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At least 37 records · Page 2
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DOE OSTI2018

Microstructural Characterization, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Resistance of Dental Co-Cr-Mo-W Alloys Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting

In this paper, the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of the dental Co-Cr-Mo-W alloys fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) were systematically investigated and correlated. The microstructure of the SLM group (SG) specimens is composed of extremely fine columnar crystals, exhibiting supersaturated and homogeneous character. The matrix mainly consists of face-centered-cubic (FCC) cobalt solid solutions, and minimal hexagonal-close-packed (HCP) cobalt solid solutions. Mechanical test results showed that the 0.2% yield strength of SG was 775 ± 7 MPa, and the ultimate tensile strength was 1118 ± 25 MPa. The elongation of SG was 8.28 ± 0.4%, and the microhardness of SG was 476 ± 10 HV. All of these values largely exceeded the cast group (CG) specimens. The high strength is attributed to their fine columnar crystals and supersaturated matrices. The fewer content from the HCP phase and a lack of intermetallic compounds or eutectic contribute to the high ductility. Furthermore, a higher E{sub corr}, lower I{sub corr} were acquired for better corrosion resistance compared to cast specimens, due to even less composition segregation and more microstructural homogeneity.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Microstructures and tribological properties of laser cladded Ti-based metallic glass composite coatings

Metallic glass composite coatings Ti{sub 45}Cu{sub 41}Ni{sub 9}Zr{sub 5} and Ti{sub 45}Cu{sub 41}Ni{sub 6}Zr{sub 5}Sn{sub 3} (at.%) on a Ti-30Nb-5Ta-7Zr (wt.%) (TNTZ) alloy were prepared by laser cladding. The microstructures of the coatings were characterized by means of X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDXA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results indicated that the coatings have an amorphous structure embedded with a few nanocrystalline phases and dendrites. A partial substitution of Ni by Sn can improve the glass forming ability of Ti-base metallic glass system, and induce the formation of nano-sized Ni{sub 2}SnTi phase during the cyclic laser heating. The tribological behavior of both the substrate and the coatings was investigated in detail. A significant improvement in both the hardness and the wear resistance of the coatings was achieved with the addition of Sn. The relationship between the wear resistance and the microstructures of the coatings was discussed. - Highlights: •Ti-based metallic glass composite coatings were prepared by laser cladding. •The wear resistance is greatly improved by laser cladding of composite coatings. •Substitution of Ni by Sn increases GFA and wear resistance of the coatings. •A good balance of crystalline/amorphous phases improves the wear resistance. •Adhesive wear serves as the dominant wear mechanism of the composite coatings.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Size dependence of microstructure of AlSi10Mg alloy fabricated by selective laser melting

Highlights: • Plate-shaped samples with various widths were fabricated via selective laser melting. • The hardness of AlSi10Mg samples slightly decreased with decreasing sample width. • The alloy sample size had a slight effect on microstructure of the α-Al matrix. • Precipitation of Si phase in α-Al matrix was enhanced by reducing the sample size. • The softening by reducing sample size is likely due to their slower cooling rate. - Abstract: In order to investigate the size dependence of microstructure of the AlSi10Mg alloy fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) combined with a powder bed technique, plate-shaped AlSi10Mg alloy samples with various widths (ranging from approximately 10 mm to 0.3 mm) were produced in this study. All the fabricated samples exhibited characteristic microstructural morphologies consisting of melt pools with columnar α-Al grains surrounded by fine eutectic Si particles, whereas their sample sizes had a relatively small effect on the texture and average grain size of the α-Al matrix. However, the formation of fine Si precipitates inside the columnar α-Al grains was observed more often for the smaller-sized samples, which could be a possible dominant contributor to the observed softening of the sample by reducing sample size. The obtained results were utilized for discussing the size dependence of the strength of the SLM-manufactured porous alloy samples.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Microstructure and mechanical behavior of hot-work tool steels processed by Selective Laser Melting

