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At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Determination of a suitable molar absorption coefficient (ε) for lignin analysis of fibrous plants using the CASA method

In this study, the benchmarking and applicability of the CASA method for the analysis of fibrous plants, such as flax, hemp, and jute, is evaluated. Lignin is a phenolic biopolymer present in plant cell walls and is composed of three primary monomeric units, designated G, S, and H. Various factors, such as the genetic variability, influence the relative proportions of these units in plant samples. Recently, the cysteine-assisted sulfuric acid (CASA) method has been introduced as a rapid method for the quantification of lignin in wood samples. The aim of this study is to establish a suitable molar absorption coefficient (ε, L·g –1 ·cm –1 ) to adapt the CASA method for use with annual plant fibers. This investigation was motivated by the technical advantages of the CASA method, including higher throughput, lower reaction temperatures, and ecological benefits due to the absence of carcinogenic, mutagenic, or reprotoxic (CMR) substances and the need for minimal sample quantities. In this method, lignin solubilization is facilitated by cysteine, which is an amino acid that enhances the reaction kinetics, using a one-hour incubation period. However, as with any spectrophotometric technique, the CASA method depends on a molar absorption coefficient (ε) that varies according to the ratio of the aromatic units within the polymer. To evaluate the suitability of CASA for quantifying lignin in economically significant plant fibers, we investigate the impact of the unit ratios on the accuracy of ε. The results are compared with those of two widely recognized lignin analytical methods: the Klason method, which is a gravimetric reference method, and the acetyl bromide soluble lignin method, which is the most commonly used spectrophotometric approach. The final ε obtained in this study reveals a relative difference in lignin content ranging from –8 % to +9 % based on a comparison between the CASA and Klason methods across different industrial hemp varieties. As a result, using known G:S ratios in annual fibrous plants, ε can be estimated from our results.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Nonlinear absorption coefficient of pulsed laser deposited MgZnO thin film

We report the imaginary part of 3{sup rd} order nonlinear susceptibility and the nonlinear absorption coefficient of Mg doped ZnO thin film using standard Z-scan technique. The origin of nonlinear absorption is attributed to the two photon absorption followed by the free carrier absorption because of the presence of oxygen vacancy defects. We have also confirmed the experimental results with the theoretical results obtained by considering the steady state response of a two level atom with the monochromatic field models.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2019

Dependence of the Two-Photon Absorption Coefficient of Steel on the Pulse Duration During Its Ablation by Femto- and Picosecond Laser Pulses

The dependences of the depth of single-pulse ablation of the steel surface on the energy density of ultrashort laser pulses (0.3–12 ps) with a wavelength of 515 nm have the form different from the usual logarithmic one for linear absorption of radiation. Since the density of states of free conduction electrons in the s band is low, and the d band of strongly bound electrons with a high density of states is located around the Fermi level, these dependences have been approximated within the two-photon absorption model. The two-photon absorption coefficient increases almost linearly with the duration of laser pulses, which indicates the saturation of absorption and allows estimating the corresponding parameters of the electronic subsystem. © 2019, Pleiades Publishing, Inc.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Effect of CO{sub 2}-laser power density on the absorption coefficient of polycrystalline CVD diamonds

The effect of 1-s irradiation of an uncooled polycrystalline CVD diamond plate by a focused cw CO{sub 2} laser beam with a power density of 300 – 800 kW cm{sup −2} is investigated. The absorption coefficient of the sample at a power density of 800 kW cm{sup −2} is found to be 0.035 cm{sup −1} larger as compared with that at 300 kW cm{sup −2}, which is related to the temperature dependence of its phonon-induced absorption with a change in temperature from 44 to 100 °C. It is shown that polycrystalline diamond, in contrast to other optical materials, does not exhibit nonlinear (avalanche-like) rise in absorption at high CO{sub 2}-laser power densities, at least up to 800 kW cm{sup −2}. (paper)

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Study of the absorption coefficient of alpha particles to lower hybrid waves in tokamak

