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All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2023

Biopolymer‐assisted Synthesis of P‐doped TiO 2 Nanoparticles for High‐performance Lithium‐ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Study

Abstract TiO 2 material has gained significant attention for large‐scale energy storage due to its abundant, low‐cost, and environmentally friendly properties, as well as the availability of various nanostructures. Phosphorus doping has been established as an effective technique for improving electronic conductivity and managing the slow ionic diffusion kinetics of TiO 2 . In this study, non‐doped and phosphorus doped TiO 2 materials were synthesized using sodium alginate biopolymer as chelating agent. The prepared materials were evaluated as anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). The electrodes exhibit remarkable electrochemical performance, including a high reversible capacity of 235 mAh g −1 at 0.1 C and excellent first coulombic efficiency of 99 %. An integrated approach, combining operando XRD and ex‐situ XAS, comprehensively investigates the relationship between phosphorus doping, material structure, and electrochemical performance, reinforced by analytical tools and first principles calculations. Furthermore, a full cell was designed using 2 %P‐doped TiO 2 anode and LiFePO 4 cathode. The output voltage was about 1.6 V with high initial specific capacity of 148 mAh g −1 , high rate‐capability of 120 mAh g −1 at 1 C, and high‐capacity retention of 96 % after 1000 cycles at 1 C.

El Halya, Nabil↗

DOE OSTI2024

Reevaluation of XPS Pt 4f peak fitting: Ti 3s plasmon peak interference and Pt metallic peak asymmetry in Pt@TiO2 system

The structural, electronic, and electrochemical properties of noble metals supported on transition metal oxides, such as Pt nanoparticles (NPs) supported on TiO2 (Pt@TiO2), have been extensively studied for their relevance to energy technologies, including photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and electrochemical energy conversion. As the need to lower the amount of Pt and other noble metals used in energy conversion systems becomes urgent, it is essential to accurately quantify the loading of these metals and electronic density redistribution between them and their supports. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is widely used for the identification and quantification of chemical species. In particular, fitting of the Pt 4f spectra for Pt@TiO2 is frequently performed to determine the chemical environment and oxidation state of Pt, which strongly affect the physical behavior and catalytic performance of this system. Here, we show that neglecting contributions due to the Pt surroundings and the asymmetry of the Pt metal peak in the line shape fitting can lead to severe mischaracterization of the oxidation state of Pt. We quantify the effects of background contributions that stem from the TiO2 support and discuss how factoring in the strong asymmetry of Pt 4f doublets, which stems from the shake-up type processes, affects the interpretation of Pt 4f XPS line shape.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2019

Understanding the Binding of Aromatic Hydrocarbons on Rutile TiO2(110)

The adsorption of cyclohexane, benzene, and alkyl-substituted benzene derivatives is studied on rutile TiO2(110) by a combination of molecular beam dosing, temperature programmed desorption, and density functional theory (DFT). An inversion analysis is used to extract the coverage dependent desorption energies from TiO2(110). The values of the suitable prefactors are derived from simple statistical mechanical models assuming different limits in the adsorbate mobility on the surface. The prefactor values determined using the vibrational frequencies from DFT calculations corroborate this analysis and show that the adsorbates are mobile in 1- or 2-dimensions on corrugated TiO2(110) surface. The adsorption of benzene derivatives is found to be dominated by the dative Lewis acid-base interactions of the p system with the surface Ti ions. While the desorption energy generally increases with increasing the length and the number of substituents, the difference between the desorption energies decreases as the number and length of substituents is increased. This is a consequence of the destabilization of the optimum bonding configuration of the benzene ring and the alkyl groups with their increasing length and number. The absolute saturation coverages of uncompressed layers correspond approximately to one molecule per two Ti5c sites and decrease slightly with increasing molecule size in a good agreement with van der Waals sizes of the molecules.

