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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1986

The structure of small metal clusters

One metal atom surrounded by its 12 nearest neighbors is considered for both D(3d) (face-centered cubic-like) and D(3h) (hexagonal close-packed-like) geometries. For Al and Be, the neutral cluster and the positive and negative ions are considered for idealized (all bonds equal) and distorted geometries. The D(3d) geometry is found to be the lowest for Be13, while the D(3h) geometry is lower for Al13. This is the reverse of what is expected based upon the bulk metal structures, Be(hcp) and Al(fcc). Al13 is found to have only small distortions, while Be13 shows large distortions for both the D(3d) and D(3h) geometries. The ions have geometries which are similar to those found for the neutral systems. Both all-electron and effective core potential calculations were carried out on the X13 clusters; the agreement is very good.

Bauschlicher, C. W., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Integrated Optical Processor

Images processed rapidly in rugged, compact device. Conceptual integrated optical image processor performs complicated analog calculations, including Fourier transforms, convolutions, correlations, and matrix multiplications. Compact and rugged on account of monolithic structure, processor faster than equivalent all-electronic devices because calculations require only time for light to travel across device; processing speed limited by electronic input and output circuits.

Stephens, William E.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Electronically Controlled Resistor Bank

Resistance quickly varied in small steps over wide range. Device with no moving parts provides variable electrical resistance. Used with analog or digital circuity to provide electronic selection of large number of resistance values for testing, simulation, control, or other purposes. Nearest electromechanical equivalent of all-electronic device is potentiometer driven by servomotor.

Ross, Walter L.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Positive ions of the first- and second-row transition metal hydrides

Theoretical dissociation energies for the first- and second-row transition metal hydride positive ions are critically compared against recent experimental values obtained from ion beam reactive scattering methods. Theoretical spectroscopic parameters and dipole moments are presented for the ground and several low-lying excited states. The calculations employ large Gaussian basis sets and account for electron correlation using the single-reference single- and double-excitation configuration interaction and coupled-pair-functional methods. The Darwin and mass-velocity contributions to the relativistic energy are included in the all-electron calculations on the first-row systems using first-order perturbation theory, and in the second-row systems using the Hay and Wadt relativistic effective core potentials. The theoretical D(0) values for the second-row transition metal hydride positive ions should provide a critical measure of the experimental values, which are not as refined as many of those in the first transition row.

Pettersson, Lars G. M.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Small Al clusters. I - The effect of basis set and correlation on the geometry of small Al clusters

A detailed study is presented of the basis set requirements and effects of correlation on the geometry and structure of small Al(n) clusters n = 2, 4, and 13. An effective core potential (ECP) is developed from the Huzinaga basis which accurately reproduces the all-electron results. It is found that depolarization functions are very important in computing the bond length, and that the bond contraction obtained is about as large for a 13-atom cluster as for the Al(4) rhombus structure. With d functions on each center in Al(13), a bond distance shorter than the bulk is obtained, as expected. The inclusion of correlation in Al(4) is found to be less important than the addition of polarization functions for determining the bond length, but increases substantially the calculated atomization energy. These calibration calculations allow an accurate treatment for Al(n) clusters to be designed.

Bauschlicher, Charles W., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Status of beamed power transmission technology and applications at 2.45 gigahertz

Demonstrations and unique components of the 2.45 GHz beamed power transmission technology are reviewed. Attention is given to the following projects and developments: a microwave power helicopter demonstration; certification of overall dc to dc efficiency of 54 percent in the laboratory; demonstration of the transmission of significant amounts of power over significant distances; the solar power satellite and beamed power transmission; the Canadian SHARP program; space applications; an equatorially based beam power transmission system; an all-electronic LEO to GEO transportation system; and an orbiting industrial park system.

