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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2013

Spherical cloaking using multilayer shells of ordinary dielectrics

An approach for spherical cloaking using multilayer ordinary dielectric materials has been developed. The total scattering cross section (TSCS) of the spherical multilayer shell with metallic core was derived based on the Mie theory. The dielectric profile of the shell was optimized to minimize the TSCS of the cloaked target. The specific directions, at which the scattering could be practically eliminated, were detected. The influence of the target size and the dielectric material loss on the cloaking efficiency was analyzed. It was shown that the cloaking efficiency for larger targets could be improved by employing lossy materials in the shell.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Novel hard, tough HfAlSiN multilayers, defined by alternating Si bond structure, deposited using modulated high-flux, low-energy ion irradiation of the growing film

Hf{sub 1−x−y}Al{sub x}Si{sub y}N (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.14, 0 ≤ y ≤ 0.12) single layer and multilayer films are grown on Si(001) at 250 °C using ultrahigh vacuum magnetically unbalanced reactive magnetron sputtering from a single Hf{sub 0.6}Al{sub 0.2}Si{sub 0.2} target in mixed 5%-N{sub 2}/Ar atmospheres at a total pressure of 20 mTorr (2.67 Pa). The composition and nanostructure of Hf{sub 1−x−y}Al{sub x}Si{sub y}N films are controlled by varying the energy E{sub i} of the ions incident at the film growth surface while maintaining the ion-to-metal flux ratio constant at eight. Switching E{sub i} between 10 and 40 eV allows the growth of Hf{sub 0.78}Al{sub 0.10}Si{sub 0.12}N/Hf{sub 0.78}Al{sub 0.14}Si{sub 0.08}N multilayers with similar layer compositions, but in which the Si bonding state changes from predominantly Si–Si/Si–Hf for films grown with E{sub i} = 10 eV, to primarily Si–N with E{sub i} = 40 eV. Multilayer hardness values, which vary inversely with bilayer period Λ, range from 20 GPa with Λ = 20 nm to 27 GPa with Λ = 2 nm, while fracture toughness increases directly with Λ. Multilayers with Λ = 10 nm combine relatively high hardness, H ∼ 24 GPa, with good fracture toughness.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Lithiation of multilayer Ni/NiO electrodes: criticality of nickel layer thicknesses on conversion reaction kinetics

X-ray reflectivity and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the morphological changes in thin film electrodes with alternating Ni and NiO layers during lithiation as a function of the Ni buffer layer thickness. Complete lithiation of the active NiO layers occurs only when the thickness of the Ni/NiO bilayers are less than 75 Å – a threshold value that is determined by the sum of the Ni quantity in the Ni/NiO bilayer of the multilayer stack. Thicker Ni/NiO bilayers present a kinetic barrier for lithium ion diffusion inside the stack resulting in partial lithiation of the multilayer electrodes in which only the top NiO layer lithiates. Lithiation of NiO layers in a multilayer stack also leads to an interface-specific reaction that is observed to increase the thicknesses of adjacent Ni layers by 3–4 Å and is associated with the formation of a low-density Li 2 O layer, corresponding to an interfacially-driven phase separation of the NiO. Rate dependent cyclic voltammetry studies reveal a linear relation between the peak current and scan rate suggesting that the lithiation kinetics are controlled by charge transfer resistance at the liquid–solid interface.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Method for measurement of diffusivity: Calorimetric studies of Fe/Ni multilayer thin films

A calorimetric method for the measurement of diffusivity in thin film multilayers is introduced and applied to the Fe Ni system. Using this method, the diffusivity in [Fe (25 nm)/Ni (25 nm)](20) multilayer thin films is measured as 4 x 10(-3)exp(-1.6 +/- 0.1 eV/ k(B)T) cm(2)/s, respectively. The diffusion mechanism in the multilayers and its relevance to laboratory synthesis of L1(0) ordered FeNi are discussed. (C) 2015 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Liu, JX↗
DOE OSTI2019

Initial assessment of multilayer silicon detectors for hard X-ray imaging

Silicon detectors with lower material budget, ultrafast readout and radiation hardness are under developments. These unique features make pixelized silicon sensors a good option for hard X-ray imaging. To verify the performance of spatial resolution and energy sensitivity of silicon sensors to hard X-rays, a two layer setup of Pixelink PL-D725MU sensors has been tested at the Argonne National Laboratory Advanced Photon Source (APS) ID-10 sector with 29.2 keV high photon flux (4.5 x 10(8) to 4.5 x 10(10) photons per second) X-rays. Better than 3 mu m spatial resolution and clear energy characterization have been achieved by both layers. Commercial CMOS sensors with superior spatial resolution could be used for phase contrast imaging in current synchrotrons. These studies pave the path for future multilayer ultrafast silicon sensor development with ns to sub-ns readout speeds in hard X-ray imaging at synchrotrons and XFEL beamlines.