Part of the energy of the Lower Hybrid (LH) waves may be absorbed by the α particles via the so-called perpendicular landau damping mechanism, which depends on various parameters of fusion reactors and the LH waves. In this article, we calculate the absorption coefficient γ{sub α} of LH waves due to α particles. Results show that, the γ{sub α} increases with the parallel refraction index n{sub ∥} while deceases with increasing the frequency of LH waves ω{sub LH} over a wide range. Higher background plasma temperature and toroidal magnetic field will increase the absorption, and there is a peak value of γ{sub α} when n{sub e}≈8×10{sup 19}m{sup −3} for ITER-like scenario. The thermal corrections to the cold plasma dispersion relation will change the damping rate to a certain extent under some specific conditions. We have also evaluated the fraction of LH power absorbed by the alpha particles, η ≈ 0.47% and 4.1% for an LH frequency of 5 GHz and 3.7 GHz respectively for ITER-like scenario. This work gives the effective reference for the choice of parameters of future fusion reactors.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Frequency Dependence of an Electromagnetic Absorption Coefficient in Magnetic Fluid

The samples of water-based magnetic fluid, which contain Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}–SiO{sub 2} particles with a spherical shape and sizes less than 100 nm, have been obtained. The method based on using a transmission line has been applied to measure the electromagnetic absorption coefficient in the frequency range from 0.1 to 18.0 GHz using a measuring setup based on horn antennas and the cell based on a coplanar transmission line. It has been found that magnetic fluids can be used to produce electromagnetic shields and electromagnetic wave absorbers as well as means to carry out local hyperthermia at electromagnetic radiation frequencies higher than 7 GHz.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

The impact of absorption coefficient on polarimetric determination of Berry phase based depth resolved characterization of biomedical scattering samples: a polarized Monte Carlo investigation

The modulation of the state of polarization of photons due to scatter generates associated geometric phase that is being investigated as a means for decreasing the degree of uncertainty in back-projecting the paths traversed by photons detected in backscattered geometry. In our previous work, we established that polarimetrically detected Berry phase correlates with the mean photon penetration depth of the backscattered photons collected for image formation. In this work, we report on the impact of state-of-linear-polarization (SOLP) filtering on both the magnitude and population distributions of image forming detected photons as a function of the absorption coefficient of the scattering sample. The results, based on Berry phase tracking implemented Polarized Monte Carlo Code, indicate that sample absorption plays a significant role in the mean depth attained by the image forming backscattered detected photons.

backscattered Mueller matrix↗
DOE OSTI2014

Backscattering and absorption coefficients for electrons: Solutions of invariant embedding transport equations using a method of convergence

The backscattering coefficient is a magnitude whose measurement is fundamental for the characterization of materials with techniques that make use of particle beams and particularly when performing microanalysis. In this work, we report the results of an analytic method to calculate the backscattering and absorption coefficients of electrons in similar conditions to those of electron probe microanalysis. Starting on a five level states ladder model in 3D, we deduced a set of integro-differential coupled equations of the coefficients with a method know as invariant embedding. By means of a procedure proposed by authors, called method of convergence, two types of approximate solutions for the set of equations, namely complete and simple solutions, can be obtained. Although the simple solutions were initially proposed as auxiliary forms to solve higher rank equations, they turned out to be also useful for the estimation of the aforementioned coefficients. In previous reports, we have presented results obtained with the complete solutions. In this paper, we present results obtained with the simple solutions of the coefficients, which exhibit a good degree of fit with the experimental data. Both the model and the calculation method presented here can be generalized to other techniques that make use of different sorts of particle beams.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2011

Optoelectronic properties of Mg{sub 2}Si semiconducting layers with high absorption coefficients

In an attempt to develop a low-cost material for solar cell devices, polycrystalline magnesium silicide (poly-Mg{sub 2}Si) semiconducting layers have been prepared by applying rf magnetron sputtering using a Mg{sub 2}Si target. The optimum substrate temperature for the poly-Mg{sub 2}Si growth was found to be T{sub s} = 200 deg. C; the film deposition at higher temperatures leads to desorption of Mg atoms from the growing surface, while the amorphous phase formation occurs at room temperature. The poly-Mg{sub 2}Si layer deposited at T{sub s} = 200 deg. C shows the (111) preferential orientation with a uniform grain size of {approx}50 nm. The dielectric function of the poly-Mg{sub 2}Si layer has been determined accurately by spectroscopic ellipsometry. From the analysis, quite high absorption coefficients and an indirect gap of 0.77 eV in the poly-Mg{sub 2}Si layer have been confirmed. The above poly-Mg{sub 2}Si layer shows clear photoconductivity and can be applied as a narrow-gap bottom layer in multi-junction solar cell devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Analytical model of diffuse reflectance spectrum of skin tissue

