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At least 37 records · Page 2

Single electrons on solid neon as a solid-state qubit platform

Progress towards the realization of quantum computers requires persistent advances in their constituent building blocks-qubits. Novel qubit platforms that simultaneously embody long coherence, fast operation and large scalability offer compelling advantages in the construction of quantum computers and many other quantum information systems 1-3 . Electrons, ubiquitous elementary particles of non-zero charge, spin and mass, have commonly been perceived as paradigmatic local quantum information carriers. Despite superior controllability and configurability, their practical performance as qubits through either motional or spin states depends critically on their material environment 3-5 . In this work, we report our experimental realization of a qubit platform based on isolated single electrons trapped on an ultraclean solid neon surface in vacuum 6-13 . By integrating an electron trap in a circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture 14-20 , we achieve strong coupling between the motional states of a single electron and a single microwave photon in an on-chip superconducting resonator. Qubit gate operations and dispersive readout are implemented to measure the energy relaxation time T 1 of 15 μs and phase coherence time T 2 over 200 ns. These results indicate that the electron-on-solid-neon qubit already performs near the state of the art for a charge qubit 21 .

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Thermal Modulation of Gigahertz Surface Acoustic Waves on Lithium Niobate

Surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) devices have a wide range of applications in microwave signal processing. Microwave SAW components benefit from higher quality factors and much smaller crosstalk when compared to their electromagnetic counterparts. Efficient routing and modulation of SAWs are essential for building large-scale and versatile acoustic wave circuits. Here, we demonstrate integrated thermoacoustic modulators using two SAW platforms: bulk lithium niobate and thin-film lithium niobate on sapphire. In both approaches, the gigahertz-frequency SAWs are routed by integrated acoustic waveguides, while on-chip microheaters are used to locally change the temperature, and thus, control the phase of the SAW. Using this approach, we achieve phase changes of over 720° with the responsibility of 2.6°/mW for bulk lithium niobate and 0.52°/mW for lithium niobate on sapphire. Furthermore, we demonstrate amplitude modulation of SAWs using acoustic Mach-Zehnder interferometers. Our thermoacoustic modulators can enable reconfigurable acoustic signal processing for next-generation wireless communications and microwave systems.

42 ENGINEERING↗

N - V –Diamond Magnetic Microscopy Using a Double Quantum 4-Ramsey Protocol

We introduce a double quantum (DQ) 4-Ramsey measurement protocol that enables wide-field magnetic imaging using nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) centers in diamond, with enhanced homogeneity of the magnetic sensitivity relative to conventional single quantum (SQ) techniques. The DQ 4-Ramsey protocol employs microwave-phase alternation across four consecutive Ramsey (4-Ramsey) measurements to isolate the desired DQ magnetic signal from any residual SQ signal induced by microwave pulse errors. In a demonstration experiment employing a 1-μm-thick N-V layer in a macroscopic diamond chip, the DQ 4-Ramsey protocol provides a volume-normalized dc magnetic sensitivity of η V = 34nTHz –1/2 μm 3/2 across a 125 μm × 125 μm field of view, with about 5× less spatial variation in sensitivity across the field of view compared to a SQ measurement. Furthermore, the improved robustness and magnetic sensitivity homogeneity of the DQ 4-Ramsey protocol enables imaging of dynamic broadband magnetic sources such as integrated circuits and electrically active cells.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Strong Photon‐Magnon Coupling Using a Lithographically Defined Organic Ferrimagnet

Abstract A cavity‐magnonic system composed of a superconducting microwave resonator coupled to a magnon mode hosted by the organic‐based ferrimagnet vanadium tetracyanoethylene (V[TCNE] x ) is demonstrated. This work is motivated by the challenge of scalably integrating a low‐damping magnetic system with planar superconducting circuits. V[TCNE] x has ultra‐low intrinsic damping, can be grown at low processing temperatures on arbitrary substrates, and can be patterned via electron beam lithography. The devices operate in the strong coupling regime, with a cooperativity exceeding 1000 for coupling between the Kittel mode and the resonator mode at T≈0.4 K, suitable for scalable quantum circuit integration. Higher‐order magnon modes are also observed with much narrower linewidths than the Kittel mode. This work paves the way for high‐cooperativity hybrid quantum devices in which magnonic circuits can be designed and fabricated as easily as electrical wires.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Response of Integrated Silicon Microwave pin Diodes to X-ray and Fast-Neutron Irradiation

Here, integrated silicon microwave pin diodes are exposed to 10-keV X-rays up to a dose of 2 Mrad(SiO 2 ) and 14-MeV fast neutrons up to a fluence of 2.2×10 13 cm -2 . Changes in both DC leakage current and small-signal circuit components are examined. Degradation in performance due to total-ionizing dose is shown to be suppressed by non-quasi-static effects during RF operation. Tolerance to displacement damage from fast neutrons is also observed, which is explained using TCAD simulations. Overall, the characterized pin diodes are tolerant to cumulative radiation at levels consistent with space applications such as geosynchronous weather satellites.