Hard X-ray imaging↗
DOE OSTI2018

Strain partition and rupture analysis of notched tensile multilayered steel specimens

Highlights: • In situ SEM tensile experiments were performed to investigate the fracture processes. • In situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction were carried out to study the microscopic deformation in MLS steel. • The changing trends of the strain in the austenite layer and martensitic layer have been revealed. - Abstract: Multilayered steel composites consisting of alternating martensitic and austenite layers were successfully fabricated with a combination of high strength and ductility. In situ SEM tensile experiments were performed to investigate the fracture processes. Results indicated that the martensitic layer distributed between two ductile austenite layers has better deformation ability, and the dimple fracture mode dominated the fracture of the whole specimen. In situ synchrotron microbeam X-ray diffraction experiments were carried out to study the microscopic deformation in austenitic layer and martensitic layer ahead of notch root under incremental tensile loading. Results indicated that for austenite layer, the maximum strain is located in the middle of the layer at the lower applied load. When at the higher applied load, larger strain is concentrated on the notch root. For martensitic layer, uniform strain is distributed at the region at the lower applied load, with increasing the applied load, small strain appears in the middle of martensitic layer. However, the variation in the strain in the martensitic layer is relatively smaller, which is actually affected by both the notch and the ferrite content in the martensitic layer. The changing trends of the strain in the austenite layer and martensitic layer can still show the better combination of brittle martensitic phase and ductile austenite phase.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Chemical-free n-type and p-type multilayer-graphene transistors

Here, a single-step doping method to fabricate n- and p-type multilayer graphene (MG) top-gate field effect transistors (GFETs) is demonstrated. The transistors are fabricated on soda-lime glass substrates, with the n-type doping of MG caused by the sodium in the substrate without the addition of external chemicals. Placing a hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) barrier layer between the MG and the substrate blocks the n-doping, resulting in p-type doping of the MG above regions patterned with HSQ. The HSQ is deposited in a single fabrication step using electron beam lithography, allowing the patterning of arbitrary sub-micron spatial patterns of n- and p-type doping. When a MG channel is deposited partially on the barrier and partially on the glass substrate, a p-type and n-type doping profile is created, which is used for fabricating complementary transistors pairs. Unlike chemically doped GFETs in which the external dopants are typically introduced from the top, these substrate doped GFETs allow for a top gate which gives a stronger electrostatic coupling to the channel, reducing the operating gate bias. Overall, this method enables scalable fabrication of n- and p-type complementary top-gated GFETs with high spatial resolution for graphene microelectronic applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Analysis of Multilayer Devices for Superconducting Electronics by High-Resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy

We used a focused ion beam to obtain cross-sectional specimens from both magnetic multilayer and Nb/Al-AlOx/Nb Josephson junction devices for characterization by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). An automated multivariate statistical analysis of the EDX spectral images produced chemically unique component images of individual layers within the multilayer structures. STEM imaging elucidated distinct variations in film morphology, interface quality, and/or etch artifacts that could be correlated to magnetic and/or electrical properties measured on the same devices.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Stiff and Transparent Multilayer Thin Films Prepared Through Hydrogen-Bonding Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Graphene and Polymer [Super Stiff and Highly Transparent Multilayer Thin Films Prepared through Hydrogen-Bonding Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Graphene and Polymer]

Due to their exceptional orientation of 2D nanofillers, layer–by–layer (LbL) assembled polymer/graphene oxide thin films exhibit unmatched mechanical performance relative to any conventionally produced counterparts with similar composition. Unprecedented mechanical property improvement, by replacing graphene oxide with pristine graphene, is demonstrated in this work. Polyvinylpyrrolidone–stabilized graphene platelets are alternately deposited with poly(acrylic acid) using hydrogen bonding assisted LbL assembly. Transmission electron microscopy imaging and the Halpin–Tsai model are used to demonstrate, for the first time, that intact graphene can be processed from water to generate polymer nanocomposite thin films with simultaneous parallel–alignment, high packing density, and exfoliation. A multilayer thin film with only 3.9 vol% of highly exfoliated, and structurally intact graphene, increases the elastic modulus (E) of a polymer multilayer thin film by 322% (from 1.41 to 4.81 GPa), while maintaining visible light transmittance of ≈90%. This is one of the greatest improvements in elastic modulus ever reported for a graphene–filled polymer nanocomposite with a glassy (E > 1 GPa) matrix. In conclusion, the technique described here provides a powerful new tool to improve nanocomposite properties (mechanical, gas transport, etc.) that can be universally applied to a variety of polymer matrices and 2D nanoplatelets.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Hematite‐Based Solar Water Splitting in Acidic Solutions: Functionalization by Mono‐ and Multilayers of Iridium Oxygen‐Evolution Catalysts

