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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Measurement of Piplus - Argon Absorption and Charge Exchange Interactions Using Protodune-sp

ProtoDUNE-SP is a prototype detector for the upcoming Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). It is a Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) with a similar configuration to DUNE's detector, and is designed to provide a test-bed for the future experiment. In addition to serving as a prototype, its 0.3 - 7 GeV/ c charged particle beam line provided the ability to perform physics measurements of pions, protons, kaons, muons, and electrons. Importantly, the LArTPC allowed for the measurement of hadronic interactions on argon nuclei.Pions are often present in the final state of neutrino interactions in the energy range of DUNE's neutrino beam. These particles can undergo various types of interactions with argon nuclei in the detector, and this can interfere with the characterization of neutrino interactions in DUNE's far detector. The rate of these so-called secondary interactionswill be accounted for using Monte Carlo simulation of neutrino interactions. Measurements of secondary interaction rates provide necessary data which can be used to estimate and propagate uncertainties or provide tunes of the secondary interaction model used within DUNE's experimental simulation.This analysis provides a simultaneous measurement of the piplus - Ar absorption and charge exchange cross sections using 1 GeV/ c piplus data taken by ProtoDUNE-SP during its initial run period in Fall 2018. This is one of the first hadronic interaction measurements provided by ProtoDUNE-SP. It is also the first piplus - Ar absorption measurement in 20 years and the first ever piplus - Ar charge exchange measurement.Read

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Disoriented isospin condensates may be the source of anomalous kaon correlations measured in Pb-Pb collisions at s N N = 2.76 TeV

The magnitude of fluctuations between charged and neutral kaons measured by the ALICE Collaboration in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC exceeds conventional explanation. Here it is shown that if the scalar condensate, which is typically associated with chiral symmetry, is accompanied by an isospin = 1 field, then the combination can produce large fluctuations where 〈 u ¯ u 〉 ≠ 〈 d ¯ d 〉 . Hadronizing strange and antistrange quarks might then strongly fluctuate between charged ( u s ¯ or s u ¯ ) and neutral ( d s ¯ or s d ¯ ) kaons. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2023

Kaon Femtoscopy with Lévy-Stable Sources from $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV Au+Au Collisions at RHIC

Femtoscopy has the capacity to probe the space-time geometry of the particle-emitting source in heavy-ion collisions. In particular, femtoscopy of like-sign kaon pairs may shed light on the origin of non-Gaussianity of the spatial emission probability density. The momentum correlations between like-sign kaon pairs are measured in data recorded by the STAR experiment, from $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC, BNL. Preliminary results hint at the possible existence of non-Gaussian, Lévy-stable sources, with the likely presence of an anomalous diffusion process in the signal for the identically charged kaon pairs so produced. More statistically significant studies at lower centre-of-mass energies may contribute to the search for the critical end point of QCD.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Kaon gluon parton distribution and momentum fraction from 2+1+1 lattice QCD with high statistics

We present a high-statistics lattice-QCD determination of the kaon gluon parton distribution function and gluon momentum fraction. We use clover valence fermion action to take 1,296,640 kaon-correlator measurements on a highly improved staggered quark ensemble with 𝑎 ≈ 0.12 fm and 310-MeV pion mass generated by the MILC Collaboration. A detailed investigation into the impact of gauge-link smearing on the gluonic matrix elements indicates that five steps of hypercubic smearing offer an effective balance between signal quality and preservation of long-distance physics. We report a nonperturbatively renormalized kaon gluon momentum fraction of Math output error at 𝜇 = 2 GeV in the Math output error scheme. Using reduced pseudo-Ioffe-time-distribution matrix elements and pseudo-parton-distribution-function (PDF) matching, we extract the kaon gluon PDF and compare with the prediction from the Dyson-Schwinger equation and with the pion PDF obtained from the same ensemble.

First-principles calculations↗
DOE OSTI2022

FLAG Review 2021

Abstract We review lattice results related to pion, kaon, D -meson, B -meson, and nucleon physics with the aim of making them easily accessible to the nuclear and particle physics communities. More specifically, we report on the determination of the light-quark masses, the form factor $$f_+(0)$$ f + ( 0 ) arising in the semileptonic $$K \rightarrow \pi $$ K → π transition at zero momentum transfer, as well as the decay constant ratio $$f_K/f_\pi $$ f K / f π and its consequences for the CKM matrix elements $$V_{us}$$ V us and $$V_{ud}$$ V ud . Furthermore, we describe the results obtained on the lattice for some of the low-energy constants of $$SU(2)_L\times SU(2)_R$$ S U ( 2 ) L × S U ( 2 ) R and $$SU(3)_L\times SU(3)_R$$ S U ( 3 ) L × S U ( 3 ) R Chiral Perturbation Theory. We review the determination of the $$B_K$$ B K parameter of neutral kaon mixing as well as the additional four B parameters that arise in theories of physics beyond the Standard Model. For the heavy-quark sector, we provide results for $$m_c$$ m c and $$m_b$$ m b as well as those for the decay constants, form factors, and mixing parameters of charmed and bottom mesons and baryons. These are the heavy-quark quantities most relevant for the determination of CKM matrix elements and the global CKM unitarity-triangle fit. We review the status of lattice determinations of the strong coupling constant $$\alpha _s$$ α s . We consider nucleon matrix elements, and review the determinations of the axial, scalar and tensor bilinears, both isovector and flavor diagonal. Finally, in this review we have added a new section reviewing determinations of scale-setting quantities.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

