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At least 37 records · Page 2

Bremsstrahlung in GRMHD Models of Accreting Black Holes

Here, the role of bremsstrahlung in the emission from hot accretion flows around slowly accreting supermassive black holes is not thoroughly understood. In order to appraise the importance of bremsstrahlung relative to other radiative processes, we compute spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of accretion disks around slowly accreting supermassive black holes including synchrotron radiation, inverse Compton scattering, and bremsstrahlung. We compute SEDs for (i) four axisymmetric radiative general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (RadGRMHD) simulations of 10 8 M ⊙ black holes with accretion rates between 10 -8 $\dot{M}$ Edd and 10 -5 $\dot{M}$ Edd , (ii) four axisymmetric RadGRMHD simulations of M87* with varying dimensionless spin a$_*$ and black hole mass, and (iii) a 3D GRMHD simulation scaled for Sgr A*. At 10 -8 $\dot{M}$ Edd , most of the luminosity is synchrotron radiation, while at 10 -5 $\dot{M}$ Edd the three radiative processes have similar luminosities. In most models, bremsstrahlung dominates the SED near 512 keV. In the M87* models, bremsstrahlung dominates this part of the SED if a$_*$ = 0.5, but inverse Compton scattering dominates if a$_*$ = 0.9375. Since scattering is more variable than bremsstrahlung, this result suggests that 512 keV variability could be a diagnostic of black hole spin. In the appendix, we compare some bremsstrahlung formulæ found in the literature.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Understanding Type Ia Supernova Distance Biases by Simulating Spectral Variations

In the next decade, transient searches from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will increase the sample of known Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) from ~10 3 to 10 5 . With this reduction of statistical uncertainties on cosmological measurements, new methods are needed to reduce systematic uncertainties. Here, characterizing the underlying spectroscopic evolution of SN Ia remains a major systematic uncertainty in current cosmological analyses, motivating a new simulation tool for the next era of SN Ia cosmology: Build Your Own Spectral Energy Distribution (byosed). byosed is used within the SNANA framework to simulate light curves by applying spectral variations to model SEDs, enabling flexible testing of possible systematic shifts in SN Ia distance measurements. We test the framework by comparing a nominal Roman SN Ia survey simulation using a baseline SED model to simulations using SEDs perturbed with byosed, and investigating the impact of ignoring specific SED features in the analysis. These features include semiempirical models of two possible, predicted relationships: between SN ejecta velocity and light-curve observables, and a redshift-dependent relationship between SN Hubble residuals and host-galaxy mass. We analyze each byosed simulation using the SALT2 and BEAMS with Bias Corrections framework, and estimate changes in the measured value of the dark-energy equation-of-state parameter, w. We find a difference of Δw = –0.023 for SN velocity and Δw = 0.021 for redshift-evolving host mass when compared to simulations without these features. By using byosed for SN Ia cosmology simulations, future analyses (e.g., the Rubin and Roman SN Ia samples) will have greater flexibility to constrain or reduce such SN Ia modeling uncertainties.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Star Formation Histories from Spectral Energy Distributions and Color–magnitude Diagrams Agree: Evidence for Synchronized Star Formation in Local Volume Dwarf Galaxies over the Past 3 Gyr

Star formation histories (SFHs) reveal physical processes that influence how galaxies form their stellar mass. We compare the SFHs of a sample of 36 nearby (D ≲ 4 Mpc) dwarf galaxies from the ACS Nearby Galaxy Survey Treasury (ANGST), inferred from the color–magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of individually resolved stars in these galaxies, with those reconstructed by broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting using the dense basis SED-fitting code. When comparing individual SFHs, we introduce metrics for evaluating SFH reconstruction techniques. For both the SED and CMD methods, the median normalized SFH of galaxies in the sample shows a period of quiescence at lookback times of 3–6 Gyr followed by rejuvenated star formation over the past 3 Gyr that remains active until the present day. To determine if these represent special epochs of star formation in the D <4 Mpc portion of the Local Volume, we break this ANGST dwarf galaxy sample into subsets based on specific star formation rate and spatial location. Modulo offsets between the methods of about 1 Gyr, all subsets show significant decreases and increases in their median normalized SFHs at the same epochs, and the majority of the individual galaxy SFHs are consistent with these trends. These results motivate further study of potential synchronized star formation quiescence and rejuvenation in the Local Volume as well as development of a hybrid method of SFH reconstruction that combines CMDs and SEDs, which have complementary systematics.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

