible to demonstrate significant chemical differences between the mare and the highlands, to find specific areas of high radioactivity and to learn something about the composition of the moon's hidden side.

Adler, I.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Lunar composition from Apollo orbital measurements

Several spectrometers carried in the Service Module of the Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 spacecraft were employed for the compositional mapping of the lunar surface. The observations involved the measurements of secondary (fluorescent) X-rays, gamma rays and alpha particle emissions. A large scale compositional map of over 20 percent of the lunar surface was obtained for the first time. It was possible to demonstrate interesting chemical differences between the mare and the highlands, to find specific areas of high radioactivity and to learn something about the composition of the moon's hidden side. Further the same devices were used to obtain useful astronomical data during the return to earth.

Adler, I.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Lunar composition from Apollo orbital measurements.

Several spectrometers carried in the Service Module of the Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 spacecraft were employed for the compositional mapping of the lunar surface. The observations involved the measurements of secondary (fluorescent) X-rays, gamma-rays and alpha particle emissions. A large scale compositional map of over 20 percent of the lunar surface was obtained for the first time. It was possible to demonstrate interesting chemical differences between the mare and the highlands, to find specific areas of high radioactivity and to learn something about the composition of the moon's hidden side.

Adler, I.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Lunar elemental analysis obtained from the Apollo gamma-ray and X-ray remote sensing experiment

Gamma ray and X-ray spectrometers carried in the service module of the Apollo 15 and 16 spacecraft were employed for compositional mapping of the lunar surface. The measurements involved the observation of the intensity and characteristics energy distribution of gamma rays and X-rays emitted from the lunar surface. A large scale compositional map of over 10 percent of the lunar surface was obtained from an analysis of the observed spectra. The objective of the X-ray experiment was to measure the K spectral lines from Mg, Al, and Si. Spectra were obtained and the data were reduced to Al/Si and Mg/Si intensity ratios and ultimately to chemical ratios. The objective of the gamma-ray experiment was to measure the natural and cosmic ray induced activity emission spectrum. At this time, the elemental abundances for Th, U, K, Fe, Ti, Si, and O have been determined over a number of major lunar regions.

Trombka, J. I.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Lunar elemental analysis obtained from the Apollo gamma-ray and X-ray remote sensing experiment

Gamma-ray and X-ray spectrometers carried in the service modules of the Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 spacecraft were employed for compositional mapping of the lunar surface. The measurements involved the observation of the intensity and characteristic energy distribution of gamma rays and X-rays emitted from the lunar surface. A large-scale compositional map of over 10 percent of the lunar surface was obtained from an analysis of the observed spectra. The objective of the X-ray experiment was to measure the K spectral lines from Mg, Al, and Si. Spectra were obtained and the data were reduced to Al/Si and Mg/Si intensity ratios and ultimately to chemical ratios. Analyses of the results have indicated (1) that the Al/Si ratios are highest in the lunar highlands and considerably lower in the maria, and (2) that the Mg/Si concentrations generally show the opposite relationship. The objective of the gamma-ray experiment was to measure the natural and cosmic-ray-induced activity emission spectrum. At this time, the elemental abundances for Th, U, K, Fe, Ti, Si, and O have been determined over a number of major lunar regions. Regions of relatively high natural radioactivity were found in the Mare Imbrium and Oceanus Procellarum regions.

Trombka, J. I.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Lunar composition from Apollo orbital measurements

An X-ray spectrometer carried in the Service Module of the Apollo 15 and 16 spacecraft were employed for compositional mapping of the lunar surface. The surface measurements involved observations of the intensity and characteristic energy distribution of the fluorescent X-rays produced by the interaction of the solar X-rays with the lunar surface as well as naturally occurring gamma-rays and cosmic ray produced gamma-rays. A large scale compositional map of approximately twenty percent of the lunar surface was obtained for the first time. It was possible to demonstrate differences between the highlands and the mare and to learn something about the composition of the moon's hidden side. Results obtained from the X-ray experiment and the gamma-ray experiment are consistent with those obtained from lunar sample analysis.

