Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “MULTIPLIER”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1980

On the origin of multiply-impulsive emission from solar flares

A set of solar hard X-ray bursts observed with the hard X-ray burst spectrometer on board the OSO-5 satellite was analyzed. The multiply-impulsive two stage events were selected on the basis of both morphological characteristics and association with appropriate phenomena at other wavelengths. Coincident radio, soft X-ray, H-alpha interplanetary particle, and magnetographic data were obtained from several observatories, to aid in developing a comprehensive picture of the physical processes underlying these complex bursts. Two classes of multiply impulsive bursts were identified: events whose components spikes apparently originate in one location, and events in which groups of spikes appear to come from separate regions which flare sequentially. The origin of multiplicity in the case of a single source region remains unidentified. Purely impulsive emissions show no sign of betatron acceleration, thus eliminating this mechanisn as a candidate for inducing multiply spiked structure. The majority of the two stage bursts, however, exhibited spectral behavior consistent with the betatron model, for the first few minutes of the second stage. Betatron acceleration thus has been identified as a common second stage phenomenon.

Karpen, J. T.↗
NASA NTRS1984

A stochastic model for photon noise induced by charged particles in multiplier phototubes of the space telescope fine guidance sensors

The Space Telescope (ST) is subjected to charged particle strikes in its space environment. ST's onboard fine guidance sensors utilize multiplier phototubes (PMT) for attitude determination. These tubes, when subjected to charged particle strikes, generate spurious photons in the form of Cerenkov radiation and fluorescence which give rise to unwanted disturbances in the pointing of the telescope. A stochastic model for the number of these spurious photons which strike the photocathode of the multiplier phototube which in turn produce the unwanted photon noise are presented. The model is applicable to both galactic cosmic rays and charged particles trapped in the Earth's radiation belts. The model which was programmed allows for easy adaption to a wide range of particles and different parameters for the phototube of the multiplier. The probability density functions for photons noise caused by protons, alpha particles, and carbon nuclei were using thousands of simulated strikes. These distributions are used as part of an overall ST dynamics simulation. The sensitivity of the density function to changes in the window parameters was also investigated.

Howell, L. W.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Stochastic model for photon noise induced by charged particles in multiplier phototubes of the Hubble Space Telescope fine guidance sensors

The Space Telescope (ST) is subjected to charged particle strikes in its space environment. ST's onboard fine guidance sensors utilize multiplier phototubes (PMT) for attitude determination. These tubes, when subjected to charged particle strikes, generate spurious photons in the form of Cerenkov radiation and fluorescence which give rise to unwanted disturbances in the pointing of the telescope. A stochastic model for the number of these spurious photons which strike the photocathodes of the multiplier phototube which in turn produce the unwanted photon noise are presented. The model is applicable to both galactic cosmic rays and charged particles trapped in the earth's radiation belts. The model which was programmed allows for easy adaption to a wide range of particles and different parameters for the phototube of the multiplier. The probability density functions for photons noise caused by protons, alpha particles, and carbon nuclei were using thousands of simulated strikes. These distributions are used as part of an overall ST dynamics simulation. The sensitivity of the density function to changes in the window parameters was also investigated.

Howell, L. W.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Serial multiplier arrays for parallel computation

Arrays of systolic serial-parallel multiplier elements are proposed as an alternative to conventional SIMD mesh serial adder arrays for applications that are multiplication intensive and require few stored operands. The design and operation of a number of multiplier and array configurations featuring locality of connection, modularity, and regularity of structure are discussed. A design methodology combining top-down and bottom-up techniques is described to facilitate development of custom high-performance CMOS multiplier element arrays as well as rapid synthesis of simulation models and semicustom prototype CMOS components. Finally, a differential version of NORA dynamic circuits requiring a single-phase uncomplemented clock signal introduced for this application.

