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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS1989

The Lunar Configurable Array Telescope (LCAT)

The desire for a much larger space telescope than HST by astronomers is clearly demonstrated by the attendance at this Workshop. The reality is that a much larger space telescope than the HST collides with cost scaling reality. Coupled with this reality is the fact that any multi-billion dollar science project must have broad-based support from the science community and solid political support at both Presidential and Congressional levels. The HST successor is certainly in the same multi-billion dollar class as the Super Collider of the physics community, a project that has finally achieved the broad support base necessary for funding to follow. Advocacy of a bigger HST on the general grounds that 'bigger is better' will not be sufficient. A new concept needs to be developed that clearly diverges from scaling up of a traditional HST-type space telescope. With these realities in mind we have a few comments regarding the nature of a possible space telescope that may depart from what the organizers of this Workshop had in mind. The national goal declared by the President is Space Station, the Moon and Mars, in that order. Space Station is a potential location where a large system could be assembled prior to being sent into a high orbit. It is not a desirable environment for a large space telescope. Mars is not relevant as an observatory site. The Moon is very relevant for reasons we will address. Our comments are based on the premise of a permanent Lunar Outpost. One of the main arguments for a lunar telescope is a degree of permanency, that is, as long as a Lunar Outpost is maintained. In contrast, the relatively short lifetime of an orbiting telescope is a disadvantage, especially as a cost penalty. Access to a telescope in a 100,000 km orbit for refurbishment and resupply is a major problem with no solution in the present NASA planning. A telescope in conjunction with a Lunar Outpost means the possibility for continual upgrading or modifying the telescope to meet changing science objectives. The two main technical disadvantages of the Moon are: 1) its gravity field; and 2) direct Sun and Earth light. The gravity term is manageable. It also appears to be feasible to shield the telescope from direct sun and Earth light and from scattering from nearby lunar terrain. Thermal disturbances to the telescope also appear to be manageable by proper shielding, enabling the telescope to become as cold as if it were at a lunar pole crater. If these conditions are met, the telescope could be at a logistically convenient location near the Lunar Outpost. We want to address a concept that is significantly different from those presented in the preliminary communications from Garth Illingworth in order to help fill in the matrix of possibilities. This option, moreover, is of special interest to JPL and could be an area where JPL can contribute in future studies.

Meinel, Aden B.↗

NASA NTRS1999

Bayesian Super-Resolved Surface Reconstruction From Multiple Images

Bayesian inference has been wed successfully for many problems where the aim is to infer the parameters of a model of interest. In this paper we formulate the three dimensional reconstruction problem as the problem of inferring the parameters of a surface model from image data, and show how Bayesian methods can be used to estimate the parameters of this model given the image data. Thus we recover the three dimensional description of the scene. This approach also gives great flexibility. We can specify the geometrical properties of the model to suit our purpose, and can also use different models for how the surface reflects the light incident upon it. In common with other Bayesian inference problems, the estimation methodology requires that we can simulate the data that would have been recoded for any values of the model parameters. In this application this means that if we have image data we must be able to render the surface model. However it also means that we can infer the parameters of a model whose resolution can be chosen irrespective of the resolution of the images, and may be super-resolved. We present results of the inference of surface models from simulated aerial photographs for the case of super-resolution, where many surface elements project into a single pixel in the low-resolution images.

Smelyanskiy, V. N.↗

NASA NTRS2010

Identification and Characterization of Key Human Performance Issues and Research in the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen)

This report identifies key human-performance-related issues associated with Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) research in the NASA NextGen-Airspace Project. Four Research Focus Areas (RFAs) in the NextGen-Airspace Project - namely Separation Assurance (SA), Airspace Super Density Operations (ASDO), Traffic Flow Management (TFM), and Dynamic Airspace Configuration (DAC) - were examined closely. In the course of the research, it was determined that the identified human performance issues needed to be analyzed in the context of NextGen operations rather than through basic human factors research. The main gaps in human factors research in NextGen were found in the need for accurate identification of key human-systems related issues within the context of specific NextGen concepts and better design of the operational requirements for those concepts. By focusing on human-system related issues for individual concepts, key human performance issues for the four RFAs were identified and described in this report. In addition, mixed equipage airspace with components of two RFAs were characterized to illustrate potential human performance issues that arise from the integration of multiple concepts.

