Analysis of the calibration tests for the Apollo Varian Rubidium Frequency Standards
Calibration analysis of rubidium frequency standard - Apollo project
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Calibration analysis of rubidium frequency standard - Apollo project
Rubidium-strontium isotopic study of five types of glass from Bosumtwi crater in Ghana and Ivory Coast tektites
Bjurbole chondrite and several separated phases analyzed for rubidium-strontium age
Whole-rock rubidium-strontium age of Silurian Devonian boundary in northeastern North America
Crossed molecular beam kinetics of reactive asymmetry of oriented methyl iodide polar molecules reacting with rubidium
Rubidium vapor magnetometer used for near earth orbiting spacecraft, instrumentation and in-flight performance
Optical pumping, theory, and laboratory research with rubidium maser oscillators
Age of Bosumtwi crater area, Ghana, determined by mass spectrometry of rubidium, strontium and strontium isotopic composition, compared to Ivory Coast tektite age
Melting point-pressure curves for lithium, sodium, potassium, and rubidium
Rubidium, Sr and Sr isotopic composition of normal gray hypersthene chondrite falls, noting Rb/Sr and Sr87/Sr86 ratio determination of Bath Furnace L chondrite isochron
Rubidium 87 atomic time and frequency reference system for manned space flight
The construction of a quartz bulb-quartz cavity type rubidium maser is described, and the results obtained with two of these masers are presented. The tuning characteristics, medium term stability, and short term stability are reported. It is concluded that the stability of the masers in the short term region is superior to any of the oscillators presently existing. On this basis it is believed that future development of the masers to reduce their size and improve their medium term stability is well justified.
The lunar mare basalt 15555 from the edge of Hadley Rille has been dated at 3.3 b.y. by both rubidium-strontium and potassium-argon techniques. Age and trace element abundances closely resemble those of the Apollo 12 mare basalts. Data from lunar basalts obtained thus far indicate that they cannot be derived by simple fractionation from a homogeneous source.
A description is given of the development of a compact rubidium-87 maser. Data cover the electronic control system for the maser itself and a superhetrodyne receiver capable of locking a crystal oscillator to the maser signal.
The characteristics of Efratom optically pumped rubidium frequency standards are discussed. The Efratom units were compared with cesium beam and hydrogen maser standards and showed a stability of approximately 5 times 10 to the minus 12th power over two one-week periods. Dependency of frequency upon the environmental parameters of pressure, magnetic field, temperature, supply voltage, and acceleration was measured. A package of three units with automatic phase comparison and recording was designed and constructed to allow a measurement of relativistic effects on time with high accuracy during space missions.
The design, development, and characteristics of a rubidium 87 maser are discussed. The design of a receiver capable of locking a crystal oscillator to the maser signal is reported. The subjects considered are: (1) maser construction, (2) maser control electronics, (3) the characteristics of the receiver, and (4) results of experimental maser tests.
Changes in the intensity of the light source in an optically pumped, rubidium, gas cell frequency standard can produce corresponding frequency shifts, with possible adverse effects on the long-term frequency stability. A pulsed optical pumping apparatus was constructed with the intent of investigating the frequency stability in the absence of light shifts. Contrary to original expectations, a small residual frequency shift due to changes in light intensity was experimentally observed. Evidence is given which indicates that this is not a true light-shift effect. Preliminary measurements of the frequency stability of this apparatus, with this small residual pseudo light shift present, are presented. It is shown that this pseudo light shift can be eliminated by using a more homogeneous C-field. This is consistent with the idea that the pseudo light shift is due to inhomogeneity in the physics package (position-shift effect).
Warm-up and size challenges to oscillator construction are presented as well as the problems involved in these tasks. The performance of M-100 military rubidium oscillator is compared to that of a subminiture rubididum oscillator (M-1000). Methods of achieving 1.5 minute warm-up are discussed as well as improvements in performance under adverse environmental conditions, including temperature, vibration, and magnetics. An attempt is made to construct an oscillator error budget under a set of arbitrary mission conditions.