Highlights: • H11 and a modified H11 hot work tool steels have been produced by SLM. • As-built alloys are characterized by α-Fe cells surrounded by C-rich γ-Fe regions. • Rapidly solidified structures revealed able to respond to precipitation hardening. • Mechanical behavior of AM H11 is similar to that obtained by conventional processes. - Abstract: The present study is aimed at identifying and testing high-strength alloys for tooling applications featuring suitable processability for laser-based additive manufacturing technologies. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the H11 hot-work tool steel and a leaner version of the same alloy (L-H11) processed by Selective Laser Melting were assessed as a function of specific microstructural conditions obtained by performing different heat treatments. Tempering was performed on quenched alloys or simply from as built material. The rapidly solidified microstructures revealed able to respond directly to precipitation hardening treatment without performing any prior solution annealing. The microstructure of the as-built alloys revealed characterized by α-Fe dendritic cells decorated at boundaries by C-rich γ-Fe regions. Air quenching was responsible for the transformation of the solidification cells into lath martensitic structures and for the formation of the M{sub 3}C phase, which transformed into more complex carbide species on tempering. The hardness of quenched and tempered H11 steel is similar to that obtained by processing the alloy with conventional routes, and the final hardness gap between the two SLM processed H11 and L-H11 alloys treated according to optimal tempered condition was limited to 62 HV.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Relationship between laser energy input, microstructures and magnetic properties of selective laser melted Fe-6.9%wt Si soft magnets

Highlights: • Effect of laser energy input on magnetic properties of SLM Fe-6.9%wt.Si is described; • Magnetic properties can be described as function of as-built microstructure after stress-relief post-treatment; • Samples with density >99% and strong crystallographic texture along BD have the best magnetic properties; • At very high laser energy, a strong cube texture forms that deteriorates the magnetic properties. - Abstract: Selective Laser Melting (SLM), a powder-bed Additive Manufacturing technology, can be used in combination with high temperature post-annealing to produce high-silicon steel parts characterised by quasi-static magnetic properties comparable to those of commercial electrical steel. However, the role of the as-built microstructure on the magnetic properties is still unexplored. Therefore, in this study the effect of the energy input of the processing laser on the magnetic properties of the material is investigated. The magnetic properties are determined for 4 mm-high rings obtained using three laser energy input values that provide a good compromise in terms of porosity and crack formation. The best magnetic properties are obtained for the rings built using a value of energy input that produces a strong fibrous crystallographic texture, in which one of the crystallographic <001> axes is preferentially aligned along the build direction. Whether the magnetic properties change with sample direction as a result of the crystallographic texture will be the subject of future research.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Selective growth of Ni4Ti3 precipitate variants induced by complicated cyclic stress during laser additive manufacturing of NiTi-based composites

Highlights: • The NiTi-based composites were in-situ synthesized by SLM. • Ni{sub 4}Ti{sub 3} could tailor the phase transformation temperature of TiC/NiTi composites. • A three-dimensional stress field modeling of TiC/NiTi composites was established. • The relationship between growth of Ni{sub 4}Ti{sub 3} variants and cyclic stress was disclosed. - Abstract: NiTi-based composites were in-situ synthesized by selective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing technology with formation of a great many Ni{sub 4}Ti{sub 3} precipitates. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were carried out to exhibit the similar phase transformation temperature (A{sub s} = 51.82 °C, A{sub f} = 94.02 °C, M{sub s} = 55.87 °C and M{sub f} = 18.93 °C) by comparing with that of SLM-fabricated equi-atomic NiTi alloy, which could be attributed to the compensation of Ni{sub 4}Ti{sub 3} precipitates for the effect of an addition of TiC particles. Three different Ni{sub 4}Ti{sub 3} precipitate variants ((111){sub R}//(1 1-bar 1-bar ){sub B2}, (111){sub R}//( 1-bar 1-bar 1){sub B2}, and (111){sub R}//( 1-bar 1 1-bar ){sub B2}) with various precipitate diameters were observed within SLM fabricated part, showing apparently selective growth behavior. By high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, severe lattice defects formed surrounding the smaller variant, while relatively intact lattice structure was found around the larger one, which indicated that high strain energy was produced in the interface between the matrix and the smaller variant. Furthermore, finite element simulation method was applied to disclose the evolution features of complicated cyclic stress during SLM processing of TiC/NiTi composites. By predicting, the main constraint mode within as-fabricated track was tensile stress effect. Based on the redistribution behavior of thermal stress and the coupling effect between the thermal stress and strain field induced by Ni{sub 4}Ti{sub 3} precipitate, the selective growth mechanism of Ni{sub 4}Ti{sub 3} variant was revealed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Micro- and macro-structural heterogeneities in 316L stainless steel prepared by electron-beam melting

