Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Spirit”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

UEMtomaton: A Source-Available Platform to Aid in Start-up of Ultrafast Electron Microscopy Labs

The steady rise in the number of ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM) labs, in addition to the opacity and lack of detailed descriptions of current approaches that would enable point-by-point construction, has created an opportunity for sharing common methods and instrumentation for (for example) automating data acquisition to assist in efficient lab start-up and to learn about common and robust protocols. In the spirit of open sharing of methods, we provide here a description of an entry-level method and user interface (UI) for automating UEM experiments, and we provide access to the source code and scripts (source-available) for ease of implementation or as a starting reference point for those entering or seeking to enter the field (https://github.com/CEMSFlannigan/UEMtomaton/releases/tag/v1.0). Core instrumentation and physical connections in the UEM lab at Minnesota are described. Interface communication schemes consisting of duo server-client pairs between critical components – the optical delay stage and the UEM digital camera – are presented, with emphasis placed on describing the logic and communications sequence designed to conduct automated series acquisitions. An application designed and programmed with C++/CLI as Windows Forms in Microsoft Visual Studio – dubbed UEMtomaton – is also presented. Key to the UI layout is centralization of the automation tasks and establishment of communication within the software rather than by interfacing with each individual workstation. It is our hope that this note provides useful insight for current and future UEM researchers, particularly with respect to generalizability and portability of the approach to emerging labs. Here, we note that while this basic, entry-level approach is certainly not the most sophisticated or comprehensive of those currently in use, we feel there is nevertheless value in clearly communicating a proven straightforward method to hopefully lower the barrier to entry into the field.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2024

From Latent Dynamics to Meaningful Representations

While representation learning has been central to the rise of machine learning and artificial intelligence, a key problem remains in making the learnt representations meaningful. For this the typical approach is to regularize the learned representation through prior probability distributions. However such priors are usually unavailable or are ad hoc. To deal with this, recent efforts have shifted towards leveraging the insights from physical principles to guide the learning process. In this spirit, we propose a purely dynamics-constrained representation learning framework. Instead of relying on predefined probabilities, we restrict the latent representation to follow overdamped Langevin dynamics with a learnable transition density — a prior driven by statistical mechanics. We show this is a more natural constraint for representation learning in stochastic dynamical systems, with the crucial ability to uniquely identify the ground truth representation. We validate our framework for different systems including a real-world fluorescent DNA movie dataset. Here, we show that our algorithm can uniquely identify orthogonal, isometric and meaningful latent representations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

A Theory of Ultrafast Charge Transfer Relaxation with Non-Innocent Solvent Molecules

In this work we revisit the photodynamics of tetracyanoethylene-hexamethylbenzene (TCNE- HMB), the molecular complex studied by Hochstrasser et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 100, 4797–4810, 1994] that has long challenged the applicability of Marcus’s theory of elec- tron transfer for predicting photochemical reactions. Using a novel black-box electronic structure algorithm (time-dependent density functional theory with one double, TD- DFT-1D) to efficiently run molecular dynamics that can treat charge recombination, we run ab initio surface hopping molecular dynamics and confirm that, for a polar solvent, charge recombination rates can be incredibly fast (indeed faster than the sol- vent relaxation time); for non-polar solvents, the rate is much slower. We demonstrate that, although Marcus theory cannot be directly applied, these nonequilibrium (and sometimes incredibly fast) photoexcited dynamics can be effectively explained within a two-state model without any evidence of a transition through a conical intersection. Most importantly, for this paradigmatic model system, we are able to identify two nuclear coordinates of interest (rather than the single coordinate predicted by Marcus or a full set of internal quantum modes studied by Bixon and Jortner): the solvent relaxation in the first shell (that strongly modulates the energies of the charge trans- fer state and differentiates time scales for relaxation) and a nuclear displacement in the TCNE-HMB complex arising from a handful of vibrations that induces non-Born Oppenheimer motion and eventually facilitates an abrupt electronic transition to the ground state. Altogether, these findings suggest a tractable generalization of Marcus theory for future simulations of photochemistry with non-innocent solvent environ- ments in the spirit of a Hamiltonian suggested by Stuchebrukhov (J. Chem. Phys. 107, 3821, 1997).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