Chen, Long↗

DOE OSTI2020

Observation of molecular hydrogen produced from bridging hydroxyls on anatase TiO2(101)

Anatase TiO2 is used extensively in a wide range of catalytic and photocatalytic processes and is a promising catalyst for hydrogen production. Here, we show that molecular hydrogen was produced from bridging hydroxyls, HOb, on the (101) surface of single crystal anatase (a-TiO2(101)). Electron bombardment at 30 K produced bridging oxygen vacancies in the surface. Deuterated bridging hydroxyls, DOb, were subsequently formed via dissociation of adsorbed D2O and confirmed by infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy. During temperature programmed desorption (TPD) spectroscopy, D2 desorption was observed at 520 K. Density functional theory calculations show that both H2 and H2O production from HOb are endothermic at 0 K on a-TiO2(101), but H2 (H2O) desorption is entropically driven above 230 K (800 K). The calculated activation barrier for H2 desorption is 1.40 eV, which is similar to the desorption energy obtained from analysis of the D2 TPD spectra. The H2 desorption likely proceeds in two steps: H atom diffusion on the surface and then recombination. The calculations indicate that diffusion of the hydrogen atoms into the subsurface could also be an important process. We thank Drs. Z. Dohnalek and R. Rousseau for stimulating discussions. This work was supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, & Biosciences and performed in EMSL, a national scientific user facility sponsored by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). PNNL is a multiprogram national laboratory operated for DOE by Battelle. We also acknowledge the WPI computational facilities for providing resources to perform the DFT studies.

Deskins, N A.↗

DOE OSTI2020

Phase Transformations among TiO2 Polymorphs

Polymorphs widely exist in nature and synthetic systems and are well known to determine material properties. Understanding phase transformation mechanisms among polymorphs enables the design of structures and tuning of phases to tailor material properties. However, current understanding is limited due to the lack of direct observations that track the processes and the structural evolution is not known at atomic scale. Here, integrating (semi) in situ transmission electron microscopy and density functional theory, we report atomic structural evolutions of phase transformation from anatase (A) to rutile (R), brookite (B), R-phase, and TiO. Besides the consistent paths with previous reports, we discover several unreported paths, including a [001] direction and (020) plane of anatase to [100]A and (011)R of rutile, respectively, ( , ) and , . Density functional theory analysis elucidates atomic structural evolution during the processes and over 16% of Ti-O bonds break and reform during the processes with energy barriers of ~0.7-1.0 eV per TiO2 formula unit. Under electron-beam irradiation, anatase particles transform into TiO2-R phase or TiO at high or room temperature, respectively. We also reveal the anisotropic nature of electron-beam effect, which is seldom discussed: dependence of crystallographic orientation with respect to electron-beam irradiation direction. Understanding the atomic structural evolution sheds light on interpreting and controlling TiO2 polymorphs and interface structures for various applications. The revealed electron-beam effects in our work provide guidance for in situ transmission electron microscopy studies.

Song, Miao↗

DOE OSTI2019

Structure and enhanced antimicrobial activity of mechanically activated nano TiO2

Titanium dioxide is a photocatalyst, known not only for its ability to oxidize organic contaminants, but also for its antimicrobial properties. In this article, significant enhancement of the antimicrobial activity of TiO2 (up to 32 times) was demonstrated after its activation by ball milling. The antimicrobial activity was analyzed for one fungal and 13 bacterial ATCC strains using the microdilution method and recording the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. In order to further investigate the correlation between the mechanical activation of TiO2 and its antimicrobial activity, the structure, morphology and phase composition of the material were studied by means of Electron Microscopy, X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements. UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra were recorded and the Kubelka-Munk function was applied to convert reflectance into the equivalent band gap energy (Eg) and, consequently, to investigate changes in the Eg value. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to analyze the influence of mechanical activation on the Ti 2p and O 1s spectra. The presented results are expected to enable the development of more sustainable and effective advanced TiO2-based materials with antimicrobial properties that could be used in numerous green technology applications.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1990

TiCl4 as a source of TiO2 particles for laser anemometry measurements in hot gas

A method of reacting TiCl4 with water saturated gaseous nitrogen (GN2) at the entrance into a high temperature gas flow is described. The TiO2 particles formed are then entrained in the gas flow and used as seed particles for making laser anemometry (LA) measurements of the flow velocity distribution in the hot gas. Scanning electron microscope photographs of the TiO2 particles are shown. Data rate of the LA processor was measured to determine the amount of TiO2 formed. The TiCl4 and mixing gas flow diagram is shown. This work was performed in an open jet burner.