The DESI PRObabilistic Value-added Bright Galaxy Survey (PROVABGS) Mock Challenge

The PRObabilistic Value-added Bright Galaxy Survey (PROVABGS) catalog will provide measurements of galaxy properties, such as stellar mass ($M*$), star formation rate (SFR), stellar metallicity (Z), and stellar age ($t_{age}$), for >10 million galaxies of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Bright Galaxy Survey. Full posterior distributions of the galaxy properties will be inferred using state-of-the-art Bayesian spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling of DESI spectroscopy and Legacy Surveys photometry. In this work, we present the SED model, the neural emulator for the model, and the Bayesian inference framework of PROVABGS. Furthermore, we apply the PROVABGS SED modeling on realistic synthetic DESI spectra and photometry, constructed using the L-Galaxies semi-analytic model. We compare the inferred galaxy properties to the true values of the simulation using a hierarchical Bayesian framework to quantify accuracy and precision. Overall, we accurately infer the true $M*$, SFR, Z, and $t_{age}$ of the simulated galaxies. However, the priors on galaxy properties induced by the SED model have a significant impact on the posteriors, which we characterize in detail. This work also demonstrates that a joint analysis of spectra and photometry significantly improves the constraints on galaxy properties over photometry alone and is necessary to mitigate the impact of the priors. With the methodology presented and validated in this work, PROVABGS will maximize information extracted from DESI observations and extend current galaxy studies to new regimes and unlock cutting-edge probabilistic analyses. https://github.com/changhoonhahn/provabgs/

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Disentangling the AGN and Star formation Contributions to the Radio–X-Ray Emission of Radio-loud Quasars at 1 < Z < 2

We constrain the emission mechanisms responsible for the prodigious electromagnetic output generated by active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and their host galaxies with a novel state-of-the-art AGN radio-to-X-ray spectral energy distribution model fitting code (ARXSED). ARXSED combines multiple components to fit the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of AGNs and their host galaxies. Emission components include radio structures such as lobes and jets, infrared emission from the AGN torus, visible-to-X-ray emission from the accretion disk, and radio-to-ultraviolet emission from the host galaxy. Applying ARXSED to the radio SEDs of 20 3CRR quasars at 1 < z < 2 verifies the need for more than a simple power law when compact radio structures are present. The nonthermal emission contributes 91%–57% of the observed-frame 1.25 mm to 850 μm flux, and this component must be accounted for when using these wavelengths to estimate star formation properties. We predict the presence of strong radio-linked X-ray emission in more than half the sample sources. ARXSED estimates median (and the associated first and third quartile ranges) BH mass of ${2.9}_{1.7}^{6.0}\times {10}^{9}\,{M}_{\odot }$ , logarithm of Eddington ratio of $-{1.0}_{-1.2}^{-0.6}$ , and spin of ${0.98}_{0.94}^{0.99}$ for our sample. The inferred AGN torus and accretion disk parameters agree with those estimated from spectroscopic analyses of similar samples in the literature. We present the median intrinsic SED of the luminous radio-loud quasars at 1 < z ≲ 2; this SED represents a significant improvement in the way each component is modeled.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Infrared Galaxies Detected by the Atacama Cosmology Telescope