DDxNet: a deep learning model for automatic interpretation of electronic health records, electrocardiograms and electroencephalograms

Effective patient care mandates rapid, yet accurate, diagnosis. With the abundance of non-invasive diagnostic measurements and electronic health records (EHR), manual interpretation for differential diagnosis has become time-consuming and challenging. This has led to wide-spread adoption of AI-powered tools, in pursuit of improving accuracy and efficiency of this process. While the unique challenges presented by each modality and clinical task demand customized tools, the cumbersome process of making problem-specific choices has triggered the critical need for a generic solution to enable rapid development of models in practice. In this spirit, we develop DDxNet, a deep architecture for time-varying clinical data, which we demonstrate to be well-suited for diagnostic tasks involving different modalities (ECG/EEG/EHR), required level of characterization (abnormality detection/phenotyping) and data fidelity (single-lead ECG/22-channel EEG). Using multiple benchmark problems, we show that DDxNet produces high-fidelity predictive models, and sometimes even provides significant performance gains over problem-specific solutions.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Planck 2018 results. V. CMB power spectra and likelihoods

We describe the legacy Planck cosmic microwave background (CMB) likelihoods derived from the 2018 data release. The overall approach is similar in spirit to the one retained for the 2013 and 2015 data release, with a hybrid method using different approximations at low ( ℓ < 30) and high ( ℓ ≥ 30) multipoles, implementing several methodological and data-analysis refinements compared to previous releases. With more realistic simulations, and better correction and modelling of systematic effects, we can now make full use of the CMB polarization observed in the High Frequency Instrument (HFI) channels. The low-multipole EE cross-spectra from the 100 GHz and 143 GHz data give a constraint on the ΛCDM reionization optical-depth parameter τ to better than 15% (in combination with the TT low- ℓ data and the high- ℓ temperature and polarization data), tightening constraints on all parameters with posterior distributions correlated with τ . We also update the weaker constraint on τ from the joint TEB likelihood using the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) channels, which was used in 2015 as part of our baseline analysis. At higher multipoles, the CMB temperature spectrum and likelihood are very similar to previous releases. A better model of the temperature-to-polarization leakage and corrections for the effective calibrations of the polarization channels (i.e., the polarization efficiencies) allow us to make full use of polarization spectra, improving the ΛCDM constraints on the parameters θ MC , ω c , ω b , and H 0 by more than 30%, and n s by more than 20% compared to TT-only constraints. Extensive tests on the robustness of the modelling of the polarization data demonstrate good consistency, with some residual modelling uncertainties. At high multipoles, we are now limited mainly by the accuracy of the polarization efficiency modelling. Using our various tests, simulations, and comparison between different high-multipole likelihood implementations, we estimate the consistency of the results to be better than the 0.5 σ level on the ΛCDM parameters, as well as classical single-parameter extensions for the joint likelihood (to be compared to the 0.3 σ levels we achieved in 2015 for the temperature data alone on ΛCDM only). Minor curiosities already present in the previous releases remain, such as the differences between the best-fit ΛCDM parameters for the ℓ < 800 and ℓ > 800 ranges of the power spectrum, or the preference for more smoothing of the power-spectrum peaks than predicted in ΛCDM fits. These are shown to be driven by the temperature power spectrum and are not significantly modified by the inclusion of the polarization data. Overall, the legacy Planck CMB likelihoods provide a robust tool for constraining the cosmological model and represent a reference for future CMB observations.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Comparing correlation components and approximations in Hartree–Fock and Kohn–Sham theories via an analytical test case study