FLAG review 2024

We review lattice results related to pion, kaon, 𝐷-meson, 𝐵-meson, and nucleon physics with the aim of making them easily accessible to the nuclear and particle physics communities. More specifically, we report on the determination of the light-quark masses, the form factor 𝑓+⁡(0) arising in the semileptonic 𝐾 → 𝜋 transition at zero momentum transfer, as well as the decay-constant ratio 𝑓 𝐾 ⁡/𝑓 𝜋 and its consequences for the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) matrix elements 𝑉 𝑢⁢𝑠 and 𝑉 𝑢⁢𝑑 . We review the determination of the 𝐵 𝐾 parameter of neutral kaon mixing as well as the additional four 𝐵 parameters that arise in theories of physics beyond the Standard Model. For the heavy-quark sector, we provide results for 𝑚 𝑐 and 𝑚 𝑏 as well as those for the decay constants, form factors, and mixing parameters of charmed and bottom mesons and baryons. These are the heavy-quark quantities most relevant for the determination of CKM matrix elements and the global CKM unitarity-triangle fit. We review the status of lattice determinations of the strong coupling constant 𝛼 𝑠 . We review the determinations of nucleon charges from the matrix elements of both isovector and flavor-diagonal axial, scalar and tensor local quark bilinears, and momentum fraction, helicity moment and the transversity moment from one-link quark bilinears. We also review determinations of scale-setting quantities. Finally, in this review we have added a new section on the general definition of the low-energy limit of the Standard Model.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Two- and three-meson scattering amplitudes with physical quark masses from lattice QCD

We study systems of two and three mesons composed of pions and kaons at maximal isospin using four CLS ensembles with 𝑎 ≈ 0.063 fm, including one with approximately physical quark masses. Using the stochastic Laplacian-Heaviside method, we determine the energy spectrum of these systems including many levels in different momentum frames and irreducible representations. Using the relativistic two- and three-body finite-volume formalism, we constrain the two- and three-meson K matrices, including not only the leading 𝑠 wave, but also 𝑝 and 𝑑 waves. By solving the three-body integral equations, we determine, for the first time, the physical-point scattering amplitudes for 3⁢𝜋 + , 3⁢𝐾 + , 𝜋 + ⁢𝜋 + ⁢𝐾 + , and 𝐾 + ⁢𝐾 + ⁢𝜋 + systems. These are determined for total angular momentum 𝐽 𝑃 = 0 − , 1 + , and 2 − . We also obtain accurate results for 2⁢𝜋 + , 𝜋 + ⁢𝐾 + , and 2⁢𝐾 + phase shifts. We compare our results to chiral perturbation theory and to phenomenological fits.

FOS: Physical sciences↗
DOE OSTI2024

Lattice QCD calculation of 𝑥-dependent meson distribution amplitudes at physical pion mass with threshold logarithm resummation

We present a lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) calculation of the 𝑥-dependent pion and kaon distribution amplitudes (DA) in the framework of large momentum effective theory. This calculation is performed on a fine lattice of 𝑎 = 0.076 fm at physical pion mass, with the pion boosted to 1.8 GeV and kaon boosted to 2.3 GeV. We renormalize the matrix elements in the hybrid scheme and match to Math output error with a subtraction of the leading renormalon in the Wilson-line mass. The perturbative matching is improved by resumming the large logarithms related to the small quark and gluon momenta in the soft-gluon limit. After resummation, we demonstrate that we are able to calculate a range of 𝑥 ∈[𝑥 0 ,1 − 𝑥 0 ] with 𝑥 0 = 0.25 for pion and 𝑥 0 = 0.2 for kaon with theoretical systematic errors under control. The kaon DA is shown to be slighted skewed, and narrower than pion DA. Although the 𝑥-dependence cannot be direct calculated beyond these ranges, we estimate higher moments of the pion and kaon DAs by complementing our calculation with short-distance factorization.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Insights into the emergence of mass from studies of pion and kaon structure