We report on 167 infrared (IR) galaxies selected by AKARI and IRAS and detected in the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Data Release 5 (DR5) sky maps at the 98, 150, and 220 GHz frequency bands. Of these detections, 134 (80%) of the millimeter counterparts are first-time identifications with ACT. We expand the previous ACT extragalactic source catalogs, by including new 98 GHz detections and measurements from ACT DR5. We also report flux density measurements at the 98, 150, and 220 GHz frequency bands. We compute α 98-150 , α 98-220 , and α 150-220 millimeter-wave spectral indices and far-IR to millimeter-wave spectral indices between 90 μm and 98, 150, and 220 GHz. We specify the galaxy type, based on α 150-220 . We combine publicly available multiwavelength data—including ultraviolet, optical, near-IR, mid-IR, far-IR, and the millimeter measurements obtained in this work—and perform spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting with CIGALE. With the radio emission decomposition advantage of CIGALE V2022.0, we identify the origins of the millimeter emissions for 69 galaxies in our sample. Our analysis also shows that millimeter data alone indicates the need for a radio synchrotron component in the SEDs that are produced by active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and/or star formation. We present SEDs and measured physical properties of these galaxies, such as the dust luminosity, AGN luminosity, the total IR luminosity, and the ratio of the IR and radio luminosity. We quantify the relationships between the total IR luminosity and the millimeter-band luminosities, which can be used in the absence of SED analysis.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Legacy Analysis of Dark Matter Annihilation from the Milky Way Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies with 14 Years of Fermi-LAT Data: Data Products

https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.04982This repository contains data products from the 14 year Fermi-LAT analysis of the Milky Way dSphs as described in McDaniel et al (2023) https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.04982. The included data products are the SED fits files and 2D TS profiles in the WIMP mass and cross section space. These are available for dSphs as well as the blank-field analysis, using both the standard likelihood and the weighted likelihood approach (see Appendix A). CSV data files are included containing relevant information about the dSphs (see table 1 of McDaniel+2024) and blank fields (RA & Dec). Also included is a python Jupyter Notebook to show basic usage of the data products. For Example, plotting the SED likelihoods, converting the SED likelihood to DM space, creating a combined TS profile, obtaining upper limits, etc. This is also stored as a static html file for easier viewing. SEDs are stored as fits files in the output format of fermipy (see https://fermipy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced/sed.html) TS profiles are stored as numpy arrays covering 40 logarithmically spaced mass values over the 1 GeV - 1 TeV mass range and 60 logarithmically spaced cross-section values covering the $10^{-28}$ to $10^{-22}$ cm$^3$/s cross section range. TS profiles including the J-factor prior and without are available, and are labeled with "Jprior" or "noprior" respectively.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

SUGAR: An improved empirical model of Type Ia supernovae based on spectral features

Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are widely used to measure the expansion of the Universe. Improving distance measurements of SNe Ia is one technique to better constrain the acceleration of expansion and determine its physical nature. This document develops a new SNe Ia spectral energy distribution (SED) model, called the SUpernova Generator And Reconstructor (SUGAR), which improves the spectral description of SNe Ia, and consequently could improve the distance measurements. This model was constructed from SNe Ia spectral properties and spectrophotometric data from the Nearby Supernova Factory collaboration. In a first step, a principal component analysis-like method was used on spectral features measured at maximum light, which allowed us to extract the intrinsic properties of SNe Ia. Next, the intrinsic properties were used to extract the average extinction curve. Third, an interpolation using Gaussian processes facilitated using data taken at different epochs during the lifetime of an SN Ia and then projecting the data on a fixed time grid. Finally, the three steps were combined to build the SED model as a function of time and wavelength. This is the SUGAR model. Results. The main advancement in SUGAR is the addition of two additional parameters to characterize SNe Ia variability. The first is tied to the properties of SNe Ia ejecta velocity and the second correlates with their calcium lines. The addition of these parameters, as well as the high quality of the Nearby Supernova Factory data, makes SUGAR an accurate and efficient model for describing the spectra of normal SNe Ia as they brighten and fade. The performance of this model makes it an excellent SED model for experiments like the Zwicky Transient Facility, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, or the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Planck intermediate results

