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Trace Element Partitioning Between Olivine and Melt in Lunar Basalts

Mineral/melt partition coefficients have been widely used to provide insights into magmatic processes. Olivine is one of the most abundant and important minerals in the lunar mantle and mare basalts. Yet, no systematic olivine/melt partitioning data are available for lunar conditions. We report trace element partition data between host mineral olivine and its melt inclusions in lunar basalts. Equilibrium is evaluated using the Fe-Mg exchange coefficient, leading to the choice of melt inclusion-host olivine pairs in lunar basalts 12040, 12009, 15016, 15647, and 74235. Partition coefficients of 21 elements (Li, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Y, Zr, Nb, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb and Lu) were measured. Except for Li, V, and Cr, these elements show no significant difference in olivine-melt partitioning compared to the data for terrestrial samples. The partition coefficient of Li between olivine and melt in some lunar basalts with low Mg# (Mg# < 0.75 in olivine, or < ~0.5 in melt) is higher than published data for terrestrial * Corresponding author. Email address: youxue@umich.edu 2 samples, which is attributed to the dependence of DLi on Mg# and the lack of literature DLi data with low Mg#. The partition coefficient of V in lunar basalts is measured to be 0.17 to 0.74, significantly higher than that in terrestrial basalts (0.003 to 0.21), which can be explained by the lower oxygen fugacity in lunar basalts. The significantly higher DV can explain why V is less enriched in evolved lunar basalts than terrestrial basalts. The partition coefficient of Cr between olivine and basalt melt in the Moon is 0.11 to 0.62, which is lower than those in terrestrial settings by a factor of approximately 2. This is surprising because previous authors showed that Cr partition coefficient is independent of fO2. A quasi-thermodynamically based model is developed to correlate Cr partition coefficient to olivine and melt composition and fO2. The lower Cr partition coefficient between olivine and basalt in the Moon can lead to more Cr enrichment in the lunar magma ocean, as well as more Cr enrichment in mantle-derived basalts in the Moon. Hence, even though Cr is typically a compatible element in terrestrial basalts, it is moderately incompatible in primitive lunar basalts, with a similar degree of incompatibility as V based on partition coefficients in this work, as also evidenced by the relatively constant V/Cr ratio of 0.039 ± 0.011 in lunar basalts. The confirmation of constant V/Cr ratio is important for constraining concentrations of Cr (slightly volatile and siderophile) and V (slightly siderophile) in the bulk silicate Moon.

partition coefficients↗

Highly Efficient Room‐Temperature Spin‐Orbit‐Torque Switching in a Van der Waals Heterostructure of Topological Insulator and Ferromagnet

Abstract All‐Van der Waals (vdW)‐material‐based heterostructures with atomically sharp interfaces offer a versatile platform for high‐performing spintronic functionalities at room temperature. One of the key components is vdW topological insulators (TIs), which can produce a strong spin‐orbit‐torque (SOT) through the spin‐momentum locking of their topological surface state (TSS). However, the relatively low conductance of the TSS introduces a current leakage problem through the bulk states of the TI or the adjacent ferromagnetic metal layers, reducing the interfacial charge‐to‐spin conversion efficiency ( q ICS ). Here, a vdW heterostructure is used consisting of atomically‐thin layers of a bulk‐insulating TI Sn‐doped Bi 1.1 Sb 0.9 Te 2 S 1 and a room‐temperature ferromagnet Fe 3 GaTe 2, to enhance the relative current ratio on the TSS up to ≈20%. The resulting q ICS reaches ≈1.65 nm −1 and the critical current density J c ≈0.9 × 10 6 Acm −2 at 300 K, surpassing the performance of TI‐based and heavy‐metal‐based SOT devices. These findings demonstrate that an all‐vdW heterostructure with thickness optimization offers a promising platform for efficient current‐controlled magnetization switching at room temperature.

2D ferromagnet↗

Materials Data on Ho5Ti5O17 by Materials Project

Ho5Ti5O17 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pmn2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are five inequivalent Ho3+ sites. In the first Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.24–2.88 Å. In the second Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.29–2.73 Å. In the third Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.28–2.51 Å. In the fourth Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.21–2.84 Å. In the fifth Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.32–2.54 Å. There are five inequivalent Ti+3.80+ sites. In the first Ti+3.80+ site, Ti+3.80+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing TiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 14–38°. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.80–2.26 Å. In the second Ti+3.80+ site, Ti+3.80+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing TiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 16–40°. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.87–2.09 Å. In the third Ti+3.80+ site, Ti+3.80+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing TiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 11–40°. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.88–2.17 Å. In the fourth Ti+3.80+ site, Ti+3.80+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing TiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 11–30°. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.91–2.09 Å. In the fifth Ti+3.80+ site, Ti+3.80+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing TiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 14–38°. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.88–2.19 Å. There are seventeen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Ho3+ and two equivalent Ti+3.80+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Ho3+ and two equivalent Ti+3.80+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Ho3+ and two equivalent Ti+3.80+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ho3+ and one Ti+3.80+ atom to form corner-sharing OHo3Ti tetrahedra. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ho3+ and one Ti+3.80+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Ho3+ and two equivalent Ti+3.80+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho3+ and two Ti+3.80+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two equivalent Ho3+ and two Ti+3.80+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OHo2Ti2 tetrahedra. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho3+ and two Ti+3.80+ atoms. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho3+ and two Ti+3.80+ atoms. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho3+ and two Ti+3.80+ atoms. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two equivalent Ho3+ and two Ti+3.80+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OHo2Ti2 tetrahedra. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ho3+ and one Ti+3.80+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ho3+ and one Ti+3.80+ atom to form corner-sharing OHo3Ti tetrahedra. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho3+ and two Ti+3.80+ atoms. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho3+ and two Ti+3.80+ atoms. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Ho3+ and two equivalent Ti+3.80+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Silicon Micromachining in RF and Photonic Applications