Highlights: • Electron beam melting manufactured parts has a complicated thermal history. • The microstructure varies with the position in the sample. • Pronounced molybdenum segregation at the top disappears at the bottom. • Fast molybdenum diffusion in cell boundaries as well as grain boundaries. - Abstract: This is a study of the micro- and macrostructural variations in samples of stainless steel with the overall composition of the grade 316L, produced using electron beam melting. Electron beam melting is one of the processing methods under consideration for manufacturing some of the International Thermo- Nuclear Experimental Reactor In-Vessel components. Therefore further studies of the homogeneity of the material were conducted. Electron beam melting results in a complicated thermal history of the manufactured part giving a significant impact on the microstructure. A cellular structure that is often observed in samples prepared by selective laser melting was found in the top layers of the specimens. Further down, the structure changed until the cellular structure was almost non-existing, and the grain boundaries had become more pronounced. This revelation of a heterogeneous structure throughout the entire part is crucial for large-scale industrial applications like the Thermo- Nuclear Experimental Reactor to make sure that it is understood that the properties of the material might not be the same at every point, as well as to assure that the correct post-treatment is done. It is also exposed that a significant part of this change is due to molybdenum redistribution inside the sample when it diffuses from the cell boundaries into the cells, and into bigger agglomerates in the grain boundaries. This diffusion seems not to affect the microhardness of the samples.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Localized plastic deformation and hardening in laser shock peened Inconel alloy 718SPF

Highlights: • The plastic strain in LSP-treated Inconel 718 alloy was characterized using EBSD. • LSP increases the low angle misorientations in the near-surface region, indicating the extend of plastic strain. • The near-surface plastic strain leads to an increase in local hardness and yield stress. - Abstract: Localized plastic deformation and hardening was studied in laser shock peened (LSP) Inconel 718 SPF (Super plastic forming), a fine grained Ni-Base superalloy, using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), nanoindentation, and micro pillar compression testing. 718SPF samples were LSP-treated with two different laser power densities. After LSP, the plastic deformation is manifested as increase in the fraction of low angle misorientations and the formation of sub-grain boundaries. EBSD was used to study plastic deformation as a function of distance from the peened surface for different laser intensities. Different approaches like image quality mapping and local misorientations analysis were used to study the in-depth distribution of the plastic strain. Results show that EBSD is effective in the qualitative characterization of localized plastic strain of the materials subjected to LSP.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Pulsed laser generation of ultrasound in a metal plate between the melting and ablation thresholds

The generation of ultrasound in a metal plate exposed to nanosecond pulsed laser heating, sufficient to cause melting but not ablation, is treated. Consideration is given to the spatial and temporal profiles of the laser pulse, penetration of the laser beam into the sample, the evolution of the melt pool, and thermal conduction in the melt and surrounding solid. The excitation of the ultrasound takes place over a few nanoseconds, and occurs predominantly within the thermal diffusion length of a micron or so beneath the surface. Because of this, the output of the thermal simulations can be represented as axially symmetric transient radial and normal surface force distributions. The epicentral displacement response at the opposite surface to these forces is obtained by two methods, the one based on the elastodynamic Green’s functions for plate geometry determined by the Cagniard generalized ray method, and the other using a finite element numerical method. The two approaches are in very close agreement. Numerical simulations are reported of the epicentral displacement response of a 3.12mm thick tungsten plate irradiated with a 4 ns pulsed laser beam with Gaussian spatial profile, at intensities below and above the melt threshold. Comparison is made between results obtained using available temperature dependent thermophysical data, and room temperature materials constants except near the melting point.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Low threshold lasing of bubble-containing glass microspheres by non-whispering gallery mode excitation over a wide wavelength range

Bubble-containing Nd{sup 3+}-doped tellurite glass microspheres were fabricated by localized laser heating technique to investigate their optical properties for use as microresonators. Fluorescence and excitation spectra measurements were performed by pumping with a tunable CW-Ti:Sapphire laser. The excitation spectra manifested several sharp peaks due to the conventional whispering gallery mode (WGM) when the pumping laser was irradiated to the edge part of the microsphere. However, when the excitation light was irradiated on the bubble position inside the microsphere, “non-WGM excitation” was induced, giving rise to numerous peaks at a broad wavelength range in the excitation spectra. Thus, efficient excitation was achieved over a wide wavelength range. Lasing threshold excited at the bubble position was much lower than that for the excitation at the edges of the microsphere. The lowest value of the laser threshold was 34 μW for a 4 μm sphere containing a 0.5 μm bubble. Efficiency of the excitation at the bubble position with broadband light was calculated to be 5 times higher than that for the edge of the microsphere. The bubble-containing microsphere enables efficient utilization of broadband light excitation from light-emitting diodes and solar light.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

A scheme to produce high density and high temperature plasma for opacity measurement

