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At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Source term estimation using noble gas and aerosol samples

Algorithms that estimate the location, time, and magnitude of a point-source atmospheric release using remotely sampled air concentrations typically use data for a single chemical or radioactive isotope. Here, a Bayesian algorithm is presented that uses data from multiple radioactive isotopes that are all released in the same short-duration event. Data from noble gas and aerosol samplers can be used simultaneously in the model. Application to a large synthetic data set using four isotopes shows the new algorithm generally gives more accurate location and time estimates than a comparable model using a single isotope.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Imprinted Micelle Integration into a Commercial Platform (Progress Report)

PNNL has successfully integrated a commercial aerosol detector and the imprinted micelle technology. The integrated systems have been shown to have a limit of detection between 33-47 particles with several options for data analysis presented that vary on computational requirements. It is possible to integrate these systems and receive response data on the second time scale. While more work is needed, these technologies are compatible, which opens up a large field of air sampling looking for specific contaminates.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

SPRUCE Air 13C and 14C Isotopes, Marcell Experimental Forest, Minnesota, 2016-2025

This data set reports 13C (carbon) and 14C signatures of air from Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experimental study plots located in the S1-Bog at the Marcell Experimental Forest in northern Minnesota from 2016-2025 (2016-04-13 to 2025-09-24). Air measurements were collected approximately five times throughout each active growing season beginning in 2016 and included the 10 SPRUCE experimental plots (Plots 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 19, and 20) two ambient co-located ambient plots (Plots 7 and 21) and a site at the Marcell Experiment Station’s S2-Bog meteorological station (MET) located 1.7 km northeast of the SPRUCE experimental site on the S1-Bog. Air samples were assessed for both 13C- and 14C-CO2 (carbon-carbon dioxide) signatures. 13C and 14C isotopic signatures can be used in end-member analysis and C-cycle models to track the movement of C within the experimental ecosystem, calculate turnover times within plant tissues, and to test mechanisms used in models. This dataset contains one data file in comma separate (*.csv) format. Additional metadata are provided: one data dictionary and a file-level metadata file in comma separate (*.csv) format and a user guide in PDF (*.pdf) format.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Fast and sensitive measurements of sub-3 nm particles using Condensation Particle Counters For Atmospheric Rapid Measurements (CPC FARM)

New particle formation (NPF) is the atmospheric process whereby gas molecules react and nucleate to form detectable particles. NPF has a strong impact on Earth's radiative balance as it produces roughly half of global cloud condensation nuclei. However, the time resolution and sensitivity of current instrumentation are inadequate in measuring the size distribution of sub-3 nm particles, the particles critical for understanding NPF. Here we present the Condensation Particle Counters For Atmospheric Rapid Measurements (CPC FARM), a method to measure the concentrations of freshly nucleated particles. The CPC FARM consists of five CPCs operating in parallel, each configured to operate at different detectable particle sizes between 1–3 nm. This study explores two methods to calculate the size distribution from the differential measurements across the CPC channels. The performance of both inversion methods was tested against the size distribution measured by a pair of stepping particle mobility sizers (SMPSs) during an ambient air sampling study in Pittsburgh, PA. Observational results indicate that the CPC FARM is more accurate with higher time resolution and sensitivity in the sub-3 nm range compared to the SMPS.

Cheng, Darren [Carnegie Mellon Univ., Pittsburgh, ↗
DOE OSTI2026

Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) concentrations from SAIL-Net

This data set contains ice-nucleating particle (INP) concentration spectra collected during the SAIL-Net sampling period, which complemented the Surface Atmosphere Integrated Field Laboratory (SAIL) campaign in the East River watershed near Crested Butte, Colorado. SAIL-Net was a distributed aerosol measurement network designed to investigate aerosol variability across complex mountainous terrain. The data set includes samples from multiple SAIL-Net sites, including AOS, Gothic, Snodgrass, Pumphouse, Irwin, and Top. INP concentrations are reported as a function of freezing temperature, together with confidence limits, sampling times, site location, elevation, sampled air volume, and treatment information. These data provide an analysis-ready record of the INPs across the SAIL-Net network.

activation temperature↗
DOE OSTI2024

EMP, Attachment 2: Data Management Plan

This Data Management Plan (DMP) is an attachment to the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Environmental Radiological Air Monitoring Plan (EMP). PNNL is a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science national laboratory. Radioactive effluent monitoring and environmental surveillance for PNNL operations in Washington State are the responsibility of the PNNL Environmental Protection and Regulatory Programs division and are conducted by the Environmental Radiation Task staff. This DMP describes the data management processes for PNNL radioactive air emissions (stack) monitoring and environmental radiological ambient air surveillance activities.