There are two mass generating mechanisms in the standard model of particle physics (SM). One is related to the Higgs boson and fairly well understood. The other is embedded in quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the SM’s strong interaction piece; and although responsible for emergence of the roughly 1 GeV mass scale that characterises the proton and hence all observable matter, the source and impacts of this emergent hadronic mass (EHM) remain puzzling. As bound states seeded by a valence-quark and -antiquark, pseudoscalar mesons present a simpler problem in quantum field theory than that associated with the nucleon. Consequently, there is a large array of robust predictions for pion and kaon properties whose empirical validation will provide a clear window onto many effects of both mass generating mechanisms and the constructive interference between them. This has now become significant because new-era experimental facilities, in operation, construction, or planning, are capable of conducting such tests and thereby contributing greatly to resolving the puzzles of EHM. These aspects of experiment, phenomenology, and theory, along with contemporary successes and challenges, are reviewed herein. In addition to providing an overview of the experimental status, we focus on recent progress made using continuum Schwinger function methods and lattice-regularised QCD. Further, advances made using other theoretical tools are also sketched. Our primary goal is to highlight the potential gains that can accrue from a coherent effort aimed at finally reaching an understanding of the character and structure of Nature’s Nambu–Goldstone modes.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Installation and Commissioning of the GLUEX DIRC

The GlueX experiment takes place in experimental Hall D at Jefferson Lab (JLab). With a linearly polarized photon beam of up to 12 GeV energy, GlueX is a dedicated experiment to search for hybrid mesons via photoproduction reactions. The low-intensity (Phase I) of GlueX was recently completed; the high-intensity (Phase II) started in 2020 including an upgraded particle identification system, known as the DIRC (Detection of Internally Reflected Cherenkov light), utilizing components from the decommissioned BaBar experiment. The identification and separation of the kaon final states will significantly enhance the GlueX physics program, by adding the capability of accessing the strange quark flavor content of conventional (and potentially hybrid) mesons. Here, we report that the installation and commissioning of the DIRC detector has been successfully completed.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Identified charged-hadron production in 𝑝+Al, 3 He + Au, and Cu + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV and in U + U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 193 GeV

The PHENIX experiment has performed a systematic study of identified charged-hadron (𝜋 ± , 𝐾 ± , 𝑝, $\bar{𝑝}$) production at midrapidity in 𝑝 + Al, 3 He + Au, and Cu + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV and U + U collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 193 GeV. Identified charged-hadron invariant transverse-momentum (𝑝 𝑇 ) and transverse-mass (𝑚 𝑇 ) spectra are presented and interpreted in terms of radially expanding thermalized systems. The particle ratios of 𝐾/𝜋 and 𝑝/𝜋 have been measured in different centrality ranges of large (Cu + Au and U + U) and small (𝑝 + Al and 3 He + Au) collision systems. The values of 𝐾/𝜋 ratios measured in all considered collision systems were found to be consistent with those measured in 𝑝+𝑝 collisions. However, the values of 𝑝/𝜋 ratios measured in large collision systems reach the values of ≈0.6, which is a factor of ≈2 larger than in 𝑝 + 𝑝 collisions. These results can be qualitatively understood in terms of the baryon enhancement expected from hadronization by recombination. Identified charged-hadron nuclear-modification factors (𝑅 𝐴⁢𝐵 ) are also presented. Enhancement of proton 𝑅 𝐴⁢𝐵 values over meson 𝑅 𝐴⁢𝐵 values was observed in central 3 He + Au, Cu + Au, and U + U collisions. Finally, the proton 𝑅 𝐴⁢𝐵 values measured in the 𝑝 + Al collision system were found to be consistent with 𝑅 𝐴⁢𝐵 values of 𝜙, 𝜋 ± , 𝐾 ± , and 𝜋 0 mesons, which may indicate that the size of the system produced in 𝑝 + Al collisions is too small for recombination to cause a noticeable increase in proton production.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Updated analyses of gluon distribution functions for the pion and kaon from the gauge-invariant nonlocal chiral quark model

In this work, we investigate the gluon distribution functions for the pion and kaon, in addition to the improved result of the valence-quark ones, in the gauge-invariant nonlocal chiral-quark model, in which the momentum dependence of the quark interactions is properly taken into account. We then analyze the gluon distribution functions, generated dynamically through the splitting functions in the Dokshitzer-Gribov-Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi QCD evolution. By comparing with the recent lattice QCD results and Jefferson Lab angular momentum global analyses, it is found that the present numerical results for the gluon parton distribution functions for the pion exhibit a good agreement and the valence up-quark distribution results for the pion by reproducing the reanalyzed experimental data with a remarkable agreement. Our prediction on the gluon distribution functions for the kaon is also consistent with the recent lattice data for the kaon within the errors. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Hutauruk, Parada. T. P. (ORCID:0000000242257109)↗
DOE OSTI2024

Light new physics in B → K ( * ) ν ν ¯ ?