Texas Instruments (TI) has developed membrane and micromirror devices since the late 1970s. An eggcrate space membrane was used as the spatial light modulator in the early years. Discrete micromirrors supported by cantilever beams created a new era for micromirror devices. Torsional micromirror and flexure-beam micromirror devices were promising for mass production because of their stable supports. TI's digital torsional micromirror device is an amplitude modulator (known as the digital micromirror device (DMD) and is in production development, discussed elsewhere. We also use a torsional device for a 4 x 4 fiber-optic crossbar switch in a 2 cm x 2 cm package. The flexure-beam micromirror device is an analog phase modulator and is considered more efficient than amplitude modulators for use in optical processing systems. TI also developed millimeter-sized membranes for integrated optical switches for telecommunication and network applications. Using a member in radio frequency (RF) switch applications is a rapidly growing area because of the micromechanical device performance in microsecond-switching characteristics. Our preliminary membrane RF switch test structure results indicate promising speed and RF switching performance. TI collaborated with MIT for modeling of metal-based micromachining.

Lin, Tsen-Hwang↗

Materials Data on Ho10Ti6O27 by Materials Project

Ho10Ti6O27 crystallizes in the monoclinic Cm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are fifteen inequivalent Ho3+ sites. In the first Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.12–2.58 Å. In the second Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded to seven O2- atoms to form distorted HoO7 pentagonal bipyramids that share a cornercorner with one TiO6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent TiO5 square pyramids, a cornercorner with one TiO4 tetrahedra, and edges with two equivalent TiO5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 57°. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.20–2.55 Å. In the third Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.19–2.40 Å. In the fourth Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.15–2.47 Å. In the fifth Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted HoO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one TiO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.38 Å. In the sixth Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted HoO6 pentagonal pyramids that share an edgeedge with one HoO8 hexagonal bipyramid and edges with two equivalent TiO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.13–2.44 Å. In the seventh Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.17–2.38 Å. In the eighth Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.20–2.37 Å. In the ninth Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.20–2.88 Å. In the tenth Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.23–2.76 Å. In the eleventh Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded to eight O2- atoms to form distorted HoO8 hexagonal bipyramids that share edges with four equivalent TiO6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one HoO6 pentagonal pyramid, and edges with two equivalent TiO5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.10–2.59 Å. In the twelfth Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded to eight O2- atoms to form distorted HoO8 hexagonal bipyramids that share edges with two equivalent TiO6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent TiO7 pentagonal bipyramids, and edges with two equivalent TiO5 square pyramids. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.60 Å. In the thirteenth Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded to seven O2- atoms to form distorted HoO7 hexagonal pyramids that share a cornercorner with one TiO6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent TiO7 pentagonal bipyramids, and edges with three TiO7 pentagonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 63°. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.26–2.29 Å. In the fourteenth Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.19–2.50 Å. In the fifteenth Ho3+ site, Ho3+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ho–O bond distances ranging from 2.31–2.37 Å. There are nine inequivalent Ti4+ sites. In the first Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted TiO5 square pyramids that share a cornercorner with one TiO6 octahedra, a cornercorner with one HoO7 pentagonal bipyramid, corners with two equivalent TiO5 square pyramids, an edgeedge with one HoO8 hexagonal bipyramid, and an edgeedge with one HoO7 pentagonal bipyramid. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 41°. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.81–2.16 Å. In the second Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded in a trigonal pyramidal geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.78–1.95 Å. In the third Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted TiO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent TiO6 octahedra, a cornercorner with one TiO7 pentagonal bipyramid, corners with two equivalent TiO5 trigonal bipyramids, edges with two equivalent HoO8 hexagonal bipyramids, and an edgeedge with one HoO6 pentagonal pyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 42–55°. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.80–2.22 Å. In the fourth Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted TiO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one HoO6 octahedra and a cornercorner with one HoO7 pentagonal bipyramid. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 60°. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.79–2.03 Å. In the fifth Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to seven O2- atoms to form distorted TiO7 pentagonal bipyramids that share corners with two equivalent TiO6 octahedra, a cornercorner with one TiO5 trigonal bipyramid, an edgeedge with one HoO7 hexagonal pyramid, and edges with two equivalent TiO7 pentagonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 39°. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.17 Å. In the sixth Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to five O2- atoms to form distorted TiO5 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with four equivalent TiO6 octahedra, a cornercorner with one TiO7 pentagonal bipyramid, and edges with two equivalent HoO8 hexagonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 37–59°. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.79–2.01 Å. In the seventh Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.87–1.94 Å. In the eighth Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to seven O2- atoms to form distorted TiO7 pentagonal bipyramids that share a cornercorner with one HoO7 hexagonal pyramid, a cornercorner with one TiO6 octahedra, a cornercorner with one TiO7 pentagonal bipyramid, an edgeedge with one HoO8 hexagonal bipyramid, an edgeedge with one HoO7 hexagonal pyramid, and edges with two TiO7 pentagonal bipyramids. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 44°. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.15 Å. In the ninth Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form TiO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one HoO7 hexagonal pyramid, a cornercorner with one HoO7 pentagonal bipyramid, corners with two equivalent TiO7 pentagonal bipyramids, corners with two equivalent TiO5 square pyramids, and edges with two equivalent HoO8 hexagonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–2.11 Å. There are thirty-eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Ho3+ and one Ti4+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ho3+ and one Ti4+ atom to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OHo3Ti tetrahedra. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Ho3+ and two Ti4+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ho3+ and one Ti4+ atom to form distorted OHo3Ti tetrahedra that share corners with four OHo4 tetrahedra and edges with three OHo3Ti tetrahedra. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Ho3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OHo4 tetrahedra. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ho3+ and one Ti4+ atom to form OHo3Ti tetrahedra that share corners with eight OHo3Ti tetrahedra and edges with two equivalent OHo4 tetrahedra. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Ho3+ and one Ti4+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ho3+ and one Ti4+ atom to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OHo3Ti tetrahedra. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Ho3+ atoms to form distorted OHo4 tetrahedra that share corners with seven OHo4 tetrahedra and edges with four OHo3Ti tetrahedra. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ho3+ and two Ti4+ atoms to form OHo2Ti2 tetrahedra that share corners with eight OHo4 tetrahedra and edges with three OHoTi3 tetrahedra. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Ho3+ and two equivalent Ti4+ atoms. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Ho3+ and two Ti4+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ho3+ and one Ti4+ atom to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OHo3Ti tetrahedra. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ho3+ and one Ti4+ atom to form OHo3Ti tetrahedra that share corners with six OHo4 tetrahedra and edges with three OHo3Ti tetrahedra. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Ho3+ and one Ti4+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two Ho3+ atoms. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Ho3+ atoms to form OHo4 tetrahedra that share corners with three OHo4 tetrahedra and an edgeedge with one OHo3Ti tetrahedra. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Ho3+ and two Ti4+ atoms. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Ho3+ atoms to form OHo4 tetrahedra that share corners with six OHo4 tetrahedra and edges with three OHo2Ti2 tetrahedra. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ho3+ and two Ti4+ atoms. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ho3+ and one Ti4+ atom to form distorted OHo3Ti tetrahedra that share corners with nine OHo3Ti tetrahedra and edges with five OHo4 tetrahedra. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Ho3+ and two Ti4+ atoms. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Ho3+ and two equivalent Ti4+ atoms to form distorted OHo2Ti2 tetrahedra that share corners with eight OHo4 tetrahedra and edges with four OHoTi3 tetrahedra. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ho3+ and one Ti4+ atom to form OHo3Ti tetrahedra that share corners with eight OHo4 tetrahedra and edges with four OHoTi3 tetrahedra. In the twenty-fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Ho3+ and two equivalent Ti4+ atoms. In the twenty-sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Ho3+ and two Ti4+ atoms. In the twenty-seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Ho3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OHo4 tetrahedra. In the twenty-eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ho3+ and one Ti4+ atom to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OHo3Ti tetrahedra. In the twenty-ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Ho3+ atoms to form OHo4 tetrahedra that share corners with six OHo4 tetrahedra and edges with four OHo3Ti tetrahedra. In the thirtieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Ho3+ and one Ti4+ atom. In the thirty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three Ho3+ and one Ti4+ atom. In the thirty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ho3+ and one Ti4+ atom to form distorted OHo3Ti tetrahedra that share corners with seven OHo3Ti tetrahedra and an edgeedge with one OHo4 tetrahedra. In the thirty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Ho3+ and two equivalent Ti4+ atoms. In the thirty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Ho3+ atoms to form corner-sharing OHo4 tetrahedra. In the thirty-fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Ho3+ and two Ti4+ atoms. In the thirty-sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Ho3+ and three Ti4+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OHoTi3 tetrahedra. In the thirty-seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Ho3+ and two equivalent Ti4+

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