The asymmetric Hubbard dimer is a model that allows for explicit expressions of the Hartree–Fock (HF) and Kohn–Sham (KS) states as analytical functions of the external potential, Δv, and of the interaction strength, U. We use this unique circumstance to establish a rigorous comparison between the individual contributions to the correlation energies stemming from the two theories in the {U, Δv} parameter space. Within this analysis of the Hubbard dimer, we observe a change in the sign of the HF kinetic correlation energy, compare the indirect repulsion energies, and derive an expression for the “traditional” correlation energy, i.e., the one that corrects the HF estimate, in a pure site-occupation function theory spirit [Eq. (45)]. Next, we test the performances of the Liu–Burke and the Seidl–Perdew–Levy functionals, which model the correlation energy based on its weak- and strong-interaction limit expansions and can be used for both the traditional and the KS correlation energies. Further, our results show that, in the Hubbard dimer setting, they typically work better for the HF reference, despite having been originally devised for KS. These conclusions are somewhat in line with prior assessments of these functionals on various chemical datasets. However, the Hubbard dimer model allows us to show the extent of the error that may occur in using the strong-interaction ingredient for the KS reference in place of the one for the HF reference, as has been carried out in most of the prior assessments.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Atomistic measurement and modeling of intrinsic fracture toughness of two-dimensional materials

Quantifying the intrinsic mechanical properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials is essential to predict the long-term reliability of materials and systems in emerging applications ranging from energy to health to next-generation sensors and electronics. Currently, measurements of fracture toughness and identification of associated atomistic mechanisms remain challenging. Herein, we report an integrated experimental–computational framework in which in-situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) measurements of the intrinsic fracture energy of monolayer MoS 2 and MoSe 2 are in good agreement with atomistic model predictions based on an accurately parameterized interatomic potential. Changes in crystalline structures at the crack tip and crack edges, as observed in in-situ HRTEM crack extension tests, are properly predicted. Such a good agreement is the result of including large deformation pathways and phase transitions in the parameterization of the inter-atomic potential. The established framework emerges as a robust approach to determine the predictive capabilities of molecular dynamics models employed in the screening of 2D materials, in the spirit of the materials genome initiative. Moreover, it enables device-level predictions with superior accuracy (e.g., fatigue lifetime predictions of electro- and opto-electronic nanodevices).

Zhang, Xu↗
DOE OSTI2020

Energy and momentum conservation in the Euler–Poincaré formulation of local Vlasov–Maxwell-type systems

The action principle by Low for the classic Vlasov–Maxwell system contains a mix of Eulerian and Lagrangian variables. This renders the Noether analysis of reparametrization symmetries inconvenient, especially since the well-known energy- and momentum-conservation laws for the system are expressed in terms of Eulerian variables only. While an Euler–Poincaré formulation of Vlasov–Maxwell-type systems, effectively starting with Low's action and using constrained variations for the Eulerian description of particle motion, has been known for a while Cendra et al, it is hard to come by a documented derivation of the related energy- and momentum-conservation laws in the spirit of the Euler–Poincaré machinery. To our knowledge only one such derivation exists in the literature so far, dealing with the so-called guiding-center Vlasov–Darwin system Sugama et al. The present exposition discusses a generic class of local Vlasov–Maxwell-type systems, with a conscious choice of adopting the language of differential geometry to exploit the Euler–Poincaré framework to its full extent. After reviewing the transition from a Lagrangian picture to an Eulerian one, we demonstrate how symmetries generated by isometries in space lead to conservation laws for linear- and angular-momentum density and how symmetry by time translation produces a conservation law for energy density. Here, we also discuss what happens if no symmetries exist. Finally, two explicit examples will be given—the classic Vlasov–Maxwell and the drift-kinetic Vlasov–Maxwell—and the results expressed in the language of regular vector calculus for familiarity.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