In this work, we describe an extension of the most recent version of the Planck Catalogue of Compact Sources (PCCS2), produced using a new multi-band Bayesian Extraction and Estimation Package (BeeP). BeeP assumes that the compact sources present in PCCS2 at 857 GHz have a dust-like spectral energy distribution (SED), which leads to emission at both lower and higher frequencies, and adjusts the parameters of the source and its SED to fit the emission observed in Planck’s three highest frequency channels at 353, 545, and 857 GHz, as well as the IRIS map at 3000 GHz. In order to reduce confusion regarding diffuse cirrus emission, BeeP’s data model includes a description of the background emission surrounding each source, and it adjusts the confidence in the source parameter extraction based on the statistical properties of the spatial distribution of the background emission. BeeP produces the following three new sets of parameters for each source: (a) fits to a modified blackbody (MBB) thermal emission model of the source; (b) SED-independent source flux densities at each frequency considered; and (c) fits to an MBB model of the background in which the source is embedded. BeeP also calculates, for each source, a reliability parameter, which takes into account confusion due to the surrounding cirrus. This parameter can be used to extract sub-samples of high-frequency sources with statistically well-understood properties. We define a high-reliability subset (BeeP/base), containing 26 083 sources (54.1% of the total PCCS2 catalogue), the majority of which have no information on reliability in the PCCS2. We describe the characteristics of this specific high-quality subset of PCCS2 and its validation against other data sets, specifically for: the sub-sample of PCCS2 located in low-cirrus areas; the Planck Catalogue of Galactic Cold Clumps; the Herschel GAMA15-field catalogue; and the temperature- and spectral-index-reconstructed dust maps obtained with Planck’s Generalized Needlet Internal Linear Combination method. The results of the BeeP extension of PCCS2, which are made publicly available via the Planck Legacy Archive, will enable the study of the thermal properties of well-defined samples of compact Galactic and extragalactic dusty sources.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Long-term multi-wavelength study of 1ES 0647+250

The BL Lac object 1ES 0647+250 is one of the few distant γ-ray emitting blazars detected at very high energies (VHEs; &100 GeV) during a non-flaring state. It was detected with the MAGIC telescopes during a period of low activity in the years 2009-2011 as well as during three flaring activities in the years 2014, 2019, and 2020, with the highest VHE flux in the last epoch. An extensive multi-instrument data set was collected as part of several coordinated observing campaigns over these years. We aim to characterise the long-term multi-band flux variability of 1ES 0647+250, as well as its broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) during four distinct activity states selected in four different epochs, in order to constrain the physical parameters of the blazar emission region under certain assumptions. We evaluated the variability and correlation of the emission in the different energy bands with the fractional variability and the Z transformed discrete correlation function, as well as its spectral evolution in X-rays and γ rays. Owing to the controversy in the redshift measurements of 1ES 0647+250 reported in the literature, we also estimated its distance in an indirect manner through a comparison of the GeV and TeV spectra from simultaneous observations with Fermi-LAT and MAGIC during the strongest flaring activity detected to date. Moreover, we interpret the SEDs from the four distinct activity states within the framework of one-component and two-component leptonic models, proposing specific scenarios that are able to reproduce the available multi-instrument data. We find significant long-term variability, especially in X-rays and VHE γ rays. Furthermore, significant (3-4σ) correlations were found between the radio, optical, and high-energy (HE) γ-ray fluxes, with the radio emission delayed by about ~400 days with respect to the optical and γ-ray bands. The spectral analysis reveals a harder-when-brighter trend during the non-flaring state in the X-ray domain. However, no clear patterns were observed for either the enhanced states or the HE (30 MeV < E < 100 GeV) and VHE γ-ray emission of the source. The indirect estimation of the redshift yielded a value of z = 0.45 ± 0.05, which is compatible with some of the values reported in the literature. The SEDs related to the low-activity state and the three flaring states of 1ES 0647+250 can be described reasonably well with the both one-component and two-component leptonic scenarios. However, the long-term correlations indicate the need for an additional radio-producing region located about 3.6 pc downstream from the gamma-ray producing region.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Star formation rate and stellar mass calibrations based on infrared photometry and their dependence on stellar population age and extinction

