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DOE OSTI2022

Design of a PIP-II Era Mu2e Experiment

We propose a design of an upgraded Mu2e experiment for the future Fermilab PIP-II era based on the muon collider front end. The consensus is that such an upgrade should provide a factor of 10 increase in the rate of stopping muons in the experimental target. The current Mu2e design is optimized for 8 kW of protons at 8 GeV. The PIP-II upgrade project is a 250-meter-long CW linac capable of accelerating a 2-mA proton beam to a kinetic energy of 800 MeV (total power 1.6 MW). This would significantly improve the Fermilab proton source to enable next-generation intensity frontier experiments. But using this 800 MeV beam poses challenges to the Mu2E experiment. Bright muon beams generated from sources designed for muon collider and neutrino factory facilities have been shown to generate two orders of magnitude more muons per proton than the current Mu2e production target and solenoid. In contrast to the current Mu2e, the muon collider design has forward-production of muons from the target.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Mu2e Experiment (Final Technical Report)

This is the final technical report for the initial two year funding period to start a new collaboration group at the University of California Davis for the Mu2e Experiment at Fermilab. The goal if the Mu2e Experiment is to search for the conversion to an electron of a muon that has been captured by an aluminum nucleus. While this process is effectively forbidden in the Standard Model, it is a virtually universal feature of models beyond the Standard Model. Mu2e will probe the reaction with a sensitivity that is roughly four orders of magnitude better than the best previous measurement. This range of sensitivity probes most of the parameters space of supersymmetry, and any signal will be unambigious proof of physics beyond the Standard Model. Professor Prebys was one of the founding members and first spokespersons of the Mu2e Experiment during his time af Fermilab. He came to UC Davis in 2017 with the goal of starting a Mu2e collaborating group here, and this grant has funded that effort. Specifically, in addition to summer salary, it has supported a graduate student and a postdoc, both of whom are now permanently stationed at Fermilab. During this time, their work has focused primarily on the understanding to the formation of the proton bunches in Fermilab Recycler, as this is critical to the experiment. This has included both measurements and simulations.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

An updated estimate of the Mu2e experiment sensitivity

The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will search for the conversion of a negative muon into an electron inside the field of a nucleus. This process does not conserve charged-lepton flavour and is heavily suppressed in the Standard Model (SM), with a branching ratio < 10-50. Any evidence of it would be an undeniable evidence of new physics beyond the SM. The project sets out to achieve a single event sensitivity of $\sim 3 × 10^{-17}$ on the ratio between the probability for a conversion of a negative muon into an electron and the one for a muon capture by the nucleus. Such a sensitivity would represent a 4 orders of magnitude improvement on the previous upper limit for the process, making possible to test predictions of different extensions of the SM. Mu2e uses three superconducting solenoids to produce and measure the muon conversions. In the first solenoid, the Production Solenoid, pions and kaons are produced, together with other secondary products, by 8 GeV kinetic energy proton interactions in a tungsten target. A gradient magnetic field is specifically designed to direct low momentum particles into the Transport Solenoid, an S-shaped magnet that filters out particles with unwanted charge and momentum. Muons, produced by pion and kaon decays, finally reach the aluminum Stopping Target in the Detector Solenoid, where they eventually stop and convert. The result of the conversion process is a monochromatic electron of ~105 MeV/c momentum. The Detector Solenoid also hosts the two main detectors: a straw tube tracker and two CsI calorimeter disks, both providing measurement of event kinematics. A germanium detector and a LaBr crystal are located downstream of the Detector Solenoid to measure the X and gamma rays produced by the muon captures in the Stopping Target. A veto system of scintillators covering the Detector Solenoid and half of the Transport Solenoid is used to identify and reject cosmic rays interactions. With respect to the initial project, the Mu2e running plan has evolved to a staged configuration with 2 years at reduced intensity before the 2025 accelerator shutdown for the neutrino beam upgrade and 2 or 3 years at full intensity after that. This, together with geometry changes and a better knowledge of detector performances obtained by the first slice tests, has required a full revision of the signal over background selection that is the subject of this thesis. In order to achieve a new estimate of Mu2e sensitivity, the simulation of the data corresponding to the first 2 years of data acquisition has been performed. This includes both conversion electrons (CE) and the main sources of background: cosmics, decay-in orbits (DIO), radiative pion captures (RPC) and antiprotons. The characteristics of the signal and of the main backgrounds have been studied to define the best selection variables for CE. A special effort has been devoted to the evaluation of the antiproton background. The lack of experimental data for antiproton production cross section makes the systematic uncertainty on this background significant. A new parameterization of the cross section has been developed to fit the existing data and to provide a more reliable estimate of the systematic uncertainty by comparing the results of the old and the new model. A special effort has been devoted to the optimization of the antiprotons Monte Carlo generator. This study has also revealed that the dominant component within this background is represented by antiprotons produced in the opposite direction with respect to the Transport Solenoid entrance and then redirected to it by back-scattering processes in the Production Target. This ultimately highlights the sensitivity of the background estimate to the G4 handling of antiproton interactions in the 1 to 3 GeV/c momentum range. Finally, the final experimental sensitivity has been studied. The momentum and time selection have been optimized to obtain the 5-sigma discovery reach or, in case of no signal, the upper limit on conversion probability. The results confirm that, in the firs t two years of data taking, Mu2e will be able to improve the current experimental sensitivity for muon-to-electron conversion in an atomic field by more than 3 order of magnitudes.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Performance Analysis and Radiation Damage Estimation of the Stopping Target Monitor Detectors in Mu2e

The Mu2e experiment aims to search for the charged lepton flavour violating (CLFV) process of a coherent, neutrinoless, conversion of a muon into an electron within the proximity of an aluminium nucleus. Mu2e seeks to measure the ratio (R μe ) of the rate of this conversion process, relative to that of ordinary muon capture. Mu2e will achieve world-leading sensitivity, improving the current limit of Rμe < 7 ×10 -13 (90% C.L.),set by the SINDRUM-II experiment, by an order of 104. This corresponds to a single-event sensitivity of Rμe < 2.87 × 10 -17 (90% C.L.). Many beyond Standard Model (BSM) theories require CLFV to occur at a rate accessible by Mu2e. Any observation of CLFV at Mu2e would have profound implications on particle physics. The Stopping Target Monitor (STM) will be comprised of both a HPGe and a LaBr3 detector which will monitor the signals of photons produced in stopped-muon processes to a required accuracy of 10%. To achieve the desired sensitivity, it is imperative that the detectors perform at their optimal level. The STM detectors are placed within a harsh radiation environment in the form of a high energy ‘flash’ of gamma radiation as well as a flux of fast neutrons. Estimations of radiation damage to HPGe in literature is limited. This thesis reports an approach which utilizes the Kinetic-Energy Released in Matter (KERMA) parameter that considers the energy dependence of the incident flux and the cross-section information for the incident particle. Resampling schemes have been adopted to give a realistic rate over the experiment run time. The results have then been normalized to the radiation damage caused by a 252 Cf source. The estimated time before annealing of the detector is necessary is found to be 75 and 78 months in the case of neutron damage and τ ~ 24 years, 11 months in the case of electron/positron induced damage. This shows significant improvement on the previous estimations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Enhancements and Deployment of the TDAQ System for the Mu2e Experiment

The Real Time Processing Systems Division at Fermilab has deployed new features to the Off-The-Shelf Data Acquisition framework (otsdaq) for the Mu2e experiment. The Mu2e experiment will search for the coherent neutrino-less conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus with a sensitivity improvement of 10,000 times over existing limits. Such a charged lepton flavor-violating reaction probes new physics at a scale unavailable at present or planned high-energy colliders. The Mu2e Trigger and Data Acquisition (TDAQ) system uses otsdaq as its online Data Acquisition System (DAQ) framework. otsdaq integrates the artdaq and art frameworks for event transfer, filtering, and processing. otsdaq is a web-based DAQ software suite focusing on flexibility and scalability and provides a multi-user interface accessible through a web browser. artdaq handles the entire data stream, which is read over the peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) bus to a software filter algorithm that selects events combined with the data flux coming from a cosmic-ray veto (CRV) system. Detector front-ends are configured through the PCIe bus by customized otsdaq plugins. The otsdaq slow controls infrastructure has been further developed using the experimental physics and industrial control system (EPICS) open-source platform for monitoring, controlling, alarming, and archiving. The detector control system (DCS) for Mu2e has been integrated into otsdaq. The production TDAQ and DCS system has been deployed at the experimental hall and is being debugged and optimized for experiment operations. We report on the feature enhancements and deployment of otsdaq for Mu2e.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Slow control and TDAQ systems installation and tests in the Mu2e experiment

The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will attempt to detect a coherent neutrinoless conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus, with a sensitivity that is 10,000 times greater than existing limits. The Mu2e trigger and data acquisition system (TDAQ) uses the otsdaqframework as its online Data Acquisition System (DAQ) solution. Developed at Fermilab, otsdaq integrates several components, such as an artdaq-based DAQ, an art-based event processing, and an EPICS-based detector control system (DCS), and provides a uniform multi-user interface toits components through a web browser. The data streams from the Mu2e tracker and calorimeter are handled by the artdaq-based DAQ and processed by a one-level software trigger implemented within the art framework. Events accepted by the trigger have their data combined, post-trigger, with the separately read-out data from the Mu2e Cosmic Ray Veto system. The foundation of Mu2e DCS, EPICS, an Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System, is an open-source platform for monitoring, controlling, alarming, and archiving. Over the last three years, a prototype ofthe TDAQ and DCS systems has been built and tested at Fermilab’s Feynman Computing Center.Currently, the production system installation is underway. At the end, this work presents a brief update on the installation of racks and DAQ hardware.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Mu2e-II: Muon to electron conversion with PIP-II

An observation of Charged Lepton Flavor Violation (CLFV) would be unambiguous evidence for physics beyond the Standard Model. The Mu2e and COMET experiments, under construction, are designed to push the sensitivity to CLFV in the mu to e conversion process to unprecedented levels. Whether conversion is observed or not, there is a strong case to be made for further improving sensitivity, or for examining the process on additional target materials. Mu2e-II is a proposed upgrade to Mu2e, with at least an additional order of magnitude in sensitivity to the conversion rate over Mu2e. The approach and challenges for this proposal are summarized. Mu2e-II may be regarded as the next logical step in a continued high-intensity muon program at FNAL.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Schottky Tune Meter for the Fermilab Mu2E Delivery Ring

The Mu2E experiment will measure the ratio of the rate of the neutrinoless, coherent conversion of muons into electrons as a measure of Charged Lepton Flavor Violation. As part of the Mu2E experiment, a proton storage ring, called the Delivery Ring, will utilize resonant extraction to slow-spill protons to the experiment. To regulate and optimize the Delivery Ring resonant extraction process, a fast tune measurement scheme will be required. This Mu2E tune meter will measure the average tune and the tune spectrum, in multiple time slices, through the entire resonant extraction cycle of nominally 43 msec. The Mu2E tune meter system utilizes vertical and horizontal 21.4 MHz Schottky detector resonant pickups, taken from the decommissioned Tevatron, high-gain amplifiers and digital down-conversion FPGA logic for its signal processing. This paper will present the design of this Schottky tune meter as well as tune measurements from the Mu2E delivery ring.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Qualifying LaBr3:Ce+Sr detector performance for the Mu2e experiment at Fermilab Using the ELBE Accelerator

A LaBr3:Ce+Sr detector will be used to measure the stopped muon captures at the Mu2e experiment at Fermilab. It has been benchmarked in a test beam experiment performed at the ELBE electron accelerator located at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany. ELBE’s pulsed bremsstrahlung beam line was set to deliver an average γ -ray energy of between 4–5 MeV. The detector response was mapped to match Mu2e beam conditions, including rates up to 1 Mcps, energy flux, and time structure. A radioactive calibration source was used to mimic the characteristic 1808.7 keV γ -ray, emitted during the atomic muon nuclear capture in the Mu2e aluminum stopping target. The detector energy resolution was measured as a function of the average energy flux: up to 1 TeV/s for 0.34 s, the steady-operation beam-on time and up to 4 TeV/s for 5 ms to get a conservative estimate of the effect of high intensity Mu2e beam fluctuations. The PMT gain variation as a function of the beam spill length and average intensity has been parametrized and corrected for. When a PMT gain correction corresponding to the average beam-spill intensity is applied, the residual effect of beam intensity fluctuations around the average degrades the energy resolution, σ E γ /E γ , at 1808.7 keV from 0.66% to 0.83%.

Huang, Shihua [Purdue U., West Lafayette]↗
DOE OSTI2022

Development, construction and tests of the Mu2e electromagnetic calorimeter mechanical structures

The “muon-to-electron conversion” (Mu2e) experiment at Fermilab will search for the charged lepton flavour violating neutrino-less coherent conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus. The observation of this process would be the unambiguous evidence of the existence of physics beyond the standard model. Mu2e detectors comprise a straw-tracker, an electromagnetic calorimeter and an external veto for cosmic rays. In particular, the calorimeter provides excellent electron identification, a fast calorimetric online trigger, and complementary information to aid pattern recognition and track reconstruction. The detector has been designed as a state-of-the-art crystal calorimeter and employs 1348 pure Cesium Iodide (CsI) crystals readout by UV-extended silicon photosensors and fast front-end and digitization electronics. A design consisting of two identical annular matrices (named “disks”) positioned at the relative distance of 70 cm downstream the aluminum target along the muon beamline satisfies the Mu2e physics requirements. The hostile Mu2e operational conditions, in terms of radiation levels (total expected ionizing dose of 12 krad and a neutron fluence of 5 × 10$^{10}$ n/cm$^{2}$ @ 1 MeV$_{eq}$ (Si)/y), magnetic field intensity (1 T) and vacuum level (10$^{-4}$ Torr) have posed tight constraints on scintillating materials, sensors, electronics and on the design of the detector mechanical structures and material choice. The support structure of each 674 crystal matrix is composed of an aluminum hollow ring and parts made of open-cell vacuum-compatible carbon fiber. The photosensors and front-end electronics for the readout of each crystal are inserted in a machined copper holder and make a unique mechanical unit. The resulting 674 mechanical units are supported by a machined plate of vacuum-compatible plastic material. The plate also integrates the cooling system made of a network of copper lines flowing a low temperature radiation-hard fluid and placed in thermal contact with the copper holders to constitute a low resistance thermal bridge. The data acquisition electronics are hosted in aluminum custom crates positioned on the external lateral surface of the disks. The crates also integrate the electronics cooling system as lines running in parallel to the front-end system. In this paper we report on the calorimeter mechanical structure design, the mechanical and thermal simulations that have determined the design technological choices, and the status of component production, quality assurance tests and plans for assembly at Fermilab.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2026

Development of a pattern recognition algorithm for reconstructing multi-particle events in the Mu2e detector

Mu2e is an upcoming experiment at Fermilab and its main goal is to search for the Charged Lepton Flavor Violation (CLFV) in the coherent transition of a muon into an electron on an Al target. In Mu2e, multi-particle events can occur simultaneously within the same time region and it is crucial to accurately identify each particle track, including signals, to improve the robustness of track finding methods and enhance reconstruction efficiency. ¯p annihilation is one of the background events and produces multiple particles that can mimic signal events. Additionally, photons from radiative pion captures can produce a γ → $e+e−$ pair, which can be used to calibrate the Mu2e momentum scale and the resolution. The Mu2e track reconstruction sequence begins by grouping hits produced in the tracker based on time and z coordinate information, called TimeCluster, and selected hits are processed to reconstruct helices and determine their momentum. The current pattern recognition algorithms identify a single helix per TimeCluster for single track events. A new pattern recognition algorithm is being developed to reconstruct multi-particle events and its features for finding multiple tracks and the current evaluation results are reported.

Kitagawa, H. [Pisa U.]↗
DOE OSTI2020

Design of a PIP-II Era Mu2e Experiment

We present an alternative Mu2e-II production scheme for the Fermilab PIP-II era based on production schemes we devised for muon-collider and neutrino-factory front ends. Bright muon beams generated from sources designed for muon collider and neutrino factory facilities have been shown to generate two orders of magnitude more muons per proton than the current Mu2e production target and solenoid. In contrast to the current Mu2e, the muon collider design has forward-production of muons from the target. Forward production from 8 GeV protons would include high energy antiprotons, pions and muons, which would provide too much background for the Mu2e system. In contrast, the 800 MeV PIP-II beam does not have sufficient energy to produce antiprotons, and other secondaries will be at a low enough energy that they can be ranged out with an affordable shield of ~ 2 meters of concrete.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Mu2e-II Injection from PIP-II

We discuss injection of 800 MeV proton beam from PIP-II into the production target for Mu2e-II, assuming a targeting and μ production scenario similar to mu2e. The incoming beam trajectory must be modified from the mu2e parameters to match the focusing fields. Adding a vertical deflection at injection enables the injected beam to reach the target. Other differences from the mu2e system must be considered, including changes in the target structure, the radiation shielding and beam dump/absorber. H- beam should be stripped to p+. Other variations are discussed.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Search for Rare Processes: Mu2e and KOTO

The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics has been very successful in describing the fundamental forces, the properties of elementary particles, and predicting particles prior to their discovery, for example the top quark and the Higgs boson. Yet the SM does not explain all phenomena, and discoveries of physics processes beyond the SM will allow progress in our understanding of the fundamental nature of matter and forces. The search for rare processes is one of the paths to look for new physics. Two of these searches are for muon to electron conversion and the decay $\text{K}_\text{L}\rightarrow \pi^0 \nu \bar{\nu}$. Our main effort was in the Mu2e experiment under construction at Fermilab, which has the goal of searching for the neutrinoless conversion of a muon into an electron at a single event sensitivity of 2.87 x 10-17 and, in the process, provide evidence of physics processes beyond the Standard Model. We developed the firmware to be used in the Mu2e tracker readout, assisted in the construction and operation of the Mu2e Vertical Slice Test, and provided input to studies of cosmic event reconstructions in Mu2e using simulated data. Under this reward we also concluded our effort in two KOTO experiment in J-PARC, Japan and set a limit on the rate of the rare decay, $\text{K}_\text{L}\rightarrow \pi^0 \nu \bar{\nu}$ using the data collected in the 2016-2018 period. We also maintained and operated the DAQ system used for data collection thru 2021.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

High-Throughput Custom Monitoring for the Mu2e TDAQ System

In this project we are studying the application of programmable network hardware to provide a custom monitoring capability for the Mu2e Trigger and Data Acquisition System (TDAQ) system. The goal of the Mu2e experiment is to search for a charged-lepton flavor violating processes where a negative muon converts into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus. This experiment is intended to improve by four orders of magnitude the search sensitivity reached so far. We have a working prototype of a system that provides high-throughput, custom monitoring for the Mu2e TDAQ system. The custom Mu2e network packet header format is parsed as it crosses the network switch. Parsing extracts bits that convey information about error states at read-out controllers (ROCs). This information is periodically relayed to the switch controller, which in turn alerts experiment operators.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

A New Track Trigger for Characterization of the Antiproton-Induced Background in the Mu2e Experiment

The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will enable the search for the neutrinoless muon to electron conversion in the field of an Al nucleus, a charged lepton flavor violating process. If observed, there would be a clear indication of physics beyond the Standard Model. Mu2e aims to reach a single event sensitivity of $3 /times 10^{-17}$, improving from the previous limit by 4 orders of magnitude. This improvement relies on the development of trigger selection systems, designed to discard data from background-induced events by placing kinematic, topological cuts on a particle’s reconstructed track. One of the largest sources of background Mu2e faces is proton-antiproton annihilation. These annihilations produce a 2 GeV shower of particles, among which there could be an electron that mimics the conversion electron signal, with an expected number of 0.010 ± 0.010. The large uncertainty on this number is dominated by the systematic uncertainty associated with the theoretical production model. To better characterize this background, we have developed an antiproton trigger selection by taking advantage of the track multiplicity and topology of these events. We discuss the steps taken in this development and the first performance study of this trigger, evaluating the signal efficiency and background rate. This trigger is essential to enable a data-driven analysis targeting the reduction of the systematic uncertainty of the antiproton-induced background in the Mu2e experiment.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Mu2e Experiment and Progress in the Year 2024

The Mu2e Experiment is a search for Charged Lepton Flavor Violation (CLFV) in the process of a coherent neutrinoless mu- N -> e- N transition. This process is allowed under the Standard Model in the presence of neutrino mixing; albeit, at unobservable rates (branching ratio below 10-50). The sensitivity of the Mu2e experiment is a factor of 104 improvement over the current limit. This search both compliments and extends current searches for muon to electron+gamma at MEG and new physics searches at the LHC. Another interesting process that Mu2e will search for is the neutrionless conversion of stopped negative muons into positrons: mu- N -> e+ N'. This process violates both lepton flavor and lepton number (LNV) and would provide proof that neutrinos are Majorana particles. Progress has been made in many areas in preparation for beam. A description of the Mu2e Experiment and a synopsis of this experiment s progress in the year 2024 towards data collection will be presented.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Development, construction and qualification tests of the mechanical structures of the electromagnetic calorimeter of the Mu2e experiment at Fermilab

The “muon-to-electron conversion” (Mu2e) experiment at Fermilab will search for the Charged Lepton Flavour Violating neutrino-less coherent conversion of a muon into an electron in the field of an aluminum nucleus. The observation of this process would be the unambiguous evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model. Mu2e detectors comprise a straw-tracker, an electromagnetic calorimeter and an external veto for cosmic rays. The calorimeter provides excellent electron identification, complementary information to aid pattern recognition and track reconstruction, and a fast calorimetric online trigger. The detector has been designed as a state-of-the-art crystal calorimeter and employs 1340 pure Cesium Iodide (CsI) crystals readout by UV-extended silicon photosensors and fast front-end and digitization electronics. A design consisting of two identical annular matrices (named “disks”) positioned at the relative distance of 70 cm downstream the aluminum target along the muon beamline satisfies the Mu2e physics requirements.The hostile Mu2e operational conditions, in terms of radiation levels (total ionizing dose of 12 krad and a neutron fluence of 5x1010 n/cm2 @ 1 MeVeq (Si)/y), magnetic field intensity (1 T) and vacuum level (10$^{-4}$ Torr) have posed tight constraints on the design of the detector mechanical structures and materials choice. The support structure of the two 670 crystal matrices employs two aluminum hollow rings and parts made of open-cell vacuum-compatible carbon fiber. The photosensors and service front-end electronics for each crystal are assembled in a unique mechanical unit inserted in a machined copper holder. The 670 units are supported by a machined plate made of vacuum-compatible plastic material. The plate also integrates the cooling system made of a network of copper lines flowing a low temperature radiation-hard fluid and placed in thermal contact with the copper holders to constitute a low resistance thermal bridge. The data acquisition electronics is hosted in aluminum custom crates positioned on the external lateral surface of the two disks. The crates also integrate the electronics cooling system as lines running in parallel to the front-end system.The constraints on the calorimeter mechanical structures design, the development from the conceptual design to the specifications of all the structural components, the status of components production and the components quality assurance tests are presented.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