Lee, Paul U.↗

NASA NTRS2002

Coronal Thermal Structure and Abundance of Super-Metal-Rich Late-Type Stars

This report covers the NASA grant NAG5-9943 for Cycle 1 XMM Guest Observer Program. The project is entitled 'Coronal Thermal Structure and Abundances of Super-Metal-Rich Late-Type Stars.' This observation is for grating spectroscopy of 30 Ari, a late-type star with very high metallicity (about twice solar). The goal is to use extreme cases to help understand how abundances change from the photosphere to the corona. The target was obtained by XMM-Newton on 2001 January 16 for 28000 sec. Data processing could not proceed until last fall because the SAS RGS software did not work. A poster was presented at the conference 'New Visions of the X-ray Universe in the XMM-Newton and Chandra Era,' held in Noordwijk 26-30 November 2001. The paper was entitled,'Coronal Abundances and Thermal Structure of the Super-Metal-Rich Star 30 Ari,'. The poster presented analysis of EPIC and RGS data to determine the individual abundances from the star and the emission measure distribution as a function of temperature. Results were compared with previous results on this star by our team using ASCA data.

Brickhouse, Nancy↗

NASA NTRS2011

Comparison of Aircraft Icing Growth Assessment Software

A research project is underway to produce computer software that can accurately predict ice growth under any meteorological conditions for any aircraft surface. An extensive comparison of the results in a quantifiable manner against the database of ice shapes that have been generated in the NASA Glenn Icing Research Tunnel (IRT) has been performed, including additional data taken to extend the database in the Super-cooled Large Drop (SLD) regime. The project shows the differences in ice shape between LEWICE 3.2.2, GlennICE, and experimental data. The project addresses the validation of the software against a recent set of ice-shape data in the SLD regime. This validation effort mirrors a similar effort undertaken for previous validations of LEWICE. Those reports quantified the ice accretion prediction capabilities of the LEWICE software. Several ice geometry features were proposed for comparing ice shapes in a quantitative manner. The resulting analysis showed that LEWICE compared well to the available experimental data.

Wright, William↗

NASA NTRS2021

K2-138 g: Spitzer Spots a Sixth Planet for the Citizen Science System

K2 greatly extended Kepler's ability to find new planets, but it was typically limited to identifying transiting planets with orbital periods below 40 days. While analyzing K2 data through the Exoplanet Explorers project, citizen scientists helped discover one super-Earth and four sub-Neptune sized planets in the relatively bright (V = 12.21, K = 10.3) K2-138 system, all which orbit near 3:2 mean-motion resonances. The K2 light curve showed two additional transit events consistent with a sixth planet. Using Spitzer photometry, we validate the sixth planet's orbital period of 41.966 ± 0.006 days and measure a radius of 3.44 (+0.32,-.031)Rꚛ, solidifying K2-138 as the K2 system with the most currently known planets. There is a sizeable gap between the outer two planets, since the fifth planet in the system, K2-138 f, orbits at 12.76 days. We explore the possibility of additional nontransiting planets in the gap between f and g. Due to the relative brightness of the K2-138 host star, and the near resonance of the inner planets, K2-138 could be a key benchmark system for both radial velocity and transit-timing variation mass measurements, and indeed radial velocity masses for the inner four planets have already been obtained. With its five sub-Neptunes and one super-Earth, the K2-138 system provides a unique test bed for comparative atmospheric studies of warm to temperate planets of similar size, dynamical studies of near-resonant planets, and models of planet formation and migration.

Kevin K. Hardegree-Ullman↗

DOE OSTI2024

Dynamic Binary Complexes (DBC) as Super-Adjustable Viscosity Modifiers for Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids

In the preceding project year two, we refined three DBC formulations from a selection of over 50 different chemistries. The optimization study primarily encompassed testing for (i) reversibility extent, (ii) performance in the presence of chemical additives, (iii) adhesion and friction behavior during displacement in wellbores and pipelines, (iv) corrosion protection performance, and (v) injection performance with model fracture systems at the laboratory scale. Highly promising results obtained from all these tests signify the significant potential of DBCs in enhancing hydrocarbon recovery from unconventional reservoirs. The primary activities in the third project year included publishing experimental findings across multiple articles and conducting outreach initiatives. Throughout the year, we undertook tasks such as replicating experimental results, further optimizing various formulations and their associated experimental sets, and conducting additional tests to address missing components based on reviewer feedback and suggestions. We also explored the surfactant and friction-reduction aspects of selected formulations through drag reduction tests. In addition, we constructed an improved fracturing performance setup and performed flow injection tests. The specific DBC formulations focused on during this project period were A8/B1, A12/B5, and A10/B12. We also obtained results for additional DBC formulations and a select few commercial fracturing fluids for the purpose of comparison. Within the project's scope, we aim to enhance the experimental findings with the development of various models. The first two years focused on two key aspects: (i) the creation of a high-fidelity hydraulic fracturing model for non-Newtonian fluids to gain insights into the implementation of DBC fluids in fracking environments, and (ii) the development of a multiphase flow simulator for estimating total production, fluid saturation in the reservoir, and the creation of a fracture propagation model and kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) models for diverse applications. In the third year, we delved into the fundamental nanostructural properties of DBCs, exploring aspects such as material chemistry, pH tunability, and control of DBC formation and stability. Subsequently, in the extension year, we conducted a systematic investigation of various building blocks containing primary, secondary, and tertiary amine functional groups to understand their impact on rheological and viscoelastic properties. Furthermore, we explored a Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD) model to simulate self-assembly processes with precision, creating a high-fidelity representation of relevant nanostructures. The tasks performed this year with the significant results obtained have been discussed in Section 2.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

