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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Technoeconomic Analysis (TEA)

Techno-economic analysis (TEA) for the DuraMAT Consortium includes the following areas: linking solar photovoltaic (PV) technology trends to reliability implications; providing a framework to calculate technology costs, yielding insights useful for research decision-making, proposals, technology selection, and publications; and examining technology tradeoffs considering lifecycle project economics. This poster highlights results from the first and second iterations of the DuraMAT Technology Scouting reports as well as the updated Simplified PV Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) Calculator.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Simultaneous CTEQ-TEA extraction of PDFs and SMEFT parameters from jet and $t\bar{t}$ data

Recasting phenomenological Lagrangians in terms of SM effective field theory (SMEFT) provides a valuable means of connecting potential BSM physics at momenta well above the electroweak scale to experimental signatures at lower energies. In this work we jointly fit the Wilson coefficients of SMEFT operators as well as the PDFs in an extension of the CT18 global analysis framework, obtaining self-consistent constraints to possible BSM physics effects. Global fits are boosted with machine-learning techniques in the form of neural networks to ensure efficient scans of the full PDF+SMEFT parameter space. We focus on several operators relevant for top-quark pair and jet production at hadron colliders and obtain constraints on the Wilson coefficients with Lagrange Multiplier scans. We find mild correlations between the extracted Wilson coefficients, PDFs, and other QCD parameters, and see indications that these correlations may become more prominent in future analyses based on data of higher precision. This work serves as a new platform for joint analyses of SM and BSM physics based on the CTEQ-TEA framework.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Tea ( Camellia sinensis ) Extract-Mediated Green Synthesis of Co 3 O 4 and Co 3 O 4 @Graphene Nanocomposites for Multifunctional Applications in Pollutant Degradation, Sensing, and Energy Storage

A novel solution-mixing method was proposed to synthesize Co 3 O 4 /graphene nanocomposites (Co 3 O 4 @Gr) using a green tea leaf (Camellia sinensis) extract as the reducing agent. XRD analysis shows that the as-prepared Co 3 O 4 @Gr exhibits a cubic spinel crystal structure. From morphological analysis, the obtained Co 3 O 4 NS forms spherical clusters that are uniformly distributed on the graphene surface. FT-IR and Raman analyses confirmed the strong molecular and vibrational interactions between the Co 3 O 4 NS and Gr. The suppressed PL intensity peak of the Co 3 O 4 @Gr NCs indicated significant inhibition in the recombination of charge carriers between the hybrid orbitals within the composites. As a result, the catalytic efficiency of Co 3 O 4 @Gr NCs increased to 80% compared to pristine Co 3 O 4 , which exhibited only 45% efficiency against methylene blue (MB) dye. Moreover, the as-prepared NCs exhibited a detection limit of 0.01−224 μM, demonstrating a superior low-DPA detection with high sensitivity. The Co 3 O 4 @Gr/GCE exhibits admirable selectivity for various pesticides, fungicides, and metal ions, with outstanding reproducibility and stability. From electrochemical investigations, the highest specific capacitance values of the as-synthesized Co 3 O 4 @Gr were 349 F/g at a scan rate of 5 mV/s and 158 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g.

Capacitors↗
DOE OSTI2026

What Is the Best Use of Biomass? A Harmonized LCA-TEA Framework Quantifying Economic and Environmental Metrics for Bioenergy Pathways

Bioresource utilization is expected to play a pivotal role in complementing existing energy pathways and enhancing energy resilience. This study develops a harmonized life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA) framework to evaluate the greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction potential, minimum fuel selling price (MFSP), and marginal abatement cost (MAC) of bioenergy pathways. We analyze 19 pathways, including liquid biofuels (via catalytic fast pyrolysis, Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, and gasification), bioelectricity, and biomass-to-hydrogen, with and without carbon capture and storage (CCS). The GHG impacts are assessed using the GREET 2022 model, while U.S. Billion-Ton 2016 biomass availability projections are used to estimate scale-up potential. Additionally, we evaluate the influence of a low-carbon electricity grid on pathway performance. Our results show that CCS implementation reduces carbon intensities (CI) to net-negative values for several pathways, with MAC ranging from $\$$32 to $\$$600 per metric ton (MT) CO2e avoided. Bioelectricity pathways with CCS achieve the lowest MAC ($\$$32–$\$$68/tCO2e), while liquid biofuels and hydrogen pathways remain critical for hard-to-abate sectors like aviation and heavy industry. Pathways with net-positive electricity demand benefit from a low-carbon grid, whereas those co-producing electricity experience increased MAC under lower electricity grid CI scenarios. This open-source framework provides a robust tool for harmonized evaluation of bioenergy pathways, enabling policymakers and stakeholders to identify cost-effective strategies for biomass utilization and carbon abatement at scale. The findings underscore the importance of CCS, co-product credits, and feedstock availability in optimizing bioenergy deployment for a low-carbon economy.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