Brown, William C.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Optical-Input, Optical-Output Morphological Processor

Some advantages of optical and electronic processing combined. Proposed optical-input/optical-output morphological processor is optoelectronic assembly performing some binary operations on picture elements of binary input image, yielding processed binary output image. Number of such processors cascaded to form more complicated image-processing system. Use of optics as connection medium makes rate of processing faster than in all-electronic system designed to perform same overall processing functions. At the same time, use of electronics as processing medium provides flexibility of reconfiguration not available in all-optical system.

Yu, Jeffrey W.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Radial vibrations of a sodium ion inside icosahedral C60

The very high symmetry of icosahedral C60 suggests that, as a first approximation, an atom trapped inside C60 would be subject to a potential that is radially symmetric about the center. All-electron local-density-functional calculations of the total energy of a sodium ion as a function of radial displacement from the center along the fivefold axis of C60 serve to refine such a radial potential. In particular, the calculations suggest studying potentials that have minima displaced from the center. An analytic functional form for a radial potential having a positive cusp at the origin is proposed, and the s-wave radial solutions of the corresponding Schroedinger equation are examined.

Ballester, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Beamed microwave power transmission and its application to space

The general principles and special components of beamed microwave power transmission systems are outlined and their application to the space program are discussed. The beamed system is defined as starting with a dc source of power at the transmitting end, converting it to a microwave beam for transmission through space, and ending with the dc power output at the receiving end. An experimentally measured and certified dc-to-dc efficiency of 54 percent has been achieved, using this definition. The application discussed is that of a LEO to GEO transportation system that depends upon vehicles propelled by electric thrusters whose power is supplied by a microwave beam originating at the earth's surface. The advantages of the all-electronic system over a chemically propelled system are enumerated. The principles of space propulsion, particularly as they relate to electric propulsion, are outlined. Key components of the system and environmental considerations are discussed.

Brown, William C.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Tungsten hexahydride (WH6) - An equilibrium geometry far from octahedral

Ab initio all-electron quantum mechanical studies of the tungsten hexahydride molecule WH6 are reported. The results suggest that the ground state of WH6 molecule is a closed-shell triangular prism belonging to the C(3v) point group, with a set of three hydrogens stacked on top of another set of three hydrogens. The octahedral structure lies 130 kcal/mole above the C(3v) ground state, a remarkable result in inorganic chemistry. Another C(3v) structure, with one set of three hydrogens staggered with respect to the other set, is energetically nearby.

Shen, Mingzuo↗
NASA NTRS1993

Relativistic effects on the bonding and properties of the hydrides of platinum

The ground state of PtH2 and several low-lying states of PtH(+) and PtH have been studied at the all-electron self-consistent-field level of theory to examine the importance of relativistic effects. The results of calculations based on Dirac-Hartree-Fock theory, nonrelativistic theory, and the spin-free no-pair relativistic approximation of Hess are compared to separate the effects of the spin-free terms and the spin-orbit terms of the Hamiltonian on the relativistic corrections to the molecular properties. Comparison is also made between first-order perturbation theory including the one-electron spin-free terms and the method of Hess to determine the size of effects beyond first order. It is found that the spin-orbit interaction significantly affects the properties and energetics of these molecules because of the participation of the Pt 5d orbitals in the bonding, and that effects beyond first order in perturbation theory are large. Any treatment of Pt compounds will have to include both the spin-free and spin-orbit interactions for an accurate description.