NASA NTRS2017

Computational Modeling Approaches to Multiscale Design of Icephobic Surfaces

To aid in the design of surfaces that prevent icing, a model and computational simulation of impact ice formation at the single droplet scale was implemented. The nucleation of a single supercooled droplet impacting on a substrate, in rime ice conditions, was simulated. Open source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software was used for the simulation. To aid in the design of surfaces that prevent icing, a model of impact ice formation at the single droplet scale was proposed•No existing model simulates simultaneous impact and freezing of a single super-cooled water droplet•For the 10-week project, a low-fidelity feasibility study was the goal.

adhesion↗

NASA NTRS2006

Sensing Super-position: Visual Instrument Sensor Replacement

The coming decade of fast, cheap and miniaturized electronics and sensory devices opens new pathways for the development of sophisticated equipment to overcome limitations of the human senses. This project addresses the technical feasibility of augmenting human vision through Sensing Super-position using a Visual Instrument Sensory Organ Replacement (VISOR). The current implementation of the VISOR device translates visual and other passive or active sensory instruments into sounds, which become relevant when the visual resolution is insufficient for very difficult and particular sensing tasks. A successful Sensing Super-position meets many human and pilot vehicle system requirements. The system can be further developed into cheap, portable, and low power taking into account the limited capabilities of the human user as well as the typical characteristics of his dynamic environment. The system operates in real time, giving the desired information for the particular augmented sensing tasks. The Sensing Super-position device increases the image resolution perception and is obtained via an auditory representation as well as the visual representation. Auditory mapping is performed to distribute an image in time. The three-dimensional spatial brightness and multi-spectral maps of a sensed image are processed using real-time image processing techniques (e.g. histogram normalization) and transformed into a two-dimensional map of an audio signal as a function of frequency and time. This paper details the approach of developing Sensing Super-position systems as a way to augment the human vision system by exploiting the capabilities of the human hearing system as an additional neural input. The human hearing system is capable of learning to process and interpret extremely complicated and rapidly changing auditory patterns. The known capabilities of the human hearing system to learn and understand complicated auditory patterns provided the basic motivation for developing an image-to-sound mapping system.

Maluf, David A.↗

NASA NTRS2017

The Peak Structure and Future Changes of the Relationships Between Extreme Precipitation and Temperature

Theoretical models predict that, in the absence of moisture limitation, extreme precipitation intensity could exponentially increase with temperatures at a rate determined by the Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) relationship. Climate models project a continuous increase of precipitation extremes for the twenty-first century over most of the globe. However, some station observations suggest a negative scaling of extreme precipitation with very high temperatures, raising doubts about future increase of precipitation extremes. Here we show for the present-day climate over most of the globe,the curve relating daily precipitation extremes with local temperatures has a peak structure, increasing as expected at the low medium range of temperature variations but decreasing at high temperatures. However, this peak-shaped relationship does not imply a potential upper limit for future precipitation extremes. Climate models project both the peak of extreme precipitation and the temperature at which it peaks (T(sub peak)) will increase with warming; the two increases generally conform to the C-C scaling rate in mid- and high-latitudes,and to a super C-C scaling in most of the tropics. Because projected increases of local mean temperature (T(sub mean)) far exceed projected increases of T(sub peak) over land, the conventional approach of relating extreme precipitation to T(sub mean) produces a misleading sub-C-C scaling rate.