42 ENGINEERING↗

High-resolution magnetic field fingerprinting of integrated circuit activity with a quantum diamond microscope

Devices for determining a state of a magnetic field-generating article are provided. In various embodiments, a device comprises: a single crystal diamond having a plurality of NV centers, the single crystal diamond configured to be disposed adjacent to a magnetic field-generating article, and configured to generate a fluorescent signal in response to being illuminated by a light source; a coherent light source configured to generate a light beam directed at the single crystal diamond; a microwave (MW) radiation source configured to irradiate the single crystal diamond with a MW signal; a magnetic field source configured to apply a bias magnetic field to the single crystal diamond; a photosensor configured to collect the fluorescent signal generated by the single crystal diamond; and a computing node operatively coupled to each of the coherent light source, the MW radiation source, the magnetic field source, and the photosensor.

Turner, Matthew James↗

Quantum Engineering With Hybrid Magnonic Systems and Materials (Invited Paper)

Quantum technology has made tremendous strides over the past two decades with remarkable advances in materials engineering, circuit design and dynamic operation. In particular, the integration of different quantum modules has benefited from hybrid quantum systems, which provide an important pathway for harnessing the different natural advantages of complementary quantum systems and for engineering new functionalities. This review focuses on the current frontiers with respect to utilizing magnetic excitations or magnons for novel quantum functionality. Magnons are the fundamental excitations of magnetically ordered solid-state materials and provide great tunability and exibility for interacting with various quantum modules for integration in diverse quantum systems. The concomitant rich variety of physics and material selections enable exploration of novel quantum phenomena in materials science and engineering. In addition, the relative ease of generating strong coupling and forming hybrid dynamic systems with other excitations makes hybrid magnonics a unique platform for quantum engineering. We start our discussion with circuit-based hybrid magnonic systems, which are coupled with microwave photons and acoustic phonons. Subsequently, we are focusing on the recent progress of magnon-magnon coupling within confined magnetic systems. Next we highlight new opportunities for understanding the interactions between magnons and nitrogen-vacancy centers for quantum sensing and implementing quantum interconnects. Lastly, we focus on the spin excitations and magnon spectra of novel quantum materials investigated with advanced optical characterization.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Broadband coplanar-waveguide-based impedance-transformed Josephson parametric amplifier

Quantum-limited Josephson parametric amplifiers play a pivotal role in advancing the field of circuit quantum electrodynamics by enabling the fast and high-fidelity measurement of weak microwave signals. Therefore, it is necessary to develop robust parametric amplifiers with low noise, broad bandwidth, and reduced design complexity for microwave detection. However, current broadband parametric amplifiers either have degraded noise performance or rely on complex designs. Here, we present a device based on the broadband impedance-transformed Josephson parametric amplifier that integrates a hornlike coplanar waveguide transmission line, which significantly decreases the design and fabrication complexity while keeping comparable performance. The device shows an instantaneous bandwidth of 700 (200) MHz for 15 (20) dB gain with an average input saturation power of − 110 dBm and near quantum-limited added noise. The operating frequency can be tuned over 1.4 GHz using an external flux bias. We further demonstrate the negligible backaction from our device on a transmon qubit. The amplification performance and simplicity of our device promise its wide adaptation in quantum metrology, quantum communication, and quantum information processing. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Qing, Bingcheng (ORCID:0000000345227017)↗

A compact cold-atom interferometer with a high data-rate grating magneto-optical trap and a photonic-integrated-circuit-compatible laser system

Abstract The extreme miniaturization of a cold-atom interferometer accelerometer requires the development of novel technologies and architectures for the interferometer subsystems. Here, we describe several component technologies and a laser system architecture to enable a path to such miniaturization. We developed a custom, compact titanium vacuum package containing a microfabricated grating chip for a tetrahedral grating magneto-optical trap (GMOT) using a single cooling beam. In addition, we designed a multi-channel photonic-integrated-circuit-compatible laser system implemented with a single seed laser and single sideband modulators in a time-multiplexed manner, reducing the number of optical channels connected to the sensor head. In a compact sensor head containing the vacuum package, sub-Doppler cooling in the GMOT produces 15 μK temperatures, and the GMOT can operate at a 20 Hz data rate. We validated the atomic coherence with Ramsey interferometry using microwave spectroscopy, then demonstrated a light-pulse atom interferometer in a gravimeter configuration for a 10 Hz measurement data rate and T = 0–4.5 ms interrogation time, resulting in Δ g / g = 2.0 × 10 −6 . This work represents a significant step towards deployable cold-atom inertial sensors under large amplitude motional dynamics.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Coherent Coupling of Two Remote Magnonic Resonators Mediated by Superconducting Circuits