Geometry-complete perceptron networks for 3D molecular graphs

Abstract Motivation The field of geometric deep learning has recently had a profound impact on several scientific domains such as protein structure prediction and design, leading to methodological advancements within and outside of the realm of traditional machine learning. Within this spirit, in this work, we introduce GCPNet, a new chirality-aware SE(3)-equivariant graph neural network designed for representation learning of 3D biomolecular graphs. We show that GCPNet, unlike previous representation learning methods for 3D biomolecules, is widely applicable to a variety of invariant or equivariant node-level, edge-level, and graph-level tasks on biomolecular structures while being able to (1) learn important chiral properties of 3D molecules and (2) detect external force fields. Results Across four distinct molecular-geometric tasks, we demonstrate that GCPNet’s predictions (1) for protein–ligand binding affinity achieve a statistically significant correlation of 0.608, more than 5%, greater than current state-of-the-art methods; (2) for protein structure ranking achieve statistically significant target-local and dataset-global correlations of 0.616 and 0.871, respectively; (3) for Newtownian many-body systems modeling achieve a task-averaged mean squared error less than 0.01, more than 15% better than current methods; and (4) for molecular chirality recognition achieve a state-of-the-art prediction accuracy of 98.7%, better than any other machine learning method to date. Availability and implementation The source code, data, and instructions to train new models or reproduce our results are freely available at https://github.com/BioinfoMachineLearning/GCPNet.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Theorem on extensive spectral degeneracy for systems with rigid higher symmetries in general dimensions

We establish, in the spirit of the Lieb-Schultz-Mattis theorem, lower bounds on the spectral degeneracy of quantum systems with higher (gaugelike) symmetries with rather generic physical boundary conditions in an arbitrary number of spatial dimensions. Contrary to applying twists or equivalent adiabatic operations, we exploit the effects of modified boundary conditions. We find that when a general choice of boundary geometry is immaterial in determining spectral degeneracies while approaching the thermodynamic limit, systems that exhibit rigid noncommuting gaugelike symmetries, such as the orbital compass model, must have an exponential (in the size of the boundary) degeneracy of each of their spectral levels.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2022

Nonresonant particle acceleration in strong turbulence: Comparison to kinetic and MHD simulations

Collisionless, magnetized turbulence offers a promising framework for the generation of nonthermal high-energy particles in various astrophysical sites. Yet, the detailed mechanism that governs particle acceleration has remained subject to debate. By means of 2D and 3D particle-in-cell, as well as 3D (incompressible) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations, we test here a recent model of nonresonant particle acceleration in strongly magnetized turbulence, which ascribes the energization of particles to their continuous interaction with the random velocity flow of the turbulence, in the spirit of the original Fermi model. To do so, we compare, for a large number of particles that were tracked in the simulations, the predicted and the observed histories of particles momenta. The predicted history is that derived from the model, after extracting from the simulations, at each point along the particle trajectory, the three force terms that control acceleration: the acceleration of the field line velocity projected along the field line direction, its shear projected along the same direction, and its transverse compressive part. Overall, we find a clear correlation between the model predictions and the numerical experiments, indicating that this nonresonant model can successfully account for the bulk of particle energization through Fermi-type processes in strongly magnetized turbulence. Additionally we also observe that the parallel shear contribution tends to dominate the physics of energization in the particle-in-cell simulations, while in the magnetohydrodynamic incompressible simulation, both the parallel shear and the transverse compressive term provide about equal contributions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

QFT in curved spacetime from quantum gravity: Proper WKB decomposition of the gravitational component

Starting from a reanalysis of previous work, we construct the proper low-energy quantum field theory (QFT) limit of a full quantum gravity theory in the Born-Oppenheimer approach. We separate the gravitational sector into a classical background, given by a vacuum diagonal Bianchi I cosmology, and its quantum perturbations represented by the two graviton degrees of freedom; we further include quantum matter in the form of a test scalar field. We then implement a Born-Oppenheimer separation, where the gravitons and matter play the roles of “slow” and “fast” quantum components, respectively, and perform a WKB expansion in a Planckian parameter. The functional Schrödinger evolution for matter is recovered after averaging over quantum-gravitational effects, provided that a condition is imposed on the gravitons’ wave functional. Such a condition fixes the graviton dynamics and is equivalent to the purely gravitational Wheeler-DeWitt constraint imposed in previous approaches. Here, the main accomplishment of the present work is to clarify that QFT in curved spacetime can be recovered in the low-energy limit of quantum gravity only after averaging over the graviton degrees of freedom, in the spirit of effective field theory. Furthermore, it justifies a posteriori the implementation of the gravitational Wheeler-DeWitt equation on the “slow” gravitons’ wave functional rather than assuming its validity a priori.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Magic-Angle Twisted Bilayer Graphene as a Topological Heavy Fermion Problem