The stellar mass (M $\star$ ) and the star formation rate (SFR) are among the most important features that characterize galaxies. Measuring these fundamental properties accurately is critical for understanding the present state of galaxies, their history, and future evolution. Infrared (IR) photometry is widely used to measure the M $\star$ and SFR of galaxies because the near-IR traces the continuum emission of the majority of their stellar populations (SPs), and the mid/far-IR traces the dust emission powered by star-forming activity. This work explores the dependence of the IR emission of galaxies on their extinction, and the age of their SPs. It aims to provide accurate and precise IR-photometry SFR and M $\star$ calibrations that account for SP age and extinction while providing quantification of their scatter. We used the CIGALE spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting code to create model SEDs of galaxies with a wide range of star formation histories, dust content, and interstellar medium properties. We fit the relations between M $\star$ and SFR with IR and optical photometry of the model-galaxy SEDs with the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. As an independent confirmation of the MCMC fitting method, we performed a machine-learning random forest (RF) analysis on the same data set. The RF model yields similar results to the MCMC fits, thus validating the latter. This work provides calibrations for the SFR using a combination of the WISE bands 1 and 3, or the JWST NIR-F200W and MIRI-F2100W. It also provides mass-to-light ratio calibrations based on the WISE band-1, the JWST NIR-F200W, and the optical u - r or g - r colors. These calibrations account for the biases attributed to the SP age, while they are given in the form of extinction-dependent and extinction-independent relations. The proposed calibrations show robust estimations while minimizing the scatter and biases throughout a wide range of SFRs and stellar masses. The SFR calibration offers better results, especially in dust-free or passive galaxies where the contributions of old SPs or biases from the lack of dust are significant. Similarly, the M $\star$ calibration yields significantly better results for dusty and high-SFR galaxies where dust emission can otherwise bias the estimations.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Value-added catalog of physical properties for more than 1.3 million galaxies from the DESI survey

We present an extensive catalog of the physical properties of more than a million galaxies investigated with the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), one of the largest spectroscopic surveys to date. Spanning a full range of target types, including emission-line galaxies, luminous red galaxies, and quasars, our survey encompasses an unprecedented range of spectroscopic redshifts, all the way from 0 to 6. The physical properties, such as stellar masses and star formation rates, were derived via the CIGALE spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting code accounting for the contribution coming from active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Based on the modeling of the optical-mid-infrared (grz supplemented with WISE photometry) SEDs, we studied the galaxy properties with respect to their location on the main sequence. We have revised the dependence of stellar mass estimates on model choices and on the availability of WISE photometry. Indeed, the WISE data are required to minimize the misclassification of star-forming galaxies as AGNs. The lack of WISE bands in SED fits leads to elevated AGN fractions for 68% of star-forming galaxies identified using emission line diagnostic diagrams, but this does not significantly affect their stellar mass or star formation estimates.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Reactivity of radiolytically and photochemically generated tertiary amine radicals towards a CO 2 reduction catalyst

Homogeneous solar fuels photocatalytic systems often require several additives in solution with the catalyst to operate, such as a photosensitizer (PS), Brønsted acid/base, and a sacrificial electron donor (SED). Tertiary amines, in particular triethylamine (TEA) and triethanolamine (TEOA), are ubiquitously deployed in photocatalysis applications as SEDs and are capable of reductively quenching the PS’s excited state. Upon oxidation, TEA and TEOA form TEA •+ and TEOA •+ radical cations, respectively, which decay by proton transfer to generate redox non-innocent transient radicals, TEA • and TEOA • , respectively, with redox potentials that allow them to participate in an additional electron transfer step, thus resulting in net one-photon/two-electron donation. However, the properties of the TEA • and TEOA • radicals are not well understood, including their reducing powers and kinetics of electron transfer to catalysts. Herein, we have used both pulse radiolysis and laser flash photolysis to generate TEA • and TEOA • radicals in CH 3 CN, and combined with UV/Vis transient absorption and time-resolved mid-infrared spectroscopies, we have probed the kinetics of reduction of the well-established CO 2 reduction photocatalyst, fac-ReCl(bpy)(CO) 3 (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), by these radicals [k TEA• = (4.4 ± 0.3) × 10 9 M –1 s –1 and k TEOA• = (9.3 ± 0.6) × 10 7 M –1 s –1 ]. The ~50× smaller rate constant for TEOA • indicates, that in contrast to a previous assumption, TEA • is a more potent reductant than TEOA • (by ~0.2 V, as estimated using the Marcus cross relation). This knowledge will aid in the design of photocatalytic systems involving SEDs. Furthermore, we also show that TEA can be a useful radiolytic solvent radical scavenger for pulse radiolysis experiments in CH 3 CN, effectively converting unwanted oxidizing radicals into useful reducing equivalents in the form of TEA • radicals.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Upper boundaries of active galactic nucleus regions in optical diagnostic diagrams