Abstract Solar water splitting in acidic solutions has important technological implications, but has not been demonstrated to date in a dual absorber photoelectrochemical cell. The lack of functionally stable water‐oxidation catalysts (WOCs) in acids is a key reason for this slow development. The only WOCs that are stable at low pH are Ir‐based systems, which are typically too expensive to be implemented broadly. It is now shown that this deficiency may be corrected by applying an ultra‐thin monolayer of a molecular Ir WOC to hematite for solar water splitting in acidic solutions. The turn‐on voltage is observed to shift cathodically by 250 mV upon the application of a monolayer of the molecular Ir WOC. When the molecular WOC is replaced by a heterogeneous multilayer derivative, stable solar water splitting for over 5 h is achieved with near‐unity Faradaic efficiency.

Li, Wei↗
DOE OSTI2018

From Isolated Ions to Multilayer Functional Materials Using Ion Soft Landing

The ability to deposit intact polyatomic ions with well-defined composition, charge state, and kinetic energy onto surfaces makes preparative mass spectrometry, also called ion soft-landing, particularly attractive for preparing uniform molecular and ionic layers. Early studies characterized structures, charge states, and reactivity of sparsely distributed soft-landed species. Recent development of high-flux ionization sources has opened up new opportunities for the precisely-controlled preparation of both two-dimensional assemblies and three-dimensional multilayer architectures using ion soft-landing. Previously unknown phenomena have been uncovered following deposition of large numbers of ions onto supports thereby opening several exciting research directions in this field. Furthermore, faster ion deposition has enabled fabrication of novel functional devices. This review discusses important phenomena and highlights key developments pertaining to preparation of well-defined interfaces for studies in energy storage, catalysis, soft materials, and biology.

Laskin, Julia↗
DOE OSTI2024

Generalized Brunauer–Emmett–Teller Isotherm for Mixed-Gas Multilayer Adsorption Equilibria

Here, this work presents a rigorous thermodynamic framework to calculate mixed-gas multilayer adsorption equilibria from single-component isotherms and vapor–liquid equilibria. Named the generalized Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (gBET) isotherm, the newly formulated isotherm considers adsorbent surface heterogeneity, competitive adsorption on the monolayer, condensation–evaporation on the subsequent layers, and adsorbed phase nonideality for the monolayer and the subsequent layers. The monolayer adsorbed phase nonideality is tracked by using an area-based adsorption nonrandom two-liquid activity coefficient model. The adsorbed phase composition and corresponding nonideality in the subsequent layers are calculated at the dew point condition of the mixed gas with either an equation of state or an activity coefficient model for the vapor–liquid equilibria. The proposed model is validated with six single and three binary multilayer adsorption equilibrium systems, and the model results are compared against those from the classical BET isotherm for single-component adsorption and ideal adsorbed solution theory for mixed-gas adsorption equilibria.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Interdiffusion in nanometric Fe/Ni multilayer films

[Fe (3.1 nm)/Ni (3.3 nm)]{sub 20} multilayer films were prepared by DC magnetron sputtering onto oxidized Si(100) substrates. The Fe and Ni layers were shown to both be face-centered cubic by x-ray diffraction. Interdiffusion of the Fe and Ni layers in the temperature range of 300–430 °C was studied by x-ray reflectivity. From the decay of the integral intensity of the superlattice peak, the activation energy and the pre-exponential term for the effective interdiffusion coefficient were determined as to 1.06 ± 0.07 eV and 5 × 10{sup −10} cm{sup 2}/s, respectively. The relevance of the measured interdiffusion coefficient to the laboratory timescale synthesis of L1{sub 0} ordered FeNi as a rare-earth free permanent magnet is discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Influence of defects on the femtosecond laser damage resistance of multilayer dielectric gratings

Multilayer dielectric (MLD) gratings with high diffraction efficiency and a high laser-induced damage (LID) threshold for pulse compressors are key to scaling the peak and average power of chirped pulse amplification lasers. However, surface defects introduced by manufacturing, storage, and handling processes can reduce the LID resistance of MLD gratings and impact the laser output. The underlying mechanisms of such defect-initiated LID remain unclear, especially in the femtosecond regime. In this Letter, we model dynamic processes in interactions of a 20-fs near-infrared (NIR) laser pulse and a MLD grating design in the presence of cylindrically symmetrical nodules and particle contaminants and cracks at the surface. Utilizing a dynamic model based on a 2D finite difference in time domain (FDTD) field solver coupled with photoionization, electron collision, and refractive index modification, we study the simulation results for the damage site distribution initiated by defects of various types and sizes and its impact on the LID threshold of the grating design.

Zhang, Simin (ORCID:0000000174948230)↗