TEA of a Unique Two-Pathways Process for Post-Combustion CO 2 Capture

A unique two-Pathways process using aqueous sodium glycinate for CO 2 capture from a split flue gas stream emitted from 600 MWe post-combustion coal power plant was developed in Aspen Plus v.10. The split gas flow rate used was 44.75 ton/h and contained 0.0023 mol% SO 2 and 13.33 mol% CO 2 . The process includes a washing unit, a CO 2 absorption unit, a reverse osmosis unit, and a solvent regeneration unit or an ultrafiltration unit. The washing unit uses deionized water to completely remove SO 2 and the CO 2 absorption unit uses SGS to capture at least 90 mol% of the CO 2 in the split flue gas stream. Upon CO 2 and SGS reactions, the resulting liquid products exhibit phase-separation into CO 2 -lean phase and CO 2 -rich phase, allow two distinct pathways. Pathway (i) is to regenerate mostly the CO 2 -rich phase, collect the released CO 2 , and compress it for sequestration purposes. Pathway (ii) is to send the liquid stream from the CO 2 absorption unit to the ultrafiltration unit to separate the solid nanomaterials. The hydraulics and mass transfer characteristics in the washing and CO 2 absorption units were obtained; and techno-economic analysis (TEA) for Pathways (i) and (ii), including Capital Expenditure (CAPEX), Operating Expenditure (OPEX), and Levelized Cost of CO 2 Captured (LCOC), were calculated and compared. The simulation results revealed that the CAPEX, OPEX, and LCOC for Pathway (i) were ($\$12,039,251$), (261 dollar/h), and (54.01 dollar/ton-CO 2 captured), respectively, and those for Pathway (ii) were ($\$5,908,000$), (237.2 dollar/h), and (39.90 dollar/ton-CO 2 captured), respectively. Moreover, in Pathway (ii), 8.19 ton/h of CO 2 were captured to produce 15.62 ton/h NaHCO 3 nanomaterials, which were sold to offset the overall process cost. The LCOC values indicate that Pathway (ii) is more cost-effective than Pathway (i) because LCOC values for Pathway (ii) are much lower than those for Pathway (i).COC values for Pathway (ii) are much lower than those for Pathway (i).

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Piperitone ( p -Menth-1-En-3-One): A New Repellent for Tea Shot Hole Borer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Florida Avocado Groves

The tea shot hole borer, Euwallacea perbrevis, has been recently established in Florida, USA, where it vectors fungal pathogens that cause Fusarium dieback in avocado. Pest monitoring uses a two-component lure containing quercivorol and α-copaene. Incorporation of a repellent into IPM programs may reduce the incidence of dieback in avocado groves, particularly if combined with lures in a push–pull system. This study evaluated piperitone and α-farnesene as potential repellents for E. perbrevis, comparing their efficacy to that of verbenone. Replicate 12-week field tests were conducted in commercial avocado groves. Each test compared beetle captures in traps baited with two-component lures versus captures in traps containing lures plus repellent. To complement field trials, Super-Q collections followed by GC analyses were performed to quantify emissions from repellent dispensers field-aged for 12 weeks. Electroantennography (EAG) was also used to measure beetle olfactory response to each repellent. Results indicated that α-farnesene was ineffective; however, piperitone and verbenone were comparable in repellency, achieving 50–70% reduction in captures, with longevity of 10–12 weeks. EAG responses to piperitone and verbenone were equivalent, and significantly greater than response to α-farnesene. Since piperitone is less expensive than verbenone, this study identifies a potential new E. perbrevis repellent.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Chitosan Coating Functionalized with Flaxseed Oil and Green Tea Extract as a Bio-Based Solution for Beef Preservation