40 CFR 61 Subpart H↗
DOE OSTI2026

Elemental analysis of air-sensitive frozen molten salt samples using an inert transfer chamber for LIBS/LA-ICP-TOF-MS analysis

A novel inert sample transfer system was developed and employed to enable, for the first time, the analysis of air-sensitive salt samples in a two-volume ablation cell using simultaneous laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser ablation (LA)-inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-time-of-flight (TOF)-mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. Molten salts are of growing interest as a medium for advanced nuclear reactors and nuclear fuel reprocessing technologies continue to be developed around their use. However, compositional analysis of molten salt samples can be challenging because of their air-sensitive nature and varying solubilities leading to inaccurate measurements when digested. LA-based analysis provides an alternate method to digestion and can provide rapid elemental information with little sample preparation. In this study, LIBS and LA-ICP-TOF-MS were used to analyze the Ce content in frozen salt samples taken from a series of electrochemical experiments. Calibrations were built for each technique, and the resulting limits of detection for Ce were estimated to be 107 and 58 µg g −1 for LIBS and LA-ICP-TOF-MS, respectively. Test samples from the electrochemical experiments were analyzed using these calibrations. The results matched bulk digestion-based ICP-optical emission spectroscopy values, and daily trends in Ce concentration changes were identified. Additionally, the LIBS and LA-ICP-TOF-MS analysis was demonstrated for identifying microgram per gram levels of components and detecting trace contaminants. The impurities detected by LIBS included Al, Mg, Ca, and Na. The impurities detected by LA-ICP-TOF-MS included W, Ag, Al, Fe, Ni, Mo, Nd, Sm, Th, and U.

Andrews, Hunter B. [Oak Ridge National Laboratory ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Nuclear Waste Tank Emission Contributions to Particle Size Distribution

Pollutants from anthropogenic activities including industrial processes are ubiquitous to the environment. To understand the impact from industrial aerosol on climate and human health, industrial aerosol needs to be better characterized. Here, in this study, particle number concentrations were used as a proxy for atmospheric pollutants, which include both particles and gases. Particle concentration and size distribution were measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) approximately 4.5 km from primary industrial areas at the Savannah River Site in Aiken, SC. Industrial areas include numerous nuclear waste storage and processing tanks. The SMPS data were divided into two groups depending on the wind direction measured onsite to categorize transport from the industrial area or from elsewhere. Industrial contributions were found to have a higher concentration of particles with sizes less than 200 nm, 859 ± 564 cm -3 , in comparison to non-industrial attributed particles, 733 ± 495 cm -3 on average from March-July 2021. For sizes larger than 200 nm, industrial and non-industrial particles have a similar concentration, 89 ± 59 cm -3 and 99 ± 61 cm -3 , with non-industrial concentrations being slightly larger. To confirm that industrial particles could travel to the sampling location, air dispersion modeling was completed for specific case studies during the sampling period. The atmospheric dispersion modeling results confirmed that particles released at the industrial areas reached the sampling location when the wind direction was favorable for transport from the industrial areas. The greater concentration of smaller-sized particles in industrial emissions has implications for typical particulate measurements (PM2.5), heath impacts, and climatological influences.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2025

SCILLA mini-Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (mAMS) airborne data

Measurements of non-refractory, sub-micron aerosol composition, namely organic, sulfate, nitrate, chloride, and ammonium aerosols, by a mini- aerosol mass spectrometer (mAMS, Aerodyne Research, Inc.) are reported. The instrument sampled ambient air through 3 different inlets: unperturbed ambient air, a Counter-flow Virtual Impactor (CVI), and an oxidation flow reactor (OFR). Users should consult the Sampling Key for proper interpretation of the data.