Dyall, Kenneth G.↗
NASA NTRS1992

A transportronic solution to the problem of interorbital transportation

An all-electronic transportation system described by the term 'transportronics' is examined as a means of solving the current problem of the high cost of transporting material from low-Earth orbit (LEO) to geostationary orbit (GEO). In this transportation system, low cost electric energy at the surface of the Earth is efficiently converted into microwave power which is then efficiently formed into a narrow beam which is kept incident upon the orbital transfer vehicles (OTV's) by electronic tracking. The incident beam is efficiently captured and converted into DC power by a device which has a very high ratio of DC power output to its mass. Because the mass of the electric thruster is also low, the resulting acceleration is unprecedented for electric-propelled vehicles. However, the performance of the system in terms of transit times from LEO to GEO is penalized by the short time of contact between the beam and the vehicle in low-Earth orbits. This makes it necessary to place the Earth based transmitters and the vehicles in the equatorial plane thus introducing many geopolitical factors. Technically, however, such a system as described in the report may out-perform any other approach to transportation in the LEO to GEO regime. The report describes and analyzes all portions of the beamed microwave power transmission system in considerable detail. An economic analysis of the operating and capital costs is made with the aid of a reference system capable of placing about 130,000 kilograms of payload into GEO each year. More mature states of the system are then examined, to a level in which 60,000 metric tons per year could be placed into GEO.

Brown, William C.↗
NASA NTRS1990

An Ab Initio Study of the Low-Lying Doublet States of AgO and AgS

Spectroscopic constants (D(sub o), r(sub e), mu(sub e), T(sub e)) are determined for the doublet states of AgO and AgS below approx. = 30000/cm. Large valence basis sets are employed in conjunction with relativistic effective core potentials (RECPs). Electron correlation is included using the modified coupled-pair functional (MCPF) and multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) methods. The A(sup 2)Sigma(sup +) - X(sup 2)Pi band system is found to occur in the near infrared (approx. = 9000/cm) and to be relatively weak with a radiative lifetime of 900 microns for A(sup 2)Sigma(sup +) (upsilon = 0). The weakly bound C(sup 2)Pi state (our notation), the upper state of the blue system, is found to require high levels of theoretical treatment to determine a quantitatively accurate potential. The red system is assigned as a transition from the C(sup 2)Pi state to the previously unobserved A(sup 2)Sigma(sup +) state. Several additional transitions are identified that should be detectable experimentally. A more limited study is performed for the vertical excitation spectrum of AgS. In addition, a detailed all-electron study of the X(sup 2)Pi and A(sup 2)Sigma(sup +) states of AgO is carried out using large atomic natural orbital (ANO) basis sets. Our best calculated D(sub o) value for AgO is significantly less than the experimental value, which suggests that there may be some systematic error in the experimental determination.

Bauschlicher, Charles W., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Relativistic and Correlation Effects in CuH, AgH and AuH: Comparison of Various Relativistic Methods

The effects of relativity on the bond lengths, dissociation energies, and harmonic vibrational frequencies of the 1Epsilon(+) electronic ground states of the group IB hydrides CuH, AgH and AuH have been evaluated with a variety of ab initio methods. These properties were investigated with moderately-sized basis sets at the self-consistent field Hartree Fock (SCF HF) level and with second-order Moller-Plesset (MP2) perturbation theory for electron correlation. Comparisons were made between all-electron results using the nonrelativistic Hamiltonian, perturbation theory (PT) at first-order with only the one-electron non-fine structure terms of the Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian, the spin-free Douglas-Kroll (DK) transformed Dirac Hamiltonian and the untransformed Dirac Hamiltonian, and results using two sets of relativistic effective core potentials (RECPs). The expected trends of bond length decrease, dissociation energy increase and harmonic frequency increase with both relativity and correlation are found. Both sets of RECPs are shown to give good results, if accompanied by a reasonable basis set. The DK method is demonstrated to be an inexpensive, reliable approximation to the DHF method.

Collins, Charlene L.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Correlation Consistent Basis Sets for In

Correlation consistent basis sets are developed for a 13 electron correlation treatment of In atom. The basis sets are used in all-electron (AE) and effective core potential (ECP) calculations. The atomization energies of InCl and InCl3 are used as a test of the basis set. The results are extrapolated to the complete basis set (CBS) limit. The AE and ECP CCSD(T) CBS values are in very good mutal when the AE values are corrected for scalar relativistic effects. The best computed values are in good agreement with experiment.