Ecological and safe packaging solutions arise as pivotal points in the development of an integrated system for sustainable meat production. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a combined chitosan (Ch) + green tea extract (GTE) + essential oil (thyme oil, TO; flaxseed oil, FO; or oregano oil, OO) coating on the safety and quality of vacuum-packaged beef during storage at 4 °C. An optimized bio-based coating formulation was selected (2% Ch + 2% GTE + 0.1% FO) to be applied to three fresh beef cuts (shoulder, Sh; knuckle, Kn; Striploin, St) based on its pH (5.8 ± 0.1), contact angle (22.3 ± 0.4°) and rheological parameters (viscosity = 0.05 Pa.s at shear rate > 20 s−1). Shelf-life analysis showed that the Ch–GTE–FO coating delayed lipid oxidation and reduced total viable counts (TVC) and Enterobacteriaceae growth compared with uncoated beef samples over five days. In addition, Ch–GTE–FO coating decreased total color changes of beef samples (e.g., ∆E* = 9.84 and 3.94, for non-coated and coated Kn samples, respectively) for up to five days. The original textural parameters (hardness, adhesiveness and springiness) of beef cuts were maintained during storage when Ch–GTE–FO coating was applied. Based on the physicochemical and microbial characterization results, the combination of the Ch–GTE–FO coating developed was effective in preserving the quality of fresh beef cuts during refrigerated storage along with vacuum packaging.

Mendes, Cíntia G.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on TeAs by Materials Project

AsTe is Halite, Rock Salt structured and crystallizes in the cubic Fm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. As2+ is bonded to six equivalent Te2- atoms to form a mixture of corner and edge-sharing AsTe6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All As–Te bond lengths are 2.97 Å. Te2- is bonded to six equivalent As2+ atoms to form a mixture of corner and edge-sharing TeAs6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on TeAs(IF2)3 by Materials Project

AsTe(IF2)3 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. As5+ is bonded to six F1- atoms to form AsF6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent TeI3F2 square pyramids. There are a spread of As–F bond distances ranging from 1.76–1.79 Å. Te4+ is bonded to three I1- and two F1- atoms to form TeI3F2 square pyramids that share corners with two equivalent AsF6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 33–53°. There are two shorter (2.70 Å) and one longer (2.71 Å) Te–I bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.92 Å) and one longer (2.93 Å) Te–F bond lengths. There are three inequivalent I1- sites. In the first I1- site, I1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Te4+ and one F1- atom. The I–F bond length is 3.10 Å. In the second I1- site, I1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Te4+ atom. In the third I1- site, I1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Te4+ and two F1- atoms. There are one shorter (3.15 Å) and one longer (3.63 Å) I–F bond lengths. There are six inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ atom. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ and one I1- atom. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ and one Te4+ atom. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ atom. In the fifth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+, one Te4+, and one I1- atom. In the sixth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ and one I1- atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on TeAs(ClF2)3 by Materials Project

AsTe(ClF2)3 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is one-dimensional and consists of two AsTe(ClF2)3 ribbons oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. As5+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six F1- atoms. There are a spread of As–F bond distances ranging from 1.75–1.82 Å. Te4+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three Cl1- and two F1- atoms. There are a spread of Te–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.30–2.32 Å. There are one shorter (2.70 Å) and one longer (2.72 Å) Te–F bond lengths. There are three inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Te4+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Te4+ atom. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te4+ atom. There are six inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one As5+ and one Te4+ atom. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ atom. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ atom. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ atom. In the fifth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ atom. In the sixth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one As5+ and one Te4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on TeAs(BrF2)3 by Materials Project