and secondary aerosol in air",total_organics,nitra↗
DOE OSTI2024

Annual Site Environment Report for Calendar Year 2023 - Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory

This report provides the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the public with information on the level of radioactive and non-radioactive pollutants (if any) that are added to the environment as a result of Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory’s (PPPL) operations. This report fulfills the annual public reporting requirements of DOE Order 231.1B. The results of PPPL’s 2023 environmental surveillance and monitoring program are presented and discussed. The report also summarizes environmental initiatives, assessments, and community involvement programs that were undertaken in 2023. This report provides the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the public with information on the level of radioactive and non-radioactive pollutants (if any) that are added to the environment as a result of Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory’s (PPPL) operations. This report fulfills the annual public reporting requirements of DOE Order 231.1B. The results of PPPL’s 2023 environmental surveillance and monitoring program are presented and discussed. The report also summarizes environmental initiatives, assessments, and community involvement programs that were undertaken in 2023. In 2023, PPPL’s radiological environmental monitoring program measured tritium in the air at onsite sampling stations. Using highly sensitive air monitors, PPPL is capable of detecting small changes in the ambient levels of tritium. The operation of monitors located on D-site is used to demonstrate compliance with the National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) regulations. Also included in PPPL’s radiological environmental monitoring program, are water monitoring – ground, surface, and waste waters. PPPL’s radiological monitoring program characterized the background levels of tritium in the environment and those data are presented in this report. Ground water monitoring continued under New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection’s (NJDEP) Site Remediation Program regulations. PPPL monitored for non-radiological contaminants, mainly volatile organic compounds (components of common degreasing solvents). In 2023, PPPL complied with permit limits for surface water and sanitary wastewater discharges. PPPL was honored with an award for EPEAT-certified electronics purchasing from the Global Electronics Council on July 27, 2023.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory Annual Site Environmental Report for Calendar Year 2024

This report provides the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the public with information on the level of radioactive and non-radioactive pollutants (if any) that are added to the environment as a result of Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory’s (PPPL) operations. This report fulfills the annual public reporting requirements of DOE Order 231.1B. The results of PPPL’s 2024 environmental surveillance and monitoring program are presented and discussed. The report also summarizes environmental initiatives, assessments, and community involvement programs that were undertaken in 2024. PPPL has engaged in fusion energy research since 1951 and at its current locations since 1958. The Laboratory’s mission is to develop the scientific knowledge and advanced engineering to enable fusion to power the US and the world, and to develop the understanding of plasmas from the nano- to the astrophysical scale. PPPL’s primary experiment, the National Spherical Torus Experiment-Upgrade (NSTX-U) is a collaboration among national laboratories, universities, and national and international research institutions and is a major element in the US Fusion Energy Sciences Program. Its design tests the physics principles of spherical torus (ST) plasmas, playing an important role in the development of smaller, more economical fusion reactors. Due to previous operational issues, NSTX-U did not operate in 2024. PPPL is engaged in a project to replace key NSTX-U components and systems to enable the operation of this international magnetic fusion user facility. In 2024, PPPL’s radiological environmental monitoring program measured tritium in the air at onsite sampling stations. Using highly sensitive air monitors, PPPL is capable of detecting small changes in the ambient levels of tritium. The operation of monitors located on D-site is used to demonstrate compliance with the National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) regulations. Also included in PPPL’s radiological environmental monitoring program, are water monitoring – ground, surface, and waste waters. PPPL’s radiological monitoring program characterized the background levels of tritium in the environment and those data are presented in this report. Ground water monitoring continued under New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection’s (NJDEP) Site Remediation Program regulations. PPPL monitored for nonradiological contaminants, mainly volatile organic compounds (components of common degreasing solvents). In 2024, PPPL complied with permit limits for surface water and sanitary wastewater discharges. PPPL was honored with an award for EPEAT-certified electronics purchasing from the Global Electronics Council on July 25, 2024.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Implications of Sea Breeze Circulations on boundary layer aerosols in the southern coastal Texas region