Magic-angle (θ=1.05°) twisted bilayer graphene (MATBG) has shown two seemingly contradictory characters: the localization and quantum-dot-like behavior in STM experiments, and delocalization in transport experiments. We construct a model, which naturally captures the two aspects, from the Bistritzer-MacDonald (BM) model in a first principle spirit. A set of local flat-band orbitals (f) centered at the AA-stacking regions are responsible to the localization. A set of extended topological semimetallic conduction bands (c), which are at small energetic separation from the local orbitals, are responsible to the delocalization and transport. The topological flat bands of the BM model appear as a result of the hybridization of f and c electrons. This model then provides a new perspective for the strong correlation physics, which is now described as strongly correlated f electrons coupled to nearly free c electrons—we hence name our model as the topological heavy fermion model. Using this model, we obtain the U(4) and U(4)×U(4) symmetries of Refs. [1–5] as well as the correlated insulator phases and their energies. Simple rules for the ground states and their Chern numbers are derived. Moreover, features such as the large dispersion of the charge ±1 excitations [2,6,7], and the minima of the charge gap at the Γ M point can now, for the first time, be understood both qualitatively and quantitatively in a simple physical picture. Our mapping opens the prospect of using heavy-fermion physics machinery to the superconducting physics of MATBG.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2024

Efficient Unitary Designs from Random Sums and Permutations

A unitary k-design is an ensemble of unitaries that matches the first k moments of the Haar measure. In this work, we provide two efficient constructions of k-designs on n-qubits using new random matrix theory techniques. Our first construction is based on exponentiating sums of random i.i.d. Hermitian matrices and uses O(k2n2)-many gates. In the spirit of central limit theorems, we show that this random sum approximates the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble (GUE). We then show that the product of just two exponentiated GUE matrices is already approximately Haar random. Our second construction is based on products of exponentiated sums of random permutations and uses Õ(k poly (n)) many gates. The k dependence is optimal (up to polylogarithmic factors) and is inherited from the efficiency of existing k-wise independent permutations. Furthermore, replacing random permutations with quantum-secure pseudorandom permutations (PRPs), we also obtain a pseudorandom unitary (PRU) ensemble that is secure under nonadaptive queries. A central feature of both proofs is a new connection between the polynomial method in quantum query complexity and the large-dimension (N) expansion in random matrix theory. In particular, the first construction uses the polynomial method to control high moments of certain random matrix ensembles without requiring delicate Weingarten calculations. In doing so, we define and solve a moment problem on the unit circle, asking whether a finite number of equally weighted points can reproduce a given set of moments. In our second construction, the key step is to exhibit an orthonormal basis for irreducible representations of the partition algebra that has a low-degree large-N expansion. This allows us to show that the distinguishing probability is a low-degree rational polynomial of the dimension N.

algebra↗
DOE OSTI2020

NISQ+: Boosting quantum computing power by approximating quantum error correction