We have derived simple analytical expressions that enable highly accurate calculation of diffusely reflected light signals of skin in the spectral range from 450 to 800 nm at a distance from the region of delivery of exciting radiation. The expressions, taking into account the dependence of the detected signals on the refractive index, transport scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient and anisotropy factor of the medium, have been obtained in the approximation of a two-layer medium model (epidermis and dermis) for the same parameters of light scattering but different absorption coefficients of layers. Numerical experiments on the retrieval of the skin biophysical parameters from the diffuse reflectance spectra simulated by the Monte Carlo method show that commercially available fibre-optic spectrophotometers with a fixed distance between the radiation source and detector can reliably determine the concentration of bilirubin, oxy- and deoxyhaemoglobin in the dermis tissues and the tissue structure parameter characterising the size of its effective scatterers. We present the examples of quantitative analysis of the experimental data, confirming the correctness of estimates of biophysical parameters of skin using the obtained analytical expressions. (biophotonics)

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Structural, electronic, and optical properties of GaInO{sub 3}: A hybrid density functional study

The structural, electronic, and optical properties of GaInO{sub 3} have been studied by first-principles calculations based on Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof hybrid functional theory. The optical properties, including the optical reflectivity, refractive index, extinction coefficient, absorption coefficient, and electron energy loss are discussed for radiation up to 60 eV together with the calculated electronic structure. Our results predicted that GaInO{sub 3} displays good transparency over the whole vision region, which is in good agreement with the experimental data available in the literature.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Optical and structural properties of 100 MeV Fe{sup 9+} ion irradiated InP

Single crystal InP samples were irradiated with 100 MeV Fe{sup 9+} ions for ion fluences 1x10{sup 12} and 1x10{sup 13} cm{sup −2}. Optical properties of irradiated InP was investigated by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy. The optical parameters like, refractive index, extinction coefficient, absorption coefficient is found to be fluence dependent near the surface as well as near the projected range. Small change in the optical parameters near the surface region as investigated by Spectroscopic Ellipsometry indicatesthat the surfaces of irradiated InP are similar to non-irradiated InP. This is also supported by RBS/C measurements. The UV-VIS-NIR study revealed the decrease in the band gap and increase in the defect concentration in the irradiated sample as a result of nuclear energy loss.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

Interpretable ensemble learning unveils main aerosol optical properties in predicting cloud condensation nuclei number concentration

Variations in cloud condensation nuclei number concentration (N CCN ) significantly influence cloud microphysics, yet direct N CCN measurements remain challenging. Here, we present an N CCN ensemble learning (NEL) model utilizing ensemble learning and interpretability analysis on aerosol optical parameters. Validated at two land sites, two ocean sites and one polar site within the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program, the mean absolute percentage error range of the NEL model across different environments is from 12% to 36%, demonstrating high accuracy. Key findings reveal that aerosol optical parameters can serve as predictors for N CCN . Aerosol scattering and backscattering coefficients, absorption coefficient, backscatter fraction (BSF), and Ångström exponent (AE) are positively correlated with N CCN , while single scattering albedo shows negative correlations. N CCN prediction at land sites is highly sensitive to BSF, largely driven by the backscattering coefficient, as fine particles dominate in these sites. At ocean sites, N CCN prediction is more sensitive to AE, primarily influenced by the scattering coefficient, due to the higher proportion of larger particles. At the polar site, N CCN prediction shows sensitivity to both BSF and AE, mainly driven by the scattering coefficient, as polar sites are cleaner and contain larger particles. These differences reflect the variation in particle size and number concentration across different environments.

Atmospheric science↗