The opacity of shock-compressed material is of general scientific interest for astrophysical plasmas and for inertial confinement fusion research. A proposal is suggested to produce high temperature plasma with density around 1 g/cm{sup −3}. Two types of opacity target (the sandwich target and the foam enhanced sandwich target) are investigated numerically. The foam enhanced sandwich target has structure of foam–solid-sample-solid-foam. The foam will increase laser absorption efficiency and the ablating pressure. Hydrodynamic simulations confirm that the laser can be fully absorbed by the under-critical-density foam and a faster shock is produced inside the CH layer. High intensity lasers heat opacity target from both sides. The CH layers must be thick enough to keep the laser away from the sample. The laser-driven shocks move inward and collide at the center. Part of their kinetic energy is converted into internal energy and high density and high temperature local thermodynamic equilibrium sample plasma is produced. The plasma produced by laser heating the foam enhanced sandwich target has higher sample temperature than by laser heating the sandwich target. It may be useful for measuring the opacity of shock compressed material in laboratory.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Simulation study of 3–5 keV x-ray conversion efficiency from Ar K-shell vs. Ag L-shell targets on the National Ignition Facility laser

Tailored, high-flux, multi-keV x-ray sources are desirable for studying x-ray interactions with matter for various civilian, space and military applications. For this study, we focus on designing an efficient laser-driven non-local thermodynamic equilibrium 3–5 keV x-ray source from photon-energy-matched Ar K-shell and Ag L-shell targets at sub-critical densities (∼n{sub c}/10) to ensure supersonic, volumetric laser heating with minimal losses to kinetic energy, thermal x rays and laser-plasma instabilities. Using HYDRA, a multi-dimensional, arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian, radiation-hydrodynamics code, we performed a parameter study by varying initial target density and laser parameters for each material using conditions readily achievable on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser. We employ a model, benchmarked against Kr data collected on the NIF, that uses flux-limited Lee-More thermal conductivity and multi-group implicit Monte-Carlo photonics with non-local thermodynamic equilibrium, detailed super-configuration accounting opacities from CRETIN, an atomic-kinetics code. While the highest power laser configurations produced the largest x-ray yields, we report that the peak simulated laser to 3–5 keV x-ray conversion efficiencies of 17.7% and 36.4% for Ar and Ag, respectively, occurred at lower powers between ∼100–150 TW. For identical initial target densities and laser illumination, the Ag L-shell is observed to have ≳10× higher emissivity per ion per deposited laser energy than the Ar K-shell. Although such low-density Ag targets have not yet been demonstrated, simulations of targets fabricated using atomic layer deposition of Ag on silica aerogels (∼20% by atomic fraction) suggest similar performance to atomically pure metal foams and that either fabrication technique may be worth pursuing for an efficient 3–5 keV x-ray source on NIF.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Laser imprint reduction for the critical-density foam buffered target driven by a relatively strong foot pulse at early stage of laser implosions

In order to reduce the effect of laser imprint in direct-drive ignition scheme a low-density foam buffered target has been proposed. This target is driven by a laser pulse with a low-intensity foot at the early stage of implosion, which heats the foam and elongates the thermal conduction zone between the laser absorption region and ablation front, increasing the thermal smoothing effect. In this paper, a relatively strong foot pulse is adopted to irradiate the critical-density foam buffered target. The stronger foot, near 1 × 10{sup 14 }W/cm{sup 2}, is able to drive a radiative shock in the low-density foam, which helps smooth the shock and further reduce the effect of laser imprint. The radiative shock also forms a double ablation front structure between the two ablation fronts to further stabilize the hydrodynamics, achieving the similar results to a target with a high-Z dopant in the ablator. 2D analysis shows that for the critical-density foam buffered target irradiated by the strong foot pulse, the laser imprint can be reduced due to the radiative shock in the foam and an increased thermal smoothing effect. It seems viable for the critical-density foam buffered target to be driven by a relatively strong foot pulse with the goal of reducing the laser imprint and achieving better implosion symmetry in the direct-drive laser fusion.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Experimental and theoretical study of the heating dynamics of carbon-containing optothermal fibre converters for laser surgery