Quantum computers are growing in size, and design decisions are being made now that attempt to squeeze more computation out of these machines. In this spirit, we design a method to boost the computational power of near-term quantum computers by adapting protocols used in quantum error correction to implement "Approximate Quantum Error Correction (AQEC)." By approximating fully-fledged error correction mechanisms, we can increase the compute volume (qubits × gates, or "Simple Quantum Volume (SQV)") of near-term machines. The crux of our design is a fast hardware decoder that can approximately decode detected error syndromes rapidly. Specifically, we demonstrate a proof-of-concept that approximate error decoding can be accomplished online in near-term quantum systems by designing and implementing a novel algorithm in Single-Flux Quantum (SFQ) superconducting logic technology. This avoids a critical decoding backlog, hidden in all offline decoding schemes, that leads to idle time exponential in the number of T gates in a program. Our design utilizes one SFQ processing module per physical qubit. Employing state-of-the-art SFQ synthesis tools, we show that the circuit area, power, and latency are within the constraints of contemporary quantum system designs. Under pure dephasing error models, the proposed accelerator and AQEC solution is able to expand SQV by factors between 3,402 and 11,163 on expected near-term machines. The decoder achieves a 5% accuracy-threshold and pseudo-thresholds of ~ 5%,4.75%,4.5%, and 3.5% physical error-rates for code distances 3,5,7, and 9. Decoding solutions are achieved in a maximum of ~20 nanoseconds on the largest code distances studied. By avoiding the exponential idle time in offline decoders, we achieve a 10x reduction in required code distances to achieve the same logical performance as alternative designs.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Recommended conventions for reporting results from direct dark matter searches

Abstract The field of dark matter detection is a highly visible and highly competitive one. In this paper, we propose recommendations for presenting dark matter direct detection results particularly suited for weak-scale dark matter searches, although we believe the spirit of the recommendations can apply more broadly to searches for other dark matter candidates, such as very light dark matter or axions. To translate experimental data into a final published result, direct detection collaborations must make a series of choices in their analysis, ranging from how to model astrophysical parameters to how to make statistical inferences based on observed data. While many collaborations follow a standard set of recommendations in some areas, for example the expected flux of dark matter particles (to a large degree based on a paper from Lewin and Smith in 1995), in other areas, particularly in statistical inference, they have taken different approaches, often from result to result by the same collaboration. We set out a number of recommendations on how to apply the now commonly used Profile Likelihood Ratio method to direct detection data. In addition, updated recommendations for the Standard Halo Model astrophysical parameters and relevant neutrino fluxes are provided. The authors of this note include members of the DAMIC, DarkSide, DARWIN, DEAP, LZ, NEWS-G, PandaX, PICO, SBC, SENSEI, SuperCDMS, and XENON collaborations, and these collaborations provided input to the recommendations laid out here. Wide-spread adoption of these recommendations will make it easier to compare and combine future dark matter results.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

The Pierre Auger Observatory open data

The Pierre Auger Collaboration has embraced the concept of open access to their research data since its foundation, with the aim of giving access to the widest possible community. A gradual process of release began as early as 2007 when 1% of the cosmic-ray data was made public, along with 100% of the space-weather information. In February 2021, a portal was released containing 10% of cosmic-ray data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory from 2004 to 2018, during the first phase of operation of the Observatory. The Open Data Portal includes detailed documentation about the detection and reconstruction procedures, analysis codes that can be easily used and modified and, additionally, visualization tools. Since then, the Portal has been updated and extended. In 2023, a catalog of the highest-energy cosmic-ray events examined in depth has been included. A specific section dedicated to educational use has been developed with the expectation that these data will be explored by a wide and diverse community, including professional and citizen scientists, and used for educational and outreach initiatives. This paper describes the context, the spirit, and the technical implementation of the release of data by the largest cosmic-ray detector ever built and anticipates its future developments.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Conversations and deliberations: Non-standard cosmological epochs and expansion histories

Here, this paper summarizes the discussions which took place during the PITT-PACC Workshop entitled “Non-Standard Cosmological Epochs and Expansion Histories,” held in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Sept. 5–7, 2024. Much like the non-standard cosmological epochs that were the subject of these discussions, the format of this workshop was also non-standard. Rather than consisting of a series of talks from participants, with each person presenting their own work, this workshop was instead organized around free-form discussion blocks, with each centered on a different overall theme and guided by a different set of Discussion Leaders. This document is not intended to serve as a comprehensive review of these topics, but rather as an informal record of the discussions that took place during the workshop, in the hope that the content and free-flowing spirit of these discussions may inspire new ideas and research directions.

cosmology↗