We demonstrate microwave-mediated distant magnon-magnon coupling on a superconducting circuit platform, incorporating chip-mounted single-crystal Y 3 Fe 5 O 12 (YIG) spheres. Coherent level repulsion and dissipative level attraction between the magnon modes of the two YIG spheres are demonstrated. The former is mediated by cavity photons of a superconducting resonator, and the latter is mediated by propagating photons of a coplanar waveguide. Overall, our results open new avenues toward exploring integrated hybrid magnonic networks for coherent information processing on a quantum-compatible superconducting platform.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Cryogenic hybrid magnonic circuits based on spalled YIG thin films

Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) magnonics has garnered significant research interest because of the unique properties of magnons (quasiparticles of collective spin excitation) for signal processing. In particular, hybrid systems based on YIG magnonics show great promise for quantum information science due to their broad frequency tunability and strong compatibility with other platforms. However, their broad applications have been severely constrained by substantial microwave loss in the gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) substrate at cryogenic temperatures. In this study, we demonstrate that YIG thin films can be spalled from YIG/GGG samples. Our approach is validated by measuring hybrid devices comprising superconducting resonators and spalled YIG films, which exhibit anti-crossing features that indicate strong coupling between magnons and microwave photons. Such new capability of separating YIG thin films from GGG substrates via spalling and the integrated superconductor-YIG devices represent a significant advancement for integrated magnonic devices, paving the way for advanced magnon-based coherent information processing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Low-phase-noise surface-acoustic-wave oscillator using an edge mode of a phononic band gap

Low-phase-noise microwave-frequency integrated oscillators provide compact solutions for various applications in signal processing, communications, and sensing. Surface acoustic waves (SAWs), featuring orders-of-magnitude shorter wavelength than electromagnetic waves at the same frequency, enable integrated microwave-frequency systems with much smaller footprint on chip. SAW devices also allow higher-quality (Q) factors than electronic components at room temperature. Here, we demonstrate a low-phase-noise gigahertz-frequency SAW oscillator on 128°Y-cut lithium niobate, where the SAW resonator occupies a footprint of 0.05 mm 2 . Leveraging phononic crystal band-gap-edge modes to balance between Q factors and insertion losses, our 1-GHz SAW oscillator features a low phase noise of -132.5 dBc/Hz at a 10-kHz offset frequency and an overlapping Hadamard deviation of 6.5 × 10 -10 at an analysis time of 64 ms. The SAW resonator-based oscillator holds high potential in developing low-noise sensors and acousto-optic integrated circuits.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Microwave-optical quantum frequency conversion

Photons at microwave and optical frequencies are principal carriers for quantum information. While microwave photons can be effectively controlled at the local circuit level, optical photons can propagate over long distances. High-fidelity conversion between microwave and optical photons will allow the distribution of quantum states across different quantum technology nodes and enhance the scalability of hybrid quantum systems toward a future “Quantum Internet.” Despite a frequency difference of five orders of magnitude, there has been significant progress recently toward the transfer between microwave and optical photons with steadily improved efficiency in a coherent and bidirectional manner. In this review, we summarize this progress, emphasizing integrated device approaches, and provide a perspective for device implementation that enables quantum state transfer and entanglement distribution across microwave and optical domains.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Optical nanofiber testbeds for benchmarking membrane-waveguide photonic integrated circuit platforms toward on-chip quantum inertial sensing

Recent advances in cold atom interferometry with optical and magnetic atom guides have set the stage for quantum inertial sensors capable of operating in dynamic environments. In this work, we present three key innovations—evanescent-field (EF) atom guides, optical nanofiber testbeds, and membrane-waveguide photonic integrated circuit (PIC) platforms—to advance EF-guided atom interferometry. First, we demonstrate EF atom guides on optical nanofiber testbeds, which serve as performance benchmarks for our membrane-waveguide PIC platforms. Second, we achieve low-power (⁠ ~ 5 mW) guiding of freely moving, laser-cooled 133 Cs atoms in two-color, traveling-wave EF optical dipole traps at the novel, heat-efficient magic wavelengths of 793 and 937 nm (i.e., “793/937-nm EF atom guides”). Concurrently, we design and fabricate membrane-waveguide PIC platforms for these EF atom guides; in our prior work, we showed that these structures safely accommodate 4–6 times the required optical trap power under vacuum and enable dense cold atom generation via magneto-optical trapping in the vicinity of the optical wavguide for efficient loading. Third, we verify preserved atomic coherence via microwave fields and EF-coupled Doppler-free Raman beams; to our knowledge, this is the first report of coherence fringes driven by co-propagating EF-coupled Raman beams with only 150 nW of total optical power. By providing a direct comparison between optical nanofiber testbeds and membrane-waveguide PIC platforms, our results lay critical groundwork for the on-chip realization of EF-guided atom interferometry and the development of fully integrated, compact, lightweight, and low-power quantum accelerometers and gyroscopes.