Weikle, Donald H.↗

NASA NTRS2013

Enhanced TiO2 Photocatalytic Processing of Organic Wastes for Green Space Exploration

The effect of transition metal co-catalysts on the photocatalytic properties of TiO2 was investigated. Ruthenium (Ru), palladium, platinum, copper, silver, and gold, were loaded onto TiO2 powders (anatase and mixed-phase P25) and screened for the decomposition of rhodamine B (RhB) under broad-band irradiation. The morphology and estimated chemical composition of photocatalysts were determined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy, respectively. Brunhauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) analysis measured mass-specific surface area(s). X-ray diffraction analysis was performed to confirm the identity of titania phase(s) present. The BET surface area of anatase TiO2/Ru 1% (9.2 sq m/gm) was one of the highest measured of all photocatalysts prepared in our laboratory. Photolyses conducted under air-saturated and nitrogen-saturated conditions revealed photodegradation efficiencies of 85 and 2 percent, respectively, after 60 min compared to 58 percent with no catalyst. The cause of low photocatalytic activity under an inert atmosphere is discussed. TiO2/Ru 1% showed a superior photocatalytic activity relative to P25-TiO2 under broad-band irradiation. A potential deployment of photocatalytic technologies on a mission could be a reactor with modest enhancement in solar intensity brought about by a trough-style reactor, with reactants and catalyst flowing along the axis of the trough and therefore being illuminated for a controlled duration based on the flow rate.

Udom, I.↗

NASA NTRS2014

Visible-Light-Responsive Catalysts Using Quantum Dot-Modified TiO2 for Air and Water Purification

Photocatalysis, the oxidation or reduction of contaminants by light-activated catalysts, utilizing titanium dioxide (TiO2) as the catalytic substrate has been widely studied for trace contaminant control in both air and water applications. The interest in this process is due primarily to its low energy consumption and capacity for catalyst regeneration. Titanium dioxide requires ultraviolet light for activation due to its relatively large band gap energy of 3.2 eV. Traditionally, Hg-vapor fluorescent light sources are used in PCO reactors; however, the use of mercury precludes the use of this PCO technology in a spaceflight environment due to concerns over crew Hg exposure. The development of a visible-light responsive (VLR) TiO2-based catalyst would eliminate the concerns over mercury contamination. Further, VLR development would allow for the use of ambient visible solar radiation or highly efficient LEDs, both of which would make PCO approaches more efficient, flexible, economical, and safe. Though VLR catalyst development has been an active area of research for the past two decades, there are few commercially available VLR catalysts. Those VLR catalysts that are commercially available do not have adequate catalytic activity, in the visible region, to make them competitive with those operating under UV irradiation. This study was initiated to develop more effective VLR catalysts through a novel method in which quantum dots (QD) consisting of narrow band gap semiconductors (e.g., CdS, CdSe, PbS, ZnSe, etc.) are coupled to TiO2 via two preparation methods: 1) photodeposition and 2) mechanical alloying using a high-speed ball mill. A library of catalysts was developed and screened for gas and aqueous phase applications using ethanol and 4-chlorophenol as the target contaminants, respectively. Both target compounds are well studied in photocatalytic systems and served as model contaminants for this research. Synthesized catalysts were compared in terms of preparation method, nature of the quantum dots, and dosage of quantum dots.

visible light↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on TiO2 by Materials Project

TiO2 is trigonal omega-like structured and crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of three TiO2 sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Ti4+ is bonded to six equivalent O2- atoms to form edge-sharing TiO6 octahedra. All Ti–O bond lengths are 1.98 Å. O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three equivalent Ti4+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on TiO2 by Materials Project

TiO2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/m space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one TiO2 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. there are two inequivalent Ti4+ sites. In the first Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.63–1.87 Å. In the second Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing TiO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.81–2.00 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three equivalent Ti4+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ti4+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Ti4+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Ti4+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on TiO2 by Materials Project

TiO2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmm2 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one TiO2 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. there are two inequivalent Ti4+ sites. In the first Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.63–2.09 Å. In the second Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form corner-sharing TiO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.81 Å) and two longer (1.86 Å) Ti–O bond length. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Ti4+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Ti4+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ti4+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Ti4+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on TiO2 by Materials Project

TiO2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmm2 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one TiO2 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. there are two inequivalent Ti4+ sites. In the first Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.63–2.09 Å. In the second Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form corner-sharing TiO4 tetrahedra. There is two shorter (1.81 Å) and two longer (1.87 Å) Ti–O bond length. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Ti4+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Ti4+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ti4+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Ti4+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on TiO2 by Materials Project

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on TiO2 by Materials Project