Bauschlicher, Charles W., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1999

The Effect of the Weight Scheme on DFT Vibrational Frequencies

All-electron B3LYP harmonic frequencies of Ge2H5 and Ge2H6 are computed for several choices of grid and using both the Becke and the Stratmann, Scuseria, and Frisch atomic partition functions (weight scheme). For large grids, the results are independent of the weighting scheme. The lowest frequency mode is much more stable with respect to the number of grid points when the Stratmann, Scuseria, and Frisch weights are used.

Bauschlicher, Charles↗
NASA NTRS2005

Fuzzy Logic Particle Tracking

A new all-electronic Particle Image Velocimetry technique that can efficiently map high speed gas flows has been developed in-house at the NASA Lewis Research Center. Particle Image Velocimetry is an optical technique for measuring the instantaneous two component velocity field across a planar region of a seeded flow field. A pulsed laser light sheet is used to illuminate the seed particles entrained in the flow field at two instances in time. One or more charged coupled device (CCD) cameras can be used to record the instantaneous positions of particles. Using the time between light sheet pulses and determining either the individual particle displacements or the average displacement of particles over a small subregion of the recorded image enables the calculation of the fluid velocity. Fuzzy logic minimizes the required operator intervention in identifying particles and computing velocity. Using two cameras that have the same view of the illumination plane yields two single exposure image frames. Two competing techniques that yield unambiguous velocity vector direction information have been widely used for reducing the single-exposure, multiple image frame data: (1) cross-correlation and (2) particle tracking. Correlation techniques yield averaged velocity estimates over subregions of the flow, whereas particle tracking techniques give individual particle velocity estimates. For the correlation technique, the correlation peak corresponding to the average displacement of particles across the subregion must be identified. Noise on the images and particle dropout result in misidentification of the true correlation peak. The subsequent velocity vector maps contain spurious vectors where the displacement peaks have been improperly identified. Typically these spurious vectors are replaced by a weighted average of the neighboring vectors, thereby decreasing the independence of the measurements. In this work, fuzzy logic techniques are used to determine the true correlation displacement peak even when it is not the maximum peak, hence maximizing the information recovery from the correlation operation, maintaining the number of independent measurements, and minimizing the number of spurious velocity vectors. Correlation peaks are correctly identified in both high and low seed density cases. The correlation velocity vector map can then be used as a guide for the particle-tracking operation. Again fuzzy logic techniques are used, this time to identify the correct particle image pairings between exposures to determine particle displacements, and thus the velocity. Combining these two techniques makes use of the higher spatial resolution available from the particle tracking. Particle tracking alone may not be possible in the high seed density images typically required for achieving good results from the correlation technique. This two-staged velocimetric technique can measure particle velocities with high spatial resolution over a broad range of seeding densities.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS2003

Packaging Considerations for Integrated RF Microphotonic Receiver at Ka-Band

The NASA Computing, Information and Communications Technology (CICT) Program is supporting the development of an RF microphotonic Ka-band receiver. The receiver consists of a lithium niobate micro-disk that enables the incoming RF signal (up to Ka-band) to be coupled to the optical signal (approx. 200 THz). The modulated optical signal is detected by the high-speed photonic signal processing electronics. When compared with an all-electronic approach, the microphotonic receiver technology offers 1 Ox smaller volume, smaller weight, and smaller power consumption, greater sensitivity, and optical isolation for applications in extreme environments. It could potentially be implemented to support planetary surface-to-surface and surface-to-relay communications, as well as high-data-rate inter-satellite links. We are currently studying a number of fabrication and integration issues that could result as this technology is advanced for potential insertion into a NASA mission. The results of our preliminary effort to integrate the RF microphotonic receiver components (e.g., the lithium niobate micro-disk, the optical elements, and the Ka-band patch antenna) on an etched silicon wafer will be presented, In addition, the concomitant integration and packaging issues, and the potential NASA applications will be discussed.

Nguyen, Hung↗