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At least 37 records · Page 2

The estimation of Poisson’s ratio by time-averaging and Cornu’s method for isotropic beams

Prior research suggests that direct static (e.g., uniaxial testing) and dynamic (e.g., ultrasonic wave propagation analysis) measurements differ in the estimation of Poisson’s ratio because anisotropies and heterogeneities in the sample material affect the two types of tests differently. Even assuming isotropic and homogeneous material properties, prior research further suggests that discrepancies between static/dynamic test results will exist because the error of the diagnostic techniques for the measurand are inherently different. Finally, thermodynamic effects are not present in static tests but can significantly affect dynamic test results. Given the potential for all these variables to produce discrepancies, it would be helpful to have the measurement of Poisson’s ratio obtainable from the same theory and experimental measurements by either static or dynamic testing methods. Our finite element calculations show that by combining time-averaged scanning digital holography with Cornu’s method, it is theoretically possible to estimate the effective Poisson’s ratio from the anticlastic contours at the antinode of the first out-of-plane bending mode shape. This is true regardless of frequency and therefore applicable for both static and dynamic measurements. Our results show that the estimate of Poisson’s ratio by Cornu’s method using data from simulations of mode shapes approaches the true value of Poisson’s ratio. Additionally, our research suggests that beam geometry and boundary conditions are fundamental factors limiting the convergence of the estimate of Poisson’s ratio to the true value of Poisson’s ratio regardless of performing a static or dynamic test.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Method of Poisson's ratio imaging within a material part

The present invention is directed to a method of displaying the Poisson's ratio image of a material part. In the present invention longitudinal data is produced using a longitudinal wave transducer and shear wave data is produced using a shear wave transducer. The respective data is then used to calculate the Poisson's ratio for the entire material part. The Poisson's ratio approximations are then used to displayed the image.

Roth, Don J.↗

Holographic study of conventional and negative Poisson's ratio metallic foams - Elasticity, yield and micro-deformation

An experimental study by holographic interferometry is reported of the following material properties of conventional and negative Poisson's ratio copper foams: Young's moduli, Poisson's ratios, yield strengths and characteristic lengths associated with inhomogeneous deformation. The Young's modulus and yield strength of the conventional copper foam were comparable to those predicted by microstructural modeling on the basis of cellular rib bending. The reentrant copper foam exhibited a negative Poisson's ratio, as indicated by the elliptical contour fringes on the specimen surface in the bending tests. Inhomogeneous, non-affine deformation was observed holographically in both foam materials.

Chen, C. P.↗

ABC -Auxetics: An Implicit Design Approach for Negative Poisson's Ratio Materials

A novel methodology is introduced for designing auxetic (negative Poisson's ratio) structures based on topological principles and is demonstrated by investigating a new class of auxetics based on two-dimensional (2D) textile weave patterns. Conventional methodology for designing auxetic materials typically involves determining a single deformable block (a unit cell) of material whose shape results in auxetic behavior. Consequently, patterning such a unit cell in a 2D (or 3D) domain results in a larger structure that exhibits overall auxetic behavior. Such an approach naturally relies on some prior intuition and experience regarding which unit cells may be auxetic. Second, tuning the properties of the resulting structures is typically limited to parametric variations of the geometry of a specific type of unit cell. Thus, most of the currently known auxetic structures belong to a selected few classes of unit cell geometries that are explicitly defined in accordance with a specified topological (i.e., grid structure). Herein, a new class of auxetic structures is demonstrated that, while periodic, can be generated implicitly, i.e., without reference to a specific unit cell design. The approach leverages weave-based parameters (A–B–C), resulting in a rich design space for auxetics that is previously unexplored.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Generic Karman-Rostovstev plate equations in an affine space

The Karman-Rostovstev plate equations are affinely transformed into equations that depend on the generic plate constants generalized rigidity, generalized extensional rigidity, and generalized Poisson ratio associated with the well-known linearized orthotropic plate/slab equations. Furthermore, since the generalized extensional rigidity is a function of generalized rigidity and generalized Poisson ratio only, with generalized Poisson ratio being a weak parameter, the only fundamental constant is generalized rigidity. This means that regardless of what analysis technique is used, the results can be cast in terms of only one strong material parameter (whose range is from zero to one). The affine stretching is performed on the dependent variables as well as the independent variables, so that the dependence of all quantities of interest on generalized rigidity and generalized Poisson ratio are easily calculated (e.g., even auxiliary quantities such as stress, strain, all weighted stress resultants, etc.). Some typical results (static side load response, collapse load limited by rib buckling) are presented by modifying an approximate technique due to Donnell (1976).