We have studied carbon-containing optothermal fibre converters (COTFCs) that are located on the distal end of a quartz – quartz optical fibre for delivering laser radiation in medical laser surgery systems and differ in the thickness and structure of the layer of a material converting laser radiation into heat. The heating dynamics of 'thin-film' and '3D' converters have been investigated at average incident 980-nm semiconductor laser beam powers of 0.3, 1.0 and 4.0 W, with the converters placed freely in air. The results demonstrate that, before the instant of disintegration, the efficiency of laser heating of the converter surface can reach 3000 °C W{sup -1} for thin-film converters, 1000 °C W{sup -1} for spherical 3D converters and 55 °C W{sup -1} for planar 3D converters. The thin-film converter breaks down at an average laser beam power as low as 0.30 ± 0.05 W, which is accompanied by a considerable reduction in heating efficiency and is caused by the disintegration of the carbon film on its surface. The spherical 3D converter breaks down at an average power of 4.0 ± 0.1 W, as a result of the disintegration of the carbon film on its surface and partial melting of a modified layer containing microbubbles. The carbon film on the surface of the planar 3D converter also disintegrates at an average power of 4.0 ± 0.1 W, but the structure of the modified layer remains unchanged. We have constructed structural and optophysical models of the converters by simulating light absorption in carbon films on the surface of the COTFC and inside the microbubbles present in the modified layer of the converters. The proposed models of the COTFCs have been shown to adequately describe real converters. (laser biophotonics)

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2017

Laser-induced boiling of biological liquids in medical technologies

Using optical and acoustic methods we study thermal and transport processes related to the boiling of biological liquids under the action of continuous-wave laser radiation having moderate power (1 – 10 W) in the near-IR range (0.97 – 1.94 μm). These processes are investigated in the course of a few particular clinical procedures aimed at the modification and removal of pathological tissues (veins, mammary gland cyst, Baker’s cyst) and tissue regeneration (intervertebral discs). In the proposed approach, the modification and destruction of biotissues are due to the fast delivery of heat by two-phase jet flows, formed in the course of liquid boiling, rather than the direct laser heating. This provides the high rate of heat delivery to the pathological biotissue, avoiding its overheating (the temperature higher than 100 °C) and undesired heating of adjacent tissues. Two main regimes of laser-induced boiling near the optical fibre tip were revealed, namely, the heterogeneous jet boiling (arising when the fibre with a blackened tip is used) and the homogeneous boiling (with the radiation absorbed in the liquid volume). Both studied regimes allow one to obtain high specific heat flows, and the domination of one of the boiling regimes is determined by the presence of absorbing coating on the fibre tip, the tissue type, as well as by its shape (e.g., the presence of channels or cavities in the tissue). It is established that the heterogeneous jet boiling at the fibre tip corresponds to the regime of superintensive bubble boiling. (paper)

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2017

Laser heating dynamics and glow spectra of carbon-, titanium- and erbium-containing optothermal fibre converters for laser medicine

Titanium- and erbium-containing optothermal fibre converters of laser radiation mounted at the distal end of quartz – quartz optical fibre are discussed for the first time. Technology of fabricating such converters is described. Carbon-containing converters are also considered. The laser heating dynamics of the converters and the glow spectra are studied by irradiating converters of each type by a 980 ± 10 nm semiconductor laser with an average power up to 4 W. It is shown that alongside with broadband thermal radiation accompanying the laser heating of all three types of converters in the temperature range 600 – 1100 °C, only in the spectrum of the erbium-containing converter the intense bands with the maxima at wavelengths 493, 523, 544, 660, and 798 nm, corresponding to the erbium radiative transitions {sup 4}F{sub 7/2} → {sup 4}I{sub 15/2}, {sup 2}H{sub 11/2} → {sup 4}I{sub 15/2}, {sup 4}S{sub 3/2} → {sup 4}I{sub 15/2}, {sup 4}F{sub 9/2} → {sup 4}I{sub 15/2} and {sup 4}I{sub 9/2} → {sup 4}I{sub 15/2}, respectively, are present. Such converters can be used in laser medicine for tissue surgery as well as in procedures combining laser, thermal, biostimulation or photodynamic action.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Some Thoughts on the Role of non-LTE Physics in ICF

An effort to develop sub-critical-density high-Z metal-doped and pure metal foams as laser-driven x-ray sources is described. The main idea is that the laser beams preferentially heat the electrons, and if the plasma is sufficiently low density so that the heating rate is greater than the equilibration rate via electron-ion collisions, then the electron temperature in the plasma is much greater than the ion temperature as long as the laser is on. In such a situation the plasma is not in local thermal equilibrium (LTE), it heats supersonically and volumetrically, and the conversion efficiency of laser beam energy to multi-keV L-shell and K-shell radiation is much higher than what it would be in LTE plasma.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