Orozco, Adrian [Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-↗

Single-shot magnon interference in a magnon-superconducting-resonator hybrid circuit

Magnon interference is a hallmark of coherent magnon interactions. In this work, we demonstrate single-shot magnon interference using up to four magnon pulses in two remotely coupled yttrium iron garnet spheres mediated by a coplanar superconducting resonator. By exciting one YIG sphere with injected microwave pulses, we achieve coherent energy exchange between the two spheres, facilitating their interference processes, including Rabi-like oscillation with a single pulse, constructive and destructive interference with two pulses, and interference peak sharpening with up to four pulses—analogous to diffraction grating in optical interference. The resulting interference patterns can be precisely controlled by changing the frequency detuning and time delay of the magnon pulses. The demonstration of time-domain coherent control of remote magnon interference opens new pathways for advancing coherent information processing through multi-operation, circuit-integrated hybrid magnonic networks.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Nanoscale Observation and Control of Quasiparticle Induced Magnetic Noise in a Superconducting Resonator

Superconducting circuits are arguably taking a leading role in driving the ongoing quantum technological revolution. A detailed knowledge of the microscopic fluctuating electromagnetic properties plays an important role in advancing the circuitry design, testing, and material integration of cutting-edge superconducting quantum electronics. Here, in this work, we report scanning nitrogen-vacancy (NV) quantum sensing of local magnetic noise environment of an on-chip superconducting resonator. We find that quasiparticle-induced fluctuating magnetic fields can drive NV spin relaxation, which shows a peak value around the superconducting transition point of niobium at the thermal equilibrium state. External microwave driving at the resonator mode frequency significantly increases the quasiparticle density, leading to enhancement of magnetic noise. We further perform optically detected magnetic resonance measurements to demonstrate quasiparticle magnetic noise mediated off-resonant dipole coupling between the NV center and niobium resonator. Our Letter reports experimental observation of the Hebel-Slichter peak signature by an external sensor outside of a superconductor. The presented study also highlights the advantages of quantum sensors in investigating miniaturized superconducting devices, providing insights into their future performance improvements.

Li, Senlei [Georgia Institute of Technology]↗

Gigahertz-frequency acousto-optic phase modulation of visible light in a CMOS-fabricated photonic circuit

Optical phase modulators operating at visible wavelengths are essential components for photonic technologies such as those for quantum control, communications, and laser ranging. However, they remain challenging to implement in scalable, integrated platforms capable of handling high optical powers. Here we present a visible-light, gigahertz-frequency acousto-optic phase modulator, fabricated on a 200-mm wafer in a volume CMOS foundry, that supports greater than 500 mW of optical power at 730 nm. The device combines a piezoelectric transducer and a photonic waveguide within a single, wavelength-scale structure that confines both a propagating optical mode and an electrically excitable breathing-mode mechanical resonance. By tuning the device’s geometry to optimize the optomechanical interaction, we achieve modulation depths up to 4.85 rad with 80 mW of applied microwave power at 2.31 GHz in a 2-mm-long device. This corresponds to resonant modulation figures of merit of V π = 1.32V and V π ⋅ L = 0.26V cm. To our knowledge, this is the lowest V π ever demonstrated in any acousto-optic phase modulator and represents a 15-fold reduction in V π and a 100-fold reduction in required microwave power relative to state-of-the-art modulators with high visible-wavelength power handling commonly employed in quantum control systems.

Freedman, Jacob M. [Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (↗

Johnson-noise-limited cancellation-free microwave impedance microscopy with monolithic silicon cantilever probes

Abstract Microwave impedance microscopy (MIM) is an emerging scanning probe technique for nanoscale complex permittivity mapping and has made significant impacts in diverse fields. To date, the most significant hurdles that limit its widespread use are the requirements of specialized microwave probes and high-precision cancellation circuits. Here, we show that forgoing both elements not only is feasible but also enhances performance. Using monolithic silicon cantilever probes and a cancellation-free architecture, we demonstrate Johnson-noise-limited, drift-free MIM operation with 15 nm spatial resolution, minimal topography crosstalk, and an unprecedented sensitivity of 0.26 zF/ √ Hz. We accomplish this by taking advantage of the high mechanical resonant frequency and spatial resolution of silicon probes, the inherent common-mode phase noise rejection of self-referenced homodyne detection, and the exceptional stability of the streamlined architecture. Our approach makes MIM drastically more accessible and paves the way for advanced operation modes as well as integration with complementary techniques.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