Winters, Kel↗
NASA NTRS1995

Improved Program For Calculation Of Heat-Load Multiplier

PRM1940 computer program computes heat-load multiplier for use in Power Balance Model (PBM) computer program which calculates hundreds of operating parameters of main engine of space shuttle from relatively few measurement data. PRM1940 is stand-alone program which incorporates only those PBM calculations necessary to compute heat-load multiplier. Developed to accelerate and partly automate calculation of heat-load multiplier. Although programs specific to space shuttle application, also of interest to engineers concerned with monitoring of conditions in turbines, chemical-processing plants, and other high-temperature flow machinery.

D'Valentine, Mark↗
NASA NTRS1991

Multiplying video mixer system

A multiplying video mixer system including a digital signal generator for generating at least one overlay signal and an attribute control bit corresponding to each of a plurality of pixels. A background signal generator generates input background signals to which the attribute control bits are applied to effect the input background signals with a desired opaque/transparent attribute. At least one video multiplier multiplies the overlay attribute signals and background signals to produce an output video signal having an amplitude equal to the product of the amplitudes of the overlay and background signals.

Heckt, Neil W.↗
NASA NTRS2007

Terahertz Schottky Multiplier Sources

This viewgraph presentation reviews the multiplier source technologies and the status/Performance of THz multiplier sources. An example of a THz application is imaging radar. The presentation reviews areas of requirements for THz sources: (1) Figures of merit, (i.e., Frequency Terahertz for high resolution Bandwidth of at least 15 GHz for high range resolution Efficiency (i.e., minimize power supply requirements) (2) Output power: (i.e., Milliwatts below 800 GHz, 10s of microwatts above 1 THz, 1-2 microwatts near 2 THz (3) Mechanical--stability, compact, low mass (4) Environmental -- radiation, vibration, thermal. Several sources for 0.3 - 2 THz are reviewed: FIR lasers, quantum cascade lasers (QCL), backward-wave oscillator (BWO), and Multiplier sources. The current state of the art (SoA) is shown as Substrateless Technology. It also shows where the SoA is for devices beyond 1 THz. The presentation concludes by reviewing the options for future development, and 2 technology roadmaps

submillimeter wave↗
NASA NTRS2018

Modeling Principles Using the Relation Between Lagrange Multipliers and Bond Graphs

Final document is attached. Modeling dynamic systems by bond graphs has become state of the art technology since hundreds of researchers around the world have incorporated the technology in many fields of engineering and science. The legacy of its invertor Prof. Henry Paynter at MIT in 1959 is now a fundamental and practical technique to understand reality by building computer models. This paper addresses a particular aspect of this technology when modeling of mechanical systems require relaxation of constraints by means of Lagrange principles. Lagrange's equations are a useful means of describing and solving systems with kinematic constraints. Lagrange multipliers are variables used in equations to find the extremes of multivariate functions. Here we explore the relation of Lagrange multipliers to solve modeling difficulties of a space vehicle with equations with dependent derivatives. Lagrange multipliers were used in conjunction with bond graphs to simulate a system where joints of kinematic linkages produce dependent derivatives. NASA's Morpheus Project lunar lander was used as a case study. The Morpheus Project is a terrestrial test vehicle designed to fly the terminal descent trajectory of a lunar lander to advance the Autonomous Landing Hazard Avoidance Technology (ALHAT). An objective of this study is to apply the modeling approach herein to capture the dynamic movement of the lander as the propellant is sloshed and consumed. This paper expands further the analysis presented by (Granda, J J. Nguyen, L, Carlson, T, Sahragard-Monfared, G., Fornalski, E., Brocker 2016). Using an automated approach bond graph models of state space equations were generated using the Computer Aided Modeling Program (CAMPG). Integral causality models and derivative causality models were considered in order to find the simpler solution for the mathematical dependencies produced in modeling this vehicle.

Granda, Jose J.↗
NASA NTRS1965

Photoresistance analog multiplier has wide range

Photoactivated bridge facilitates equal performance of analog multipliers over a wide frequency range. The multiplier operates from direct current to an upper frequency limited by either the light source or the closed-loop amplifier.

Hartenstein, R. G.↗
NASA NTRS1967

Electron multiplier has improved performance and stability

Electron multiplier contains a series of massive metal dynodes, compactly secured with ceramic rods for operation in a metal housing. The housing is rigidly mounted within a soft steel vacuum enclosure which shields the multiplier from the effects of external electromagnetic fields.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1970

Characteristics of step-recovery-diode frequency multipliers

Investigation into the uses of step-recovery diodes /SRD's/ leads to the development of necessary circuitry for using fast current-switching capabilities of SRD's in frequency multiplication, the design of solid-state X-band transmitters employing SRD multipliers, and the use of SRD multipliers in a phased-array receiving antenna.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1971

Quasioptical circuits relating to frequency multipliers.

Description of the various major components useful in a 30- to 60-GHz varactor doubler circuit employing quasi-optical techniques. A description is given of the required directional filters, waveguide tuners, and varactor mounts. An attempt is made to determine the potential efficiency of various quasi-optical multiplier mounts and also to compare the efficiency obtainable by quasi-optical techniques with that achievable in standard-waveguide multiplier mounts.

Kraemer, E.↗
NASA NTRS1974

High performance dc-dc conversion with voltage multipliers

The voltage multipliers using capacitors and diodes first developed by Cockcroft and Walton in 1932 were reexamined in terms of state of the art fast switching transistors and diodes, and high energy density capacitors. Because of component improvements, the voltage multiplier, used without a transformer, now appears superior in weight to systems now in use for dc-dc conversion. An experimental 100-watt 1000-volt dc-dc converter operating at 100 kHz was built, with a component weight of about 1 kg/kW. Calculated and measured values of output voltage and efficiency agreed within experimental error.

Harrigill, W. T.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Gain degradation and efficiencies of spiral electron multipliers

The characteristics of spiral electron multipliers as functions of accumulated counts were investigated. The mean gain of the multipliers showed a steady decline from about 100 million when new, to about one million after 100 billion events when biased in a saturation mode. For prolonged use in a space environment, improved life expectancy might be obtained with a varying bias voltage adjusted to maintain the gain comfortably above a given discrimination level. Pulse-height distributions at various stages of the lifetime and variations of efficiency with energy of detected electrons are presented.

Judge, R. J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Use of channel electron multipliers as secondary standard detectors at EUV wavelengths

The procedures available for photometric calibration at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths are outlined and the requirements for a secondary standard EUV photomultiplier defined. The performance of a number of commercially available channel electron multipliers over the 304-1350-A wavelength range is described, and their suitability for use as secondary standards is discussed in detail. Although none of the multipliers evaluated fully met the requirements for a secondary standard, it proved possible to calibrate absolutely a Mullard cone channel over the required wavelength range to an accuracy of plus or minus 9% and to employ it as a secondary standard in the calibration of a series of sounding rocket spectrometers.

Timothy, J. G.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Noise limitations of multiplier phototubes in the radiation environment of space

The contributions of Cerenkov emission, luminescence, secondary electron emission, and bremsstrahlung to radiation-induced data current and noise of multiplier phototubes were analyzed quantitatively. Fluorescence and Cerenkov emission in the tube window are the major contributors and can quantitatively account for dark count levels observed in orbit. Radiation-induced noise can be minimized by shielding, tube selection, and mode of operation. Optical decoupling of windows and cathode (side-window tubes) leads to further reduction of radiation-induced dark counts, as does reducing the window thickness and effective cathode area, and selection of window/cathode combinations of low fluorescence efficiency. In trapped radiation-free regions of near-earth orbits and in free space, Cerenkov emission by relativistic particles contributes predominantly to the photoelectron yield per event. Operating multiplier phototubes in the photon (pulse) counting mode will discriminate against these large pulses and substantially reduce the dark count and noise to levels determined by fluorescence.

Viehmann, W.↗