AsTe(BrF2)3 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. As5+ is bonded to six F1- atoms to form AsF6 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent TeBr3F3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 35–54°. There are a spread of As–F bond distances ranging from 1.76–1.80 Å. Te4+ is bonded to three Br1- and three F1- atoms to form distorted TeBr3F3 octahedra that share corners with three equivalent AsF6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 35–54°. There are one shorter (2.47 Å) and two longer (2.48 Å) Te–Br bond lengths. There are a spread of Te–F bond distances ranging from 2.77–2.98 Å. There are three inequivalent Br1- sites. In the first Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Te4+ atom. In the second Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Te4+ and one F1- atom. The Br–F bond length is 3.12 Å. In the third Br1- site, Br1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Te4+ and one F1- atom. The Br–F bond length is 3.14 Å. There are six inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ and one Br1- atom. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ and one Br1- atom. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one As5+ and one Te4+ atom. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one As5+ and one Te4+ atom. In the fifth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ atom. In the sixth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ and one Te4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on TeAs(SeF3)2 by Materials Project

AsTe2Se4F9AsF3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic P2_12_12_1 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of four trifluoroarsine molecules and two AsTe2Se4F9 sheets oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. In each AsTe2Se4F9 sheet, As5+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six F1- atoms. There are a spread of As–F bond distances ranging from 1.74–1.83 Å. There are two inequivalent Te4+ sites. In the first Te4+ site, Te4+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Se+1.50- and two F1- atoms. The Te–Se bond length is 2.65 Å. There are one shorter (1.97 Å) and one longer (2.54 Å) Te–F bond lengths. In the second Te4+ site, Te4+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Se+1.50- and one F1- atom. The Te–Se bond length is 2.76 Å. The Te–F bond length is 2.07 Å. There are four inequivalent Se+1.50- sites. In the first Se+1.50- site, Se+1.50- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Se+1.50- and one F1- atom. The Se–Se bond length is 2.41 Å. The Se–F bond length is 2.87 Å. In the second Se+1.50- site, Se+1.50- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to one Te4+, two Se+1.50-, and two F1- atoms. The Se–Se bond length is 2.45 Å. There are one shorter (2.89 Å) and one longer (3.21 Å) Se–F bond lengths. In the third Se+1.50- site, Se+1.50- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Te4+ and one F1- atom. The Se–F bond length is 3.12 Å. In the fourth Se+1.50- site, Se+1.50- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Se+1.50- and two F1- atoms. There are one shorter (1.80 Å) and one longer (2.47 Å) Se–F bond lengths. There are nine inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te4+ atom. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ and one Se+1.50- atom. In the third F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ atom. In the fourth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Te4+ atom. In the fifth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one As5+ and one Se+1.50- atom. In the sixth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one As5+ and one Se+1.50- atom. In the seventh F1- site, F1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one As5+, one Te4+, and one Se+1.50- atom. In the eighth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to two Se+1.50- atoms. In the ninth F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one As5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Conceptual Basis and Techno-Economic Modeling for Integrated Algal Biorefinery Conversion of Microalgae to Fuels and Products (2019 NREL TEA Update: Highlighting Paths to Future Cost Goals via a New Pathway for Combined Algal Processing)

The report documents the conceptual basis for a new potential Combined Algal Processing design strategy which may allow more flexibility in accommodating different algal biomass feedstock compositions, by enabling upgrading of both protein and carbohydrates in a single step, without a strict requirement for either component to be in soluble or monomeric form, while maintaining effective wet lipid extraction techniques to enable high lipid recoveries. In light of previously-established constraints around algal biomass costs (which are significantly higher than lignocellulosic terrestrial biomass), the present CAP processing strategy reflects an integrated biorefinery concept producing both fuels and value-added chemical coproducts as a means to improve profitability and generate coproduct revenues to help drive down the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) towards economically viable levels. Namely, this report highlights an integrated CAP biorefinery process and associated technical targets that would be required to achieve U.S. Department of Energy target MFSP goals of $2.5/gallon gasoline equivalent by 2030. This is accomplished by a process involving low-cost seasonal storage of algal biomass during high-growth seasons, rapid flash hydrolysis pretreatment of the biomass, solvent extraction of pretreated biomass, cleanup and fractionation of lipids into triglyceride and free fatty acid fractions, and a series of thermochemical conversion steps to upgrade carbohydrates and protein to hydrocarbon fuels. These steps include mild oxidative treatment (MOT), a process originally investigated at NREL for upgrading lignin, followed by catalytic ketonization and hydrotreating of MOT products to fuels. Isolated triglycerides are sent to a coproduct train, with the base case focused on upgrading to polyurethane foams as a high-value, high-market-volume coproduct.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