The distribution of galaxies in optical diagnostic diagrams can provide information about their physical parameters when compared with ionization models under proper assumptions. By using a sample of central emitting regions from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory survey (MaNGA), we find evidence of the existence of upper boundaries for narrow-line regions (NLRs) of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in optical Baldwin, Phillips & Terlevich (BPT) diagrams, especially in diagrams involving [Sii]λλ6716, 6731/Hα. Photoionization models can reproduce the boundaries well, as a consequence of the decrease of [Sii]λλ6716, 6731/Hα and [Oiii]λ5007/Hβ ratios at very high metallicity. Whilst the exact location of the upper boundary in the [Sii] BPT diagram depends only weakly on the electron density of the ionized cloud and the secondary nitrogen prescription, its dependence on the shapes of the input spectral energy distributions (SEDs) is much stronger. This allows us to constrain the power-law index of the AGN SED between 1 Ryd and ~100 Ryd to be less than or equal to -1.40 ± 0.05. The coverage of photoionization models in the [Nii] BPT diagram has a stronger dependence on the electron density and the secondary nitrogen prescription. With the density constrained by the [Sii] doublet ratio and the input SED constrained by the [Sii] BPT diagram, we find that the extent of the data in the [Nii] BPT diagram favours those prescriptions with high N/O ratios. Furthermore, although shock-ionized clouds can produce line ratios similar to those from photoionization, the resulting shapes of the upper boundaries, if they exist, would likely be different from those of photoionizing origin.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Testing AGN outflow and accretion models with C IV and He II emission line demographics in z ≈ 2 quasars

Using ≈190 000 spectra from the 17th data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we investigate the ultraviolet emission line properties in z ≈ 2 quasars. Specifically, we quantify how the shape of C IV λ1549 and the equivalent width (EW) of He II λ1640 depend on the black hole mass and Eddington ratio inferred from Mg II λ2800. Above L/L Edd ≳ 0.2, there is a strong mass dependence in both C IV blueshift and He II EW. Large C IV blueshifts are observed only in regions with both high mass and high accretion rate. Including X-ray measurements for a subsample of 5000 objects, we interpret our observations in the context of AGN accretion and outflow mechanisms. The observed trends in He II and 2 keV strength are broadly consistent with theoretical qsosed models of AGN spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for low spin black holes, where the ionizing SED depends on the accretion disc temperature and the strength of the soft excess. High spin models are not consistent with observations, suggesting SDSS quasars at z ≈ 2 may in general have low spins. We find a dramatic switch in behaviour at L/L Edd ≲ 0.1: the ultraviolet emission properties show much weaker trends, and no longer agree with qsosed predictions, hinting at changes in the structure of the broad line region. Overall, the observed emission line trends are generally consistent with predictions for radiation line driving where quasar outflows are governed by the SED, which itself results from the accretion flow and hence depends on both the SMBH mass and accretion rate.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

When Spectral Modeling Meets Convolutional Networks: A Method for Discovering Reionization-era Lensed Quasars in Multiband Imaging Data