Clausiusâ€“Clapeyron↗

DOE OSTI2025

Macro-micro multiscale modeling to assist the design of HPDC Al castings microstructure and alloys for EV super-large body structures (Phase 1)

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Macro-micro multiscale modeling to assist the design of HPDC Al castings microstructure and alloys for EV super-large body structures (Phase 1)

Implementation of High Pressure Die Casting (HPDC) Aluminum (Al) body structures for high volume electrified vehicles (EV) to improve electric efficiency remains a key strategy within many original equipment manufacturer (OEM)s. In addition to high strength for safety requirements, superior Self-Piercing Riveting (SPR) performance is demanded for HPDC Al alloys to be compatible with high volume SPR joining. In this work, it is proposed to extend and validate an existing Contractor finite element multiscale macro-micro modeling approach to quantify the influence of the microstructure of HPDC alloys on the fracture strain/displacement under 3-point bend and clinch testing. The success of this work will allow to replace solution treatment stage with low energy consumption heat treatment (HT) processes, or to design new non heat treatable (NHT) HPDC Al alloys to eliminate HT requirements. Ultimately, this project will facilitate the application of HPDC Al alloys for super-large vehicle structures to significantly reduce vehicle weight, and thus improving energy efficiency. The purpose of this project is to extend and validate an existing finite element code, which is based on the Contractor developed macro-micro multi-scale modeling approach, to numerically simulate the three-point bending and clinch test and study the influences of material microstructural characteristics and phase properties on the rivetability. The macro-micro modeling approach begins with a sample scale model and identify the location, which is mostly prone to failure, the deformation history of the boundaries of that location calculated will be used to drive a microstructure-based sub-models where the material microstructure and microscale properties are considered. Using this approach, the wrap-bending failure for two Al alloys are correctly predicted for the first time. This will start with phase I effort of building a framework of macro-micro three point bending test and clinch test of Al10SiMgMn HPDC alloy in the as-cast and T7 heat treated conditions. Those results will then be validated with experimental test results. The phase II effort will involve the utilization of the knowledge learned in phase I to establish the quantitative correlation between the microstructure characteristics and the riveting performance, which will be further used to guide the optimization of HPDC Al alloy microstructure using heat treatment process to achieve sufficient rivetability to join large thin-wall HPDC alloys.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS1975

Mission Analysis Program for Solar Electric Propulsion (MAPSEP). Volume 1: Analytical manual for earth orbital MAPSEP

An introduction to the MAPSEP organization and a detailed analytical description of all models and algorithms are given. These include trajectory and error covariance propagation methods, orbit determination processes, thrust modeling, and trajectory correction (guidance) schemes. Earth orbital MAPSEP contains the capability of analyzing almost any currently projected low thrust mission from low earth orbit to super synchronous altitudes. Furthermore, MAPSEP is sufficiently flexible to incorporate extended dynamic models, alternate mission strategies, and almost any other system requirement imposed by the user. As in the interplanetary version, earth orbital MAPSEP represents a trade-off between precision modeling and computational speed consistent with defining necessary system requirements. It can be used in feasibility studies as well as in flight operational support. Pertinent operational constraints are available both implicitly and explicitly. However, the reader should be warned that because of program complexity, MAPSEP is only as good as the user and will quickly succumb to faulty user inputs.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS2005

An Approach for Autonomy: A Collaborative Communication Framework for Multi-Agent Systems

Research done during the last three years has studied the emersion properties of Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS). The deployment of Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques applied to remote Unmanned Aerial Vehicles has led the author to investigate applications of CAS within the field of Autonomous Multi-Agent Systems. The core objective of current research efforts is focused on the simplicity of Intelligent Agents (IA) and the modeling of these agents within complex systems. This research effort looks at the communication, interaction, and adaptability of multi-agents as applied to complex systems control. The embodiment concept applied to robotics has application possibilities within multi-agent frameworks. A new framework for agent awareness within a virtual 3D world concept is possible where the vehicle is composed of collaborative agents. This approach has many possibilities for applications to complex systems. This paper describes the development of an approach to apply this virtual framework to the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) tetrahedron structure developed under the Autonomous Nano Technology Swarm (ANTS) program and the Super Miniaturized Addressable Reconfigurable Technology (SMART) architecture program. These projects represent an innovative set of novel concepts deploying adaptable, self-organizing structures composed of many tetrahedrons. This technology is pushing current applied Agents Concepts to new levels of requirements and adaptability.