The study of the rare decays B → K ( * ) ν ν ¯ offers a window into the dynamics operating at the electroweak scale, allowing studies of the Standard Model and searches for heavy new physics. However, the analysis of these decays is also potentially sensitive to the on shell production of new light bosons X through the process B → K ( * ) X . In particular, Belle II has recently measured B + → K + ν ν ¯ , finding a 2.8 σ excess under the assumption of heavy new physics. Since this excess is rather localized in the kaon energy, a fit that includes the decay mode B + → K + X to the kinematic distributions prefers m X ≈ 2 GeV with branching fraction Br [ B → K X ] = ( 8.8 ± 2.5 ) × 10 − 6 and a significance of ≈ 3.6 σ . However, no excess was found in the measurements of B → K ( * ) ν ν ¯ , and a global analysis of the Belle II and data leads to Br [ B → K X ] = ( 5.1 ± 2.1 ) × 10 − 6 with a reduced significance of ≈ 2.4 σ . We then study various simplified dark-flavored models and present a possible UV completion based on a gauged B 3 − L 3 symmetry, highlighting the discovery potential of dedicated searches for B → K ( * ) X at Belle II. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗
DOE OSTI2023

Electroweak box diagrams on the lattice for pion and neutron decay

CKM matrix is unitary by construction in the standard model(SM). The recent analyses on the first row of CKM matrix show ≈3σ tension with unitarity. Nonperturbative calculations of the radiative corrections can reduce the theory uncertainty in CKM matrix elements. Here we compute the electroweak box contribution to the pion and kaon β decays using seven Nf = 2 + 1 + 1 HISQ-Clover lattice with various pion mass and lattice spacing. The continuum and chiral limit is taken using the leading dependence on M π and a, where M π extrapolation is taken to the physical pion mass and SU(3) symmetric mass for pion and kaon box contribution, respectively. Our results are $\square^{VA}_{γW}|_{π}$ = 2.820(28) × 10 –3 and $\square^{VA}_{γW}|_{K}$ = 2.384(17) × 10 –3 .

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Electromagnetic production of kaons on the nucleon

Studies of the electromagnetic production of strange quarks started in the 1950s as something of a curiosity that puzzled experimentalists and theorists alike. Eventually, a nascent understanding of these processes began to take shape through the first pioneering experiments dedicated to explore photo- and electroproduction that were carried out in the period from the 1950s to the 1980s. As the datasets increased, concomitant advances in theoretical models were realized. However, these initial studies also made clear that more precise data was essential to continue to move forward. A paradigm shift occurred in the 1990s with the development of second-generation facilities at ELSA, MAMI, SPring-8, and JLab. High-intensity, high duty-factor accelerators, coupled with novel detector systems and advances in computing and readout electronics, brought nuclear physics experiments forward by orders of magnitude in counting statistics compared to the first-generation efforts. This was an utter boon to strangeness physics investigations, and to date, more than 50 dedicated experiments in kaon photo- and electroproduction have been completed at facilities around the world, leading to a host of experimental observables that have enabled significant advances in the exploration of strongly interacting systems that decay via $s\bar{s}$ quark pair creation. These data have proven to be an essential complementary pathway to study the spectrum and structure of the excited states of the nucleon, and the search for missing and exotic baryon configurations. As well, investigations in these channels are requisite for exploring hypernuclear production as a probe of the $YN$ interaction and for studies of the electromagnetic form factors of strange mesons. This review was designed to provide the first-ever in-depth overview of both the experimental and theoretical progress in the field of the electromagnetic production of strangeness. This work looks back over 70 years of past developments, discusses ongoing work and near-term plans, and details future possibilities being considered for third-generation facilities. Extensive lists of the available datasets and theoretical models are provided, together with a comprehensive supporting bibliography of the field. Throughout this work, the primary impacts of these explorations are highlighted, along with connections to a wide range of related phenomenological applications. An important goal of this review is to provide a complete, (reasonably) self-contained guide into this field prepared at a level that is relevant for both new and seasoned scientists, whether experimentalists, phenomenologists, or theorists, to better understand what has been accomplished by so many dedicated folks-each building on what has come before-and to appreciate the exciting future potential for continued studies in this area.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

B → K ν ν ¯ , MiniBooNE and muon g − 2 anomalies from a dark sector

Belle II has reported the first evidence for B + → K + ν ν ¯ with a branching ratio 2.7 σ higher than the standard model expectation. We explain this and the MiniBooNE and muon anomalous magnetic moment anomalies in a model with a dark scalar that couples to a slightly heavier sterile Dirac neutrino and that communicates with the visible sector via a Higgs portal. We make predictions for rare kaon and other B meson decays. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