Adler, I.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Application of a computerized environmental information system to master and sector planning

A computerized composite mapping system developed as an aid in the land use decision making process is described. Emphasis is placed on consideration of the environment in urban planning. The presence of alluvium, shallow bedrock, surface water, and vegetation growth are among the environmental factors considered. An analysis of the Shady Grove Sector planning is presented as an example of the use of computerized composite mapping for long range planning.

Stewart, J. C.↗
NASA NTRS2020

Cherokee Water Resources Project Summary - Mapping Forest Composition and Health in the Southern Appalachians Using NASA Earth Observations to Enhance Drought and Watershed Health-Related Forest Management for the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians

The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) owns and manages more than 55,000 acres of land in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina. Most of these lands reside within the Oconaluftee River watershed. In this region and watershed, hemlock trees are a culturally significant foundation species that contribute to habitat biodiversity, regulate temperature and evapotranspiration of riparian environments, and provide economic value for tourism and recreation. The hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), an invasive insect, has caused widespread hemlock mortality in recent decades, raising concerns about hemlock decline. Hemlock mortality leads to standing dead trees and increased evapotranspiration which can abet the spread of wildfires, especially during periods of drought. The DEVELOP team used satellite imagery from Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) to quantify and map possible hemlock decline by comparing changes in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values of winter season between 2003 and 2010. The project utilized the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) along with imagery from Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) to create a weighted suitability analysis that maps topographic and environmental conditions favorable for hemlock habitat. This study found that 67%of evergreen and mixed forest cover in the Oconaluftee River valley exhibited a decrease in winter NDVI from 2003 to 2010. Additionally, the two-example weighted suitability analyses showed 4.5-9.5% of hemlock suitable land in 2018 in the Oconaluftee. The partners of this project can use the outputs to identify the extent of potential hemlock decline in the Oconaluftee and establish benchmark metrics for assessing changes in hemlock suitable areas over time.

DEVELOP Project Summary↗
NASA NTRS1983

The delineation and interpretation of the Earth's gravity field

The observed changes in velocity with time are reduced relative to the well-determined low degree and order GEM field model and accelerations are found by analytical differentiation of the range rates. This new map is essentially identical to the first map and we have produced a composite map by combining all 90 passes of SST data. The resolution of the map is at worst about 5 deg and much better in most places. A comparison of this map with conventional GEM models shows very good agreement. A reduction of the SEASAT altimeter data has also been carried out for an additional comparison. Although the SEASAT geoid contains much more high frequency information, it agrees very well with both the SST and GEM fields. The maps are dominated (especially in the east) by a pattern of roughly east-west anomalies with a transverse wavelength of about 2000 km. A further comparison with regional bathymetric data shows a remarkably close correlation with plate age.

Marsh, B. D.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Automatic mineral map generation procedure from imaging spectrometer data

An airborne imaging spectrometer collected data for 128 wave length channels covering from near to short wavelength infrared across a 320 m swath, to help obtain a mineral map of an area based on reflectance spectral signatures of the area. Minerals have distinctive crystal structures and chemical contents which can be identified by their light absorption characteristics, and an optimized automatic mineral map generation procedure for imaging spectrometer data was developed. The procedure generates two types of mineral maps, a mineral distribution map showing spatial layout of various minerals and a mineral composition map showing the percentage composition of a selected mineral.

Lee, M.↗
NASA NTRS1982

A Method for Peat Inventory Based on LANDSAT Data and Computerized Mapping

Wetlands were preliminarily delineated on a geometrically-corrected color composite map printed from digital LANDSAT data using a computerized color plotting system. A digital classification was performed to identify the location and extent of wetland types (e.g., open bog, types of treed fen and black spruce-alder swamp). A map is printed from the results of this classification using the computerized color plotter. This color-coded map, produced at several different scales, provides a basis for pre-selecting field sampling sites. Helicopter-aided spot sampling based on the LANDSAT-derived map was conducted over the entire 1700 sq km area of North Ontario. Traditional transect sampling was carried out over a portion of the area, so that the two methods could be compared. Spot sampling based on the LANDSAT-derived map was found to produce results virtually identical to those produced by the transect sampling technique, in approximately one-fifteenth of the time and with a proportionate reduction in cost.

Pala, S.↗