TiO2 is trigonal omega-like structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pmmn space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two TiO2 sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. there are two inequivalent Ti4+ sites. In the first Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form edge-sharing TiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.91–2.07 Å. In the second Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form edge-sharing TiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–1.99 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Ti4+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three Ti4+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Ti4+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2020

TiO2 Nanocrystal-Framed Li 2 TiSiO 5 Platelets for Low-Voltage Lithium Battery Anode

Titanium-based anode materials are attracting considerable attention for use in high-performance lithium-ion batteries, but the compromised energy density caused by high voltage plateaus and unsatisfactory capacities severely retards their practical applications. Herein, a molten-salt synthesis of Li 2 TiSiO 5 crystalline platelets and a subsequent selective facet modification by in situ growth of TiO 2 nanocrystal frames are facilely achieved. The discharge voltage plateau at around 0.5 V renders the Li 2 TiSiO 5 anode safe compared with graphite and confers a high energy density compared with zero-strain Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 anode. With the optimized size, structure, and content of modified TiO2 nanocrystals associated with the exposed (001) plane of Li 2 TiSiO 5 , the Li 2 TiSiO 5 -based anodes can deliver a capacity of above 300 mAh g -1 , enhanced rate performance, and a capacity retention of 66% after 10 000 cycles. In situ X-ray diffraction and ex situ transmission electron microscopy have demonstrated the structural stability of the anodes upon charge/discharge. Further theoretical calculation reveals 3D migration paths of Li + ions in Li 2 TiSiO 5 . The selective modification of in situ grown TiO2 nanocrystals on certain facets of crystallites opens a new door for the development of electrode materials possessing superior electrochemical properties.

anodes↗

DOE OSTI2020

Binding of Formic Acid on Anatase TiO2(101)

The adsorption of formic acid (FA) and the formation of formate species on metal oxide surfaces are of great interest in catalysis. Formic acid is used to probe the adsorption properties of surface sites and formates are common intermediates in many catalytic reactions. Here we focus on the interaction of FA with a prototypical anatase TiO2(101) surface by using a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), electron stimulated desorption (ESD), and density functional theory (DFT) to assess the coverage dependent evolution of different FA-derived surface species at low temperatures (80–240 K). We find that isolated FA adsorbs at 80 K in both monodentate (MD) and bidentate (BD) configurations on top of undercoordinated Ti sites (Ti5c). The MD form is likely deprotonated and readily converts upon annealing to bridging BD on two neighboring Ti5c sites. DFT calculations show that molecularly-bound MD FA is metastable and readily converts into a deprotonated state in the proximity of subsurface oxygen vacancy. The stability of the MD species increases as the availability of the paired Ti5c sites for BD formation diminishes at high coverages. Upon surface saturation, a mixed configuration of alternating bidentate and monodentate species with coverage of 2/3 FA/Ti5c represents the most favorable configuration. This is in contrast with the adsorption of FA on rutile TiO2(110) and many other oxides, where bidentate formate species dominate. Y.W., A.D., G.A.K., R.R., N.G.P., and Z.D. were supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES), Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences (CSGB) under FWP 47319. B.W. and A.S. acknowledge the support of DOE BES, CSGB Division under Award DESC0007347. The experimental studies were performed in EMSL, a national scientific user facility sponsored by the Department of Energy’s Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). PNNL is a multiprogram national laboratory operated for DOE by Battelle. The authors also acknowledge computational resources from the TIGRESS high-performance computer center at Princeton University.

Wang, Yang↗

DOE OSTI2024

Photoreversible Color-Switching Cu-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles for High-Contrast Rewritable Printing

Light-printable rewritable paper that can be used multiple times has attracted extensive attention because of its potential benefits in reducing environmental pollution and energy consumption. Developing rewritable paper with high black-to-colorless contrast, lasting legibility, and a fast response is fascinating but challenging. Here, we integrate the redox chemistry of Cu2+ ions into photoreductive TiO2 nanoparticles to produce Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles capable of highly photoreversible switching between colorless and black with excellent contrast and color stability. Incorporating such nanoparticles into hydroxyethyl cellulose produces a rewritable paper with the same appearance as that of conventional paper. More importantly, it demonstrates great features promising for practical applications, including high black-to-colorless contrast, fast light-printing (<20 s), long legible time (>3 days), high reversibility (>50 cycles), high resolution (90 μm), and large scale (A4 size) applicability.

Wang, Wenshou↗