Dufrene, Warren Russell, Jr.↗

NASA NTRS2013

The Meteoroid Environment and Spacecraft

Difference between a meteoroid and asteroid? center dot It's all a matter of size, but there is no formal limit on the size of the biggest meteoroid or smallest asteroid. center dot Generally anything bigger than 10 meters in diameter is considered an asteroid. center dot However, the currently accepted process is that if it is detected in space and given a designation by the Minor Planet Center, it is an asteroid, no matter how big - example: 2008 TC3 is listed as an asteroid, despite being only 2 meters in diameter. Dynamical studies (e.g. Wiegert & Vaubaillon, 2008) indicate that - Helion sources originate mainly from Jupiter family comets (JFCs) - Apex sources from retrograde Halley family comets (HFCs) and long period comets. - Toroidal sources from prograde HFCs? center dot >90% of meteoroids in inner Solar System come from comets. Three main sources - Photographic (Super‐Schmidt) - Specular Radar center dot (Harvard Radio Meteor Project (HRMP) center dot CMOR center dot AMOR - HPLA center dot ALTAIR center dot Jicamarca center dot Arecibo center dot Photographic have lower number statistics and unique biases - Nighttime only - approx. V3.5 dependence on light production - Detection sensitivity is function of angular velocity center dot Radar has different biases - Ionization production also steep function of velocity (V3.5‐4) - Initial trail radius, finite velocity and diffusion attenuation center dot HPLA biases - Still controversy over how much and what sort of biases may or may not be present.

Cooke, William J.↗

DOE OSTI2026

Controls Status of Fermilab's PIP-II Project

The Fermilab Proton Improvement Project II (PIP-II) is building a new Super Conducting Linear Accelerator (SCL) accelerating protons to 800 MeV for injection into the rest of the FNAL beam complex. Key progress since the last status report given at ICALEPCS includes the adoption of modern DevOps practices with continuous integration and GitOps-based deployments, commissioning of EPICS-based systems at the Cryomodule Test Facility, and integration of a Virtual Accelerator framework for application development ahead of installation. In parallel, web-based applications using Dart and Flutter have matured, providing secure, unified access to both EPICS and legacy ACNET data. Data acquisition and timing systems have also evolved. This paper presents the current state of controls, emphasizing these recent developments and outlining upcoming milestones as PIP-II approaches commissioning of its cryoplant in 2026 and the Warm Front End in 2027.

Crisp, D. B. [Fermilab]↗

DOE OSTI2026

CONUS-wide Projected Flood Frequency and Uncertainty Estimates, Version 1.0

This dataset presents a large-ensemble of CONUS-wide projected flood frequency and uncertainty estimates across ~2.7 million NHDPlusV2 river reaches over the CONUS. The framework producing this dataset leverages a multi-model, uncertainty-aware modeling framework that allows evaluating shifts in flood frequences at the stream reach level across the CONUS. CONUS-wide ensemble streamflow projections generated from hydrologic simulations driven by downscaled and bias-corrected Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) outputs are used to derive these flood frequency and uncertainty estimates over the period 1980 - 2099. A spatially consistent regional L-moment algorithm is applied across clusters defined by the US Hydrologic Unit Code Subregions (HUC4s and HUC8s) and NHDPlusV2 stream orders to estimate flood frequencies. The dataset also includes at-site based flood estimates that allow for the comparison between local and regional approach-based estimates, assess projected changes, and characterize their uncertainties. For more reliable estimation of rare flood frequencies such as 500 and 1000-year return periods, super-ensemble based estimates are also included in the dataset. This dataset is derived to support the "Impact-Informed Dam Safety Risk Assessment for Securing Hydropower Assests" project for the US Department of Energy (DOE) Hydropower and Hydrokinetic Office (H2O). For further details, refer to Kao et al. (2022), Ghimire et al. (2023), Ghimire et al. (2025), and Hosking and Wallis (1997).

Ghimire, Ganesh [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000242843941)↗

NASA NTRS1998

[Cytoembryologic studies of super dwarf wheat grown in "Svet" greenhouse in the ground-based experiments]

The Project of scientific programs MIR/SHUTTLE and MIR/NASA was allowed for studying the productional, cytoembryological, morphological, biomechanical and other characteristics of superclub wheat on cultivation in the Svet greenhouse on-board orbital complex. This work was aimed at studying the duration of the complete cycle of ontogenesis of wheat and its individual stages, the peculiarities of forming the reproductive organs, processes, fertilization and formation of the seed production while cultivating in the Svet greenhouse under terrestrial conditions. Superclub wheat has been the object of experimentation. On cultivation of superclub wheat in the Svet greenhouse at designated conditions it was found that the cycle duration "from seed to seed" was 90-97 days. The number of granules in the wheat-ears studied was quite low and ranged from 15 to 30%. Performed studies with applying the light microscopy have indicated that in superclub wheat the embryological processes occur in compliance with those regularities which are described for the other forms of soft wheat.

Non-NASA Center↗