The Sea Breeze Circulation (SBC) influences atmospheric processes at multiple scales in coastal regions. Understanding how SBCs impact the aerosol number budget and aerosol–cloud interaction processes is essential. This study investigates sea breeze–aerosol interactions (SAIs) during 46 summertime SBC events using data from the TRacking Aerosol Convection Interactions Experiment (TRACER) field campaign across urban (main) and rural (supplemental) coastal sites in southern Texas. Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) simulations complement observations to explore spatio-temporal meteorological controls on boundary layer aerosols. During the summertime, Sea Breeze Fronts (SBF) penetrating inland transported cool, moist air over the land, introducing air masses with distinct properties compared to the preexisting continental air. These SAIs cause variability in number concentrations of up to a factor of two, with events typically lasting ∼ 5 h before returning to background conditions. SAI impact on aerosols varies with site proximity to water and the preceding sea breeze (SB) history, primarily affecting the marine-influenced accumulation mode. The main site, influenced by both Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, reflects a stronger marine influence. In contrast, a supplemental site, at a similar shoreline distance but exposed only to the Gulf of Mexico and typically upstream of the urban core, samples SB air that has traversed land and partially regained continental characteristics. Simulations show that the regional SAIs extend ∼ 50 km inland and reach up to the boundary layer height. SAIs further decrease cloud condensation nuclei relevant aerosol number concentrations in ∼ 20 % of events during SBF passage.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Process intensification approach to enhancing heat and mass transfer: Radio frequency (RF) assisted drying of paper and board

Conventional multi-cylinder drying of paper and board typically relies on both conductive drying from steam-heated cylinders and convective drying, where heated air flows over the paper web surface. Conduction primarily contributes to heat transfer, while convection is the main driver of mass transfer. However, conventional drying systems are heavily dependent on steam, usually powered by fossil fuels, and are often energy-inefficient with high levels of waste. Additionally, these surface-driven processes result in a lower percentage of energy absorption compared to the energy supplied, leading to significant energy losses. To improve this long-standing process, an experimental system was developed to investigate a process intensification approach involving the integration of Radio Frequency (RF) heating, a volumetric electromagnetic technology, alongside traditional conduction and convection drying methods. This study also emphasizes the use of sensors to continuously monitor key parameters such as moisture content, supply system temperatures, sample temperatures, air flows, and drying rates in real-time. The effect of RF as an auxiliary energy source in localized environments at varying moisture levels was explored to optimize industrial drying systems, quantify potential improvements, and provide insights for future studies. Experimental results from trials combining RF with convection and with the base case alternating conduction-convection drying processes are presented. It is shown that RF is a viable process intensification approach for paper drying improving the drying rate and energy intensity at higher moisture contents. These findings offer valuable insights for process intensification and contribute to the process development, modeling, and simulation of advanced paper drying techniques.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

A 291-day Evaluation of the Performance of a Consumer-grade Temporal Radon Detector

Affordable, accurate, and robust temporal measurement devices are desirable for screening and assessment of radon levels in private homes and workplaces. This research expands upon prior research, using the RadonFTlab RadonEye device through a comparison of multiple samples of this instrument with a laboratory-grade instrument, the Saphymo AlphaGUARD, over a more extensive period than reported previously. Data were collected over 291 d in a poorly ventilated basement space in an occupied building. Environmental conditions varied naturally, changing both the radon source term and radon entry into the space approximating typically deployed conditions. The R-squared linear regression correlation coefficient and relative sensitivities of each RadonEye with the AlphaGUARD were computed. Altogether temporal and diurnal variations were also studied. The sensitivities of all RadonEyes and the AlphaGUARD agreed to within 22% throughout the entire deployment period.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2025

EPCAPE Mt. Soledad In Situ Ozone Field Campaign Report

The focus of the Eastern Pacific Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment (EPCAPE) is to characterize the extent, radiative properties, aerosol interactions, and precipitation characteristics of stratocumulus clouds in the Eastern Pacific Ocean across all four seasons at a coastal location, the Scripps Pier and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Mt. Soledad sites in La Jolla, California. An important enhancement in support of this study was the measurement of ozone at the Scripps Mt. Soledad site to help in distinguishing in situ sampling of air parcels originating from regional polluted and clean marine sources.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Investigation of Ion-Irradiated Beryllium Carbide (Be 2 C) for High-Temperature Nuclear Reactor Moderators