Brunelle, E. J.↗

Exploiting negative Poisson's ratio to design 3D-printed composites with enhanced mechanical properties

Auxetic materials exhibiting a negative Poisson's ratio are shown to have better indentation resistance, impact shielding capability, and enhanced toughness. Here, we report a class of high-performance composites in which auxetic lattice structures are used as the reinforcements and the nearly incompressible soft material is employed as the matrix. This coupled geometry and material design concept is enabled by the state-of-the-art additive manufacturing technique. Guided by experimental tests and finite element analyses, we systematically study the compressive behavior of the 3D printed auxetics reinforced composites and achieve a significant enhancement of their stiffness and energy absorption. This improved mechanical performance is due to the negative Poisson's ratio effect of the auxetic reinforcements, which makes the matrix in a state of biaxial compression and hence provides additional support. This mechanism is further supported by the investigation of the effect of auxetic degree on the stiffness and energy absorption capability. The findings reported here pave the way for developing a new class of auxetic composites that significantly expand their design space and possible applications through a combination of rational design and 3D printing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Negative Poisson’s Ratio in 1T-Type Crystalline Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

Materials with a negative Poisson’s ratio, also known as auxetic materials, exhibit unusual and counterintuitive mechanical behaviour—becoming fatter in cross-section when stretched. Such behaviour is mostly attributed to some special re-entrant or hinged geometric structures regardless of the chemical composition and electronic structure of a material. Here, using first-principles calculations, we report a class of auxetic single-layer two-dimensional materials, namely, the 1T-type monolayer crystals of groups 6–7 transition-metal dichalcogenides, MX 2 (M=Mo, W, Tc, Re; X=S, Se, Te). These materials have a crystal structure distinct from all other known auxetic materials. They exhibit an intrinsic in-plane negative Poisson’s ratio, which is dominated by electronic effects. We attribute the occurrence of such auxetic behaviour to the strong coupling between the chalcogen p orbitals and the intermetal t 2g -bonding orbitals within the basic triangular pyramid structure unit. In conclusion, the unusual auxetic behaviour in combination with other remarkable properties of monolayer two-dimensional materials could lead to novel multi-functionalities.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

A Study of Poisson's Ratio in the Yield Region

In the yield region of the stress-strain curve the variation in Poisson's ratio from the elastic to the plastic value is most pronounced. This variation was studied experimentally by a systematic series of tests on several aluminum alloys. The tests were conducted under simple tensile and compressive loading along three orthogonal axes. A theoretical variation of Poisson's ratio for an orthotropic solid was obtained from dilatational considerations. The assumptions used in deriving the theory were examined by use of the test data and were found to be in reasonable agreement with experimental evidence.

Gerard, George↗

The transverse Poisson's ratio of composites.

An expression is developed that makes possible the prediction of Poisson's ratio for unidirectional composites with reference to any pair of orthogonal axes that are normal to the direction of the reinforcing fibers. This prediction appears to be a reasonable one in that it follows the trends of the finite element analysis and the bounding estimates, and has the correct limiting value for zero fiber content. It can only be expected to apply to composites containing stiff, circular, isotropic fibers bonded to a soft matrix material.

Foye, R. L.↗

Composite laminates with negative through-the-thickness Poisson's ratios

A simple analysis using two dimensional lamination theory combined with the appropriate three dimensional anisotropic constitutive equation is presented to show some rather surprising results for the range of values of the through-the-thickness effective Poisson's ratio nu sub xz for angle ply laminates. Results for graphite-epoxy show that the through-the-thickness effective Poisson's ratio can range from a high of 0.49 for a 90 laminate to a low of -0.21 for a + or - 25s laminate. It is shown that negative values of nu sub xz are also possible for other laminates.

