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DOE OSTI2015

Ingot niobium as candidate electrode material for Jefferson Lab 200 kV inverted electron photogun

This contribution describes the field emission characterization of niobium electrodes using a DC high voltage field emission test apparatus. A total of six electrodes were evaluated: two large-grain, two single-crystal, and two fine-grain that were chemically polished using a buffered-chemical acid solution. Field emission from niobium electrodes could be significantly reduced and sometimes completely eliminated, by introducing krypton gas into the vacuum chamber while the electrode is biased at high voltage. Of all the electrodes tested, a large-grain niobium electrode performed the best, exhibiting no measurable field emission (<10 pA) at 225 kV with 20 mm cathode/anode gap, corresponding to a field strength of 18.7 MV/m. Motivated by these results, an inverted electron photogun operated at Jefferson Lab injector test facility was equipped with a large-grain niobium cathode electrode and it has been successfully conditioned to 225 kV without field emission. This photogun was used to study strained superlattice GaAs and K{sub 2}CsSb photocathodes at high beam currents.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2021

An experimental program with high duty-cycle polarized and unpolarized positron beams at Jefferson Lab

Positron beams, both polarized and unpolarized, are identified as important ingredients for the experimental programs at the next generation of lepton accelerators. In the context of the hadronic physics program at Jefferson Lab (JLab), positron beams are complementary, even essential, tools for a precise understanding of the electromagnetic structure of nucleons and nuclei, in both the elastic and deep-inelastic regimes. For instance, elastic scattering of polarized and unpolarized electrons and positrons from the nucleon enables a model independent determination of its electromagnetic form factors. Also, the deeply-virtual scattering of polarized and unpolarized electrons and positrons allows unambiguous separation of the different contributions to the cross section of the lepto-production of photons and of lepton-pairs, enabling an accurate determination of the nucleons and nuclei generalized parton distributions, and providing an access to the gravitational form factors of the energy-momentum tensor. Furthermore, positron beams offer the possibility of alternative tests of the Standard Model of particle physics through the search of a dark photon, the precise measurement of electroweak couplings, and the investigation of charged lepton flavor violation. This document discusses the perspectives of an experimental program with high duty-cycle positron beams at JLab.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Dynamically polarized target for the g{sup p}{sub 2} and G{sup p}{sub E }experiments at Jefferson Lab

Recently, two experiments were concluded in Hall A at Jefferson Lab which utilized a newly assembled, solid, polarized hydrogen target. The primary components of the target are a new, high cooling power {sup 4}He evaporation refrigerator, and a re-purposed, superconducting split-coil magnet. It has been used to polarize protons in irradiated NH{sub 3} at a temperature of 1 K and at fields of 2.5 and 5.0 tesla. Maximum polarizations of 55% and 95% were obtained at those fields, respectively. To satisfy the requirements of both experiments, the magnet had to be routinely rotated between angles of 0°, 6°, and 90° with respect to the incident electron beam.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Preliminary Design Study of a Fast-Ramping Magnet for Pre-Concept Design of an Electron-Ion Collider at Jefferson Lab

The Jefferson Lab Electron Ion Collider (JLEIC) is a proposed new machine for nuclear physics research. The all new ion accelerator and collider complex will consist of two collider rings with a unique figure-of-eight layout to deliver a high degree of polarization in both beams. As part of the pre-concept design for the Ion ring, a 3-Tesla Super-Ferric dipole magnet was proposed utilizing a superconducting Cable-in-Conduit-Conductor (CICC) design to wind the coils which will be built by Texas A&M University. A first mechanical model of the winding for the 3T-SF-CICC dipole was built to validate that the winding structure provides the conductor geometry required to provide collider field homogeneity over large aperture. A rapid-cycling Booster synchrotron is required to inject 8 GeV beams to the Ion Ring. The Booster requires arc dipoles with the same field and aperture as those of the Ion Ring. Due to the design of the CICC with respect to the amount of stabilizer and the internal cooling mechanism employed, temperature rise of the coils during a quench event is much more rapid than for more conventional magnets. It is thus imperative that the magnet?s stored energy is dissipated externally to the windings to avoid overheating the CICC and to provide adequate protection during a quench. As a result, this paper presents a preliminary design study, including AC effects inside the coils and associated risks with the aim of providing guidance for the design of the full protection system for such a magnet.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2019