Beryllium carbide (Be 2 C) is an attractive alternative to graphite as a moderator material because of its high melting point, moderating efficiency, and theoretical environmental compatibility in MSRs, FHRs and HTGRs. However, its behavior under neutron irradiation is not yet known. Research on otherwise promising beryllium compounds are restricted because of the toxic nature of the material. For this work, a novel experiment was designed to safely irradiate beryllium-containing samples at The Michigan Ion Beam Laboratory (MIBL). Using this new capability, Be 2 C samples were irradiated with 9 MeV C 3+ ions from 2 dpa to 30 dpa, at temperatures up to 500 °C. Samples were characterized to investigate radiation tolerance. No evidence of phase precipitation, dislocation loops, or amorphization was observed up to 30 dpa, suggesting good radiation tolerance. One sample left in air for ~3 months oxidized slowly and lost structural integrity, while a sample kept in argon did not, suggesting that Be 2 C is not suitable for service in moist environments, but maintains its integrity in dry environments.

22 - GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Alpha-Imaging Detector System Development for Large Area Monitoring

Effective management and disposal of legacy nuclear waste are essential for ensuring safe work environments and minimizing environmental impacts. Monitoring airborne actinide contamination is particularly critical due to the high internal dose potential of alpha-emitting radionuclides. Traditional continuous air monitoring systems (CAMs) used in the industry are limited in the volume of air they can sample, potentially leading to inaccurate radiation detection over large areas. For example, in 2018, elevated levels of airborne Plutonium-239 were detected beyond the controlled areas of the Hanford Plutonium Finishing Plant, highlighting the potential risks to both plant workers and nearby residents. To address these challenges, high-efficiency particulate absorbing (HEPA) air purifiers can enhance air flow by up to 1.5 orders of magnitude, thereby increasing monitoring efficiency and providing a cost-effective solution for large-area surveillance. To quantify the activities of alpha-emitting radionuclides on HEPA filters, the Savannah River National Laboratory is developing an advanced alpha-imaging detection system. This system includes scintillating materials combined with a digital scientific camera. A significant concern in operating such a large-area airborne monitoring system is the handling of HEPA filters, which may be contaminated with radioactive particles. To mitigate these hazards, it is crucial to ensure that any contamination is securely fixed onto the filters. Efforts have been made to optimize the sensitivity of scintillator-epoxy composites and apply them to HEPA filters. These materials were characterized using fluoroscence spectroscopy. These techniques confirmed the purity of the raw materials, the dispersion of scintillators in the epoxy matrix, and the stability of their optical and structural properties post-modification. The optimal scintillator-epoxy composite was selected for use on alpha-spiked HEPA filters to evaluate the efficiency of the sprayer. HEPA filters, embedded with alpha particles collected by an air purifier deployed in an airborne radiation area, have been tested to assess detection efficiency. Future work will focus on employing multiple imaging sensors simultaneously to enhance sensitivity across different regions of the HEPA filter.

Pham, Phuong [Savannah River National Laboratory (↗
DOE OSTI2025

3D Printing of Cement-Based Materials Using Seawater for Simulated Marine Environments

Global demand for adaptable and rapidly deployable construction solutions in offshore, coastal, and fluvial environments continues to rise, driven by pressing needs to develop energy platforms, improve coastal resilience, and support emergency response in the face of natural disasters. Increased investment in human-made coastal infrastructure, such as piers, support structures for power lines, offshore wind farms, and seawall protection systems, further underscores this trend. This study investigates the development of printable concrete mixtures for underwater environments using seawater as a replacement for freshwater, using a 3D printing syringe-based extrusion system. The effect of seawater addition and the printing medium (in air vs. underwater) was assessed via rheological and mechanical performance characterization. The results indicate rheological properties are favorable for seawater adoption by producing mixtures with higher yield stress and viscosity with the same levels of admixtures used for freshwater. Seawater-based mixtures demonstrated superior dimensional stability compared to freshwater counterparts, maintaining cross-sectional geometry, while compressive strength results showed no statistical differences between in-air and underwater samples. However, flexural strength was significantly influenced by geometry and printing medium. These findings establish critical rheological parameters for printable underwater mixtures and highlight the need for optimized curing strategies and layer bonding techniques to improve interfacial strength in underwater 3D printing applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