Carl T. Herakovich↗

Composite laminates with negative through-the-thickness Poisson's ratios

A simple analysis using two-dimensional lamination theory combined with the appropriate three-dimensional anisotropic constitutive equation is presented to show some rather surprising results for the range of values of the through-the-thickness effective Poisson's ratio nu sub xz for angle ply laminates. Results for graphite-epoxy show that the through-the-thickness effective Poisson's ratio can range from a high of 0.49 for a 90 laminate to a low of -0.21 for a + or - 25s laminate. It is shown that negative values of nu sub xz are also possible for other laminates.

Herakovich, C. T.↗

Bond-Based Peridynamics: a Tale of Two Poisson’s Ratios

This paper explores the restrictions imposed by bond-based peridynamics, particularly with respect to plane strain and plane stress models. We begin with a review of the derivations in Gerstle et al. (2005) wherein for isotropic materials a Poisson’s ratio restriction of $\frac{1}{4}$ for plane strain and $\frac{1}{3}$ for plane stress is deduced. Next, we show Cauchy’s relations are an intrinsic limitation of bond-based peridynamics and specialize these restrictions to plane strain and plane stress models. This generalizes the results from Gerstle et al. (2005) and demonstrates that the Poisson’s ratio restrictions described in Gerstle et al. (2005) are merely a consequence of Cauchy’s relations for isotropic materials. We conclude with a discussion of the validity of peridynamic plane strain and plane stress models formulated from two-dimensional bond-based peridynamic models.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Elastic constants determined by nanoindentation for p-type thermoelectric half-Heusler

This paper presents a study of the elastic properties of the p-type thermoelectric half-Heusler material, Hf{sub 0.44}Zr{sub 0.44}Ti{sub 0.12}CoSb{sub 0.8}Sn{sub 0.2}, using nanoindentation. Large grain-sized polycrystalline specimens were fabricated for these measurements, providing sufficient indentation targets within single grains. Electron Backscatter Diffraction methods indexed the target grains for the correlation needed for our elastic analysis of individual single crystals for this cubic thermoelectric material. Elastic properties, including the Zener ratio and the Poisson ratio, obtained from the elasticity tensor are also reported.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Pressure dependence of Poisson’s ratio of glassy Baltic amber studied by Brillouin scattering spectroscopy

Amber is a typical natural glass with very long aging time. Elastic properties of amber at high pressures have been studied using Brillouin scattering and a diamond anvil cell. Both longitudinal and transverse acoustic modes have been observed up to 12 GPa. The pressure dependences of longitudinal, shear, Young’s, and bulk moduli, compressibility, and Poisson’s ratio were determined. The longitudinal, shear, Young’s, bulk moduli show the remarkable increase, and compressibility shows a marked decrease with increasing pressure. However, it is found that the pressure dependence of Poisson’s ratio is very small. The mechanism of this small pressure dependence was discussed. Finally, the Cauchy type relation between longitudinal and shear moduli was examined. Its coefficients show the deviation from the Cauchy relation owing to the coexistence of different intermolecular interactions in amber.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗

Indentability of conventional and negative Poisson's ratio foams

The indentation resistance of foams, both of conventional structure and of reentrant structure giving rise to negative Poisson's ratio, is studied using holographic interferometry. In holographic indentation tests, reentrant foams had higher yield strength and lower stiffness than conventional foams of the same original relative density. Calculated energy absorption for dynamic impact is considerably higher for reentrant foam than conventional foam.

Lakes, R. S.↗

Single-Specimen Technique to Establish the J-Resistance of Linear Viscoelastic Solids with Constant Poisson's Ratio

A method is developed to establish the J-resistance function for an isotropic linear viscoelastic solid of constant Poisson's ratio using the single-specimen technique with constant-rate test data. The method is based on the fact that, for a test specimen of fixed crack size under constant rate, the initiation J-integral may be established from the crack size itself, the actual external load and load-point displacement at growth initiation, and the relaxation modulus of the viscoelastic solid, without knowledge of the complete test record. Since crack size alone, of the required data, would be unknown at each point of the load-vs-load-point displacement curve of a single-specimen test, an expression is derived to estimate it. With it, the physical J-integral at each point of the test record may be established. Because of its basis on single-specimen testing, not only does the method not require the use of multiple specimens with differing initial crack sizes, but avoids the need for tracking crack growth as well.

Gutierrez-Lemini, Danton↗