Interaction Region Magnets for Future Electron-Ion Collider ¿at Jefferson Lab

The Jefferson Lab Electron Ion Collider (JLEIC) is a pro-posed new machine for nuclear physics research. It uses the existing CEBAF accelerator as a full energy injector to deliver 3 to 12 GeV electrons into a new electron collider ring. An all new ion accelerator and collider complex will deliver up to 200 GeV protons. The machine has luminosity goals of 1034 cm-2 sec-1. The whole detector region including forward detection covers about 80 meters of the JLEIC complex. The interaction region design has recently been optimized to accommodate 200 GeV proton energy using conventional NbTi superconducting magnet technology. This paper will describe the requirements and preliminary designs for both the ion and electron beam magnets in the most complex 34.5 m long interaction region (IR) around the interaction point (IP). The interaction region has over thirty-four superconducting magnets operating at 4.5K; these include dipoles, quadrupoles, skew quadrupoles, solenoids, horizontal and vertical correctors and higher order multipole magnets. The paper will also dis-cuss the electromagnetic interaction between these magnets.

Rajput-Ghoshal, Renuka↗

DOE OSTI2015

Medium Energy Electron Ion Collider at Jefferson Lab

At Jefferson Lab, the conceptual design of a next generation facility, the medium energy electron ion collider (MEIC), to reach the frontier in Quantum Chromodynamics has been carried on for years. The MEIC will provide an electron beam with energy up to 10 GeV, a proton beam with energy up to 100 GeV, and heavy ion beams with corresponding energy per nucleon with the same magnetic rigidity. The center-of-mass energy goes up to 70 GeV. Both the proton beam and the light-ion beams have high polarization above 70%. Two detectors, a primary one with full acceptance and a high-luminosity one with less demanding specification, are proposed. With the implementation of the traditional electron cooling in both the ion booster ring and the ion collider ring, particularly ultrahigh luminosity close to 1034 cm-2s-1 per detector with large acceptance can be achieved. We will present the recent progress in MEIC design.

Zhang, He↗

DOE OSTI2019

Interaction Region Magnets for Future Electron-Ion Collider at Jefferson Lab

Rajput-Ghoshal, Renuka↗

DOE OSTI2020

Evaluation of a streaming readout solution for Jefferson Lab experiments

Jefferson Lab (JLab) operates the CEBAF accelerator that provides a high energy (up to 12 GeV) and high current (up to 150 µA) polarized electron beam for fixed target experiments. JLab's mission is to provide substantial progress in understanding the Quantum Chromo Dynamics (QCD), the current theory of the spectrum and the dynamics of hadronic matter. Given the broad scientific program a general-purpose detector, CLAS12, has been designed and constructed. Such a detector requires a sophisticated trigger and current experiments use an on-line FPGA-based system that relies upon custom firmware and electronics both of which are difficult reconfigure from one experiment to the next. To overcome these challenges transitioning to a streaming readout has been proposed since it would allow a more flexible, easier to debug, software trigger to be developed. To facilitate this JLab is gaining experience with streaming readout systems and is actively working to design and test a streaming data acquisition architecture. Significant work has already been done to make existing front-end electronics compatible with operation in streaming mode. Software-wise, much work remains to be done but an existing framework, TriDAS, which was developed for underwater neutrino telescopes can, in principle, be used with the existing JLab hardware. A test stand is already in place in the INDRA DAQ development lab at JLab. This paper will present the development of this TriDAS based test system and it?s operation in-beam using parts of the CLAS12 detector to evaluate streaming readout for a large general purpose detector.

Battaglieri, Marco↗

DOE OSTI2013

Polarized SIDIS Experiments with SoLID Spectrometer at 12 GeV Jefferson Lab

The Jefferson Lab 12 GeV upgrade will provide unique opportunity to perform polarized semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) experiments with very high precision. The measured single and double spin asymmetries (SSA/DSA) in these reactions will provide an access to various transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions (TMDs). In particular, the experimentally measured SSA on proton and neutron targets can help us in extracting the transversity and Sivers distribution functions of u and d-quarks. Similarly, the measured DSA are sensitive to the quark spin-orbit correlations, and provide access to the worm-gear function (g1T). In this talk, we will present our plans for performing these precision measurements in Hall-A using a large acceptance SoLID spectrometer and polarized proton and 3He targets with 11 GeV beam. The high luminosities from these targets and the large acceptance of the SoLID spectrometer will allow for a precise 4-dimensional (x,Q2,z,PT) mapping of SSA and DSA. The data will provide comprehensive information on the correlation between quark angular momentum and the nucleon's spin.