Over the last two decades, around 300 quasars have been discovered at z ≳ 6, yet only one has been identified as being strongly gravitationally lensed. We explore a new approach—enlarging the permitted spectral parameter space, while introducing a new spatial geometry veto criterion—which is implemented via image-based deep learning. We first apply this approach to a systematic search for reionization-era lensed quasars, using data from the Dark Energy Survey, the Visible and Infrared Survey Telescope for Astronomy Hemisphere Survey, and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. Our search method consists of two main parts: (i) the preselection of the candidates, based on their spectral energy distributions (SEDs), using catalog-level photometry; and (ii) relative probability calculations of the candidates being a lens or some contaminant, utilizing a convolutional neural network (CNN) classification. The training data sets are constructed by painting deflected point-source lights over actual galaxy images, to generate realistic galaxy–quasar lens models, optimized to find systems with small image separations, i.e., Einstein radii of θ E ≤ 1''. Visual inspection is then performed for sources with CNN scores of P lens > 0.1, which leads us to obtain 36 newly selected lens candidates, which are awaiting spectroscopic confirmation. These findings show that automated SED modeling and deep learning pipelines, supported by modest human input, are a promising route for detecting strong lenses from large catalogs, which can overcome the veto limitations of primarily dropout-based SED selection approaches.

High-redshift galaxies↗

Multiwavelength Observations of the Blazar PKS 0735+178 in Spatial and Temporal Coincidence with an Astrophysical Neutrino Candidate IceCube-211208A

We report on multiwavelength target-of-opportunity observations of the blazar PKS 0735+178, located 2.°2 away from the best-fit position of the IceCube neutrino event IceCube-211208A detected on 2021 December 8. The source was in a high-flux state in the optical, ultraviolet, X-ray, and GeV γ -ray bands around the time of the neutrino event, exhibiting daily variability in the soft X-ray flux. The X-ray data from Swift-XRT and NuSTAR characterize the transition between the low-energy and high-energy components of the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED), and the γ -ray data from Fermi-LAT, VERITAS, and H.E.S.S. require a spectral cutoff near 100 GeV. Both the X-ray and γ -ray measurements provide strong constraints on the leptonic and hadronic models. We analytically explore a synchrotron self-Compton model, an external Compton model, and a lepto-hadronic model. Models that are entirely based on internal photon fields face serious difficulties in matching the observed SED. The existence of an external photon field in the source would instead explain the observed γ -ray spectral cutoff in both the leptonic and lepto-hadronic models and allow a proton jet power that marginally agrees with the Eddington limit in the lepto-hadronic model. We show a numerical lepto-hadronic model with external target photons that reproduces the observed SED and is reasonably consistent with the neutrino event despite requiring a high jet power.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Stellar Population Properties in the Stellar Streams around SPRC047

Abstract We have investigated the properties (e.g., age, metallicity) of the stellar populations of a ringlike tidal stellar stream (or streams) around the edge-on galaxy SPRC047 (z= 0.031) using spectral energy distribution (SED) fits to integrated broadband aperture flux densities. We used visual images in six different bands and Spitzer/IRAC 3.6μm data. We have attempted to derive best-fit stellar population parameters (metallicity, age) in three noncontiguous segments of the stream. Due to the very low surface brightness of the stream, we have performed a deconvolution with a Richardson–Lucy–type algorithm of the low spatial resolution 3.6μm IRAC image, thereby reducing the effect of the point-spread function aliasedemissionfrom the bright edge-on central galaxy at the locations of our three stream segments. Our SED fits that used several different star formation (SF) history priors, from an exponentially decaying SF burst to continuous SF, indicate that the age–metallicity–dust degeneracy is not resolved, most likely because of inadequate wavelength coverage and low signal-to-noise ratios of the low surface brightness features. We also discuss how future deep visual–near-infrared observations, combined with absolute flux calibration uncertainties at or below the 1% level, complemented by equally well absolute flux-calibrated observations in ultraviolet and mid-infrared bands, would improve the accuracy of broadband SED fitting results for low surface brightness targets, such as stellar streams around nearby galaxies that are not resolved into stars.

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