Mariner Mars 1969 navigation, guidance, and control
Design, mechanization, and flight tests for Mariner Mars 1969 navigation, guidance and control systems
Scull, J. R.↗
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MANSEE data analysis results
Results of the data reduction and analysis for the Marine Navigation Systems Evaluation Experiment (MANSEE) are presented. Topics discussed include: the MANSEE test; the navigation sensors which were exercised; the ground truth instrumentation and the processing of ground truth data; and the residual statistics for individual navigation sensors. Residuals were calculated by differencing the actual measurements with anticipated measurements computed from the ground truth trajectory. The results obtained by using the SEAMAP program to filter data from the navigation sensors are also presented. The resultant filtered trajectories were differenced with the corresponding ground truth trajectories to obtain navigation position and velocity errors.
Hatch, W.↗
Navigation results of the Mariner Venus/Mercury 1973 mission
The navigation aspects of the Mariner Venus/Mercury 1973 mission are presented. Principal emphasis is on the maneuver strategy employed, propellant costs and the results of the navigation performance relating to the accomplishment of the mission objectives including an extended mission for a second Mercury encounter. Key error sources and mission constraints are discussed. Of particular interest is the impact of in-flight adaptation of the pre-launch maneuver strategy (due to spacecraft anomalies) on propellant cost and the delivery achieved at the first Mercury encounter. The maneuver strategy and propellant cost for the extended mission are shown to be heavily influenced by the delivery achieved at the first Mercury encounter and the science objectives at the second Mercury encounter.
Bantell, M. H., Jr.↗
Demonstration of optical navigation measurements on Mariner 10
An experiment was performed on the Mariner 10 Venus/Mercury mission to assess the performance of the onboard television cameras and ground-based software used in the optical navigation measurement system. The elements of the system, calibration, and distortion are considered. The navigation technique requires detection of stars in the same field of view as the target body. The star detection capability is discussed with reference to required threshold, calibration factors, standard conditions, camera sensitivity, response uniformity, and the effect of image smearing. Tests conducted during the Mariner 10 encounters with Mercury demonstrated that a large bright planet can be imaged simultaneously with faint stars to provide accurate navigation data. Improvements are suggested in the system for the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn 1977 and later missions.
Stanton, R. H.↗
Mariner IX optical navigation using Mars lit limb
Optical spacecraft navigation data, i.e., the lit limb TV image of Mars, acquired during the approach phase of the Mariner IX spacecraft to Mars, has been successfully demonstrated to augment the radio spacecraft tracking data. Accurate in-flight calibration of the TV instrument and the scan platform was performed by referencing stars and planets. Simulated real-time processing and the detailed postflight analyses of the onboard optical data have shown that planet limb data is an important data source in a far-encounter period for which other types of onboard optical measurements, e.g., natural satellite(s) of the target planet with star background, may not be available.
Jerath, N.↗
Navigation results on the Mariner mission to Mars - 1969
Mariner 6 and 7 navigational accuracies prior to time of planetary encounter
Fearey, J. P.↗
Navigation of the Mariner 10 spacecraft to Venus and Mercury
Orbit determination techniques used during the highly successful flight of Mariner 10 to Venus and Mercury are presented. Comparisons are made between different data sets, different sets of parameters, and between a conventional least squares batch filter and a sequential batch filter and smoother that was designed for this mission. The sequential filter was able to account for small spacecraft forces that the batch filter was unable to handle effectively, and hence, contributed greatly to the mission success. The sequential filter and smoother design is given as well as results for each phase of the mission.-
Christensen, C. S.↗
Performance of the square root information filter for navigation of the Mariner 10 spacecraft
The use is described of a sequential least squares filter in the orbit determination for the Mariner Venus-Mercury (Mariner 10) spacecraft. The orbit determination strategy outlining the use of both the sequential filter and a conventional batch filter is given. Highlighted are the mission events from launch to the first Mercury encounter with emphasis on the sequential filter performance. Advantages to the mission derived from the sequential filter are pointed out.
Christensen, C. S.↗
Mariner Mars 1971 optical navigation demonstration
The feasibility of using a combination of spacecraft-based optical data and earth-based Doppler data to perform near-real-time approach navigation was demonstrated by the Mariner Mars 71 Project. The important findings, conclusions, and recommendations are documented. A summary along with publications and papers giving additional details on the objectives of the demonstration are provided. Instrument calibration and performance as well as navigation and science results are reported.
Born, G. H.↗
Processing on-board optical data for planetary approach navigation.
The Mariner 9 spacecraft's science television camera provided an optical navigation experiment with TV pictures containing images of Mars' natural satellites against star backgrounds. Required TV image data and spacecraft engineering data were extracted from the spacecraft telemetry stream in this near-real time experiment designed to validate the navigation content of spacecraft-based optical data. This paper discusses the computer programs developed to prepare optical data for use in a navigation filter. Ground and in-flight calibration allowed pointing knowledge of better than 6 arc seconds. System performance during Mars approach was excellent, leading to extremely accurate trajectory estimates. The experiment provides a basis for the design of equivalent systems for future missions.
Acton, C. H., Jr.↗
Navigation by satellite.
Satellite navigation systems requirements including Loran, inertial navigation and Navy systems
INERTIAL NAVIGATION↗
Mariner Mars 1969 optical approach navigation
Optical approach navigation experiment on 1969 Mariner mission to Mars demonstrating accuracy potential of spacecraft-based measurement
Breckenridge, W. G.↗
Mariner-Venus-Mercury optical navigation demonstration - Results and implications for future missions
Optical navigation uses spacecraft television pictures of a target body against a known star background in a process which relates the spacecraft trajectory to the target body. This technology was used in the Mariner-Venus-Mercury mission, with the optical data processed in near-real-time, simulating a mission critical environment. Optical data error sources were identified, and a star location error analysis was carried out. Several methods for selecting limb crossing coordinates were used, and a limb smear compensation was introduced. Omission of planetary aberration corrections was the source of large optical residuals.
Acton, C. H., Jr.↗
Phase Difference Navigation Satellite Study Interim Scientific Report
Performance analysis and implementation of marine and air navigation and traffic control system using navigation satellite
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL↗
Navigation system design for the Mariner Jupiter/Saturn Mission.
The Mariner Jupiter/Saturn Mission is described with emphasis on the navigation problems arising in attempting a Jupiter/Saturn swingby mission which includes close encounters with one or more of the natural satellites of each planet. The navigation system being designed to solve these problems is described. This system includes sub-systems for precision trajectory correction. Earth-based radiometric data, and onboard star/satellite measurements via employment of the science-imaging TV sub-system. Total system performance is discussed as measured against the mission's inherent navigation goals.
Curkendall, D. W.↗
Navigation accuracy analysis for the Mariner-Jupiter-Saturn 1977 mission
The results of the latest navigation capability study for the Mariner-Jupiter-Saturn 1977 mission are presented and analyzed. Predicted planet-relative and satellite-relative accuracies are given for radio only and radio plus optical approach navigation on three representative trajectories. In addition, planet-relative accuracies are given for cruise navigation on one of the trajectories. The dynamical and measurement error models used in the study are discussed, and the basic MJS77 navigation strategy is described. The navigation capability is evaluated in the light of the mission's objectives; and the variation in capability among the three trajectories is examined with regard to the effects of the major error sources and the trajectory dependent encounter geometries.
Jacobson, R. A.↗
Applications of radio interferometry to navigation
Radio astronomy experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of making precise position measurements using interferometry techniques. The application of this method to navigation and marine geodesy is discussed, and comparisons are made with existing navigation systems. The very long baseline technique, with a master station, can use either an artificial satellite or natural sources as position references; a high-speed data link is required. A completely ship-borne system is shown to be feasible, at the cost of poorer sensitivity for natural sources. A comparison of Doppler, delay and phase-track modes of operating a very long baseline configuration is made, as that between instantaneous measurements and those where a source can be tracked from horizon to transit. Geometric limitations in latitude and longitude coverage are discussed. The characteristics of natural radio sources, their flux, distribution on the sky, and apparent size are shown to provide a limit on position measurements precision. The atmosphere and frequency standard used both contribute to position measurement uncertainty by affecting interferometric phase.
Knowles, S. H.↗
NON-MILITARY NAVIGATION BY SATELLITES
Discussion of the various economic and technical considerations involved in the civilian application of the transit navigation satellite system
DOPPLER EFFECT↗