Allada, Kalyan↗

DOE OSTI2014

Preservation and control of the proton and deuteron polarizations in the proposed electron-ion collider at Jefferson Lab

We propose a scheme of preserving the proton and deuteron beam polarizations during acceleration and storage in the proposed electron-ion collider at Jefferson Lab. This scheme allows one to provide both the longitudinal and transverse polarization orientations of the proton and deuteron beams at the interaction points of the figure-8 ion collider ring. We discuss questions of matching the polarization direction at all stages of the beam transport including the pre-booster, large booster and ion collider ring.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Current Results from Acceptance Testing of LCLS-II Cryomodules at Jefferson Lab

The Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility is currently engaged, along with several other Department of Energy (DOE) national laboratories, in the Linac Co-herent Light Source II project (LCLS-II). The SRF Insti-tute at Jefferson Lab is currently building 21 cryomod-ules for this project. The cryomodules are based on the XFEL design and have been modified for continuous wave (CW) operation and to comply with other LCLS-II specifications. Each cryomodule contains eight 9-cell cavities with coaxial power couplers operating at 1.3 GHz. The cryomodule also contain a magnet package that consists of a quadrupole and two correctors. Most of these cryomodules will be tested in the Cryomodule Test Facility (CMTF) at Jefferson Lab before shipment to SLAC. Up to three of these cryomodules will be tested in a test stand set up in the Low Energy Recovery Facility (LERF) at Jefferson Lab. Acceptance testing of the LCLS-II cryomodules began in December 2016. Twelve cryomodules have currently completed Acceptance Test-ing. This paper will summarize the results of those tests.

Drury, M.↗

DOE OSTI2017

The effects of space charge on the dynamics of the booster synchrotron in the Jefferson Lab EIC

Optimization of the booster synchrotron design to operate in the extreme space-charge dominated regime is proposed. This study is motivated by the ultra-high luminosity promised by the JLEIC accelerator complex, which poses several beam dynamics and lattice design challenges for its individual components. We examine the effects of space charge on the dynamics of the booster synchrotron for the proposed JLEIC electron ion collider. This booster will inject and accumulate protons and heavy ions at an energy of 285 MeV and then engage in a process of acceleration and electron cooling to bring it to its extraction energy of 7 GeV. This would then be sent into the ion collider ring part of JLEIC. In order to examine the effects of space charge on the dynamics of this process we use the software SYNERGIA. We model both the initial coasting beam as well as proposed acceleration bunch properties to evaluate the best methods of creating the JLEIC beam.

Nissen, Edith↗

DOE OSTI2015

Detector development for Jefferson Lab's 12GeV Upgrade

Jefferson Lab will soon finish its highly anticipated 12 GeV Upgrade. With doubled maximum energy, Jefferson Lab’s Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) will enable a new experimental program with substantial discovery potential, addressing important topics in nuclear, hadronic and electroweak physics. In order to take full advantage of the high energy, high luminosity beam, new detectors are being developed, designed and constructed to fit the needs of different physics topics. The paper will give an overview of various new detector technologies to be used for 12 GeV experiments. It will then focus on the development of two solenoid-based spectrometers, the GlueX and SoLID spectrometers. The GlueX experiment in Hall D will study the complex properties of gluons through exotic hybrid meson spectroscopy. The GlueX spectrometer, a hermetic detector package designed for spectroscopy and the associated partial wave analysis, is currently in the final stage of construction. Hall A, on the other hand, is developing the SoLID spectrometer to capture the 3D image of the nucleon from semi-inclusive processes and to study the intrinsic properties of quarks through mirror symmetry breaking. Such a spectrometer will have the capability to handle very high event rates while still maintaining a large acceptance in the forward region.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2021

The J/ψ-007 Experiment: A Search for the LHCB Charm Pentaquarks in Hall C at Jefferson Lab

In the Jefferson Lab E12-16-007 (J/ψ- 007) experiment we measured the differential J/ψ photo-production cross section as a function of photon energy, Ey and Mandelstam variable t- the momentum transfer from the initial photon to the produced J/ψ- in the energy region where all the charm pentaquark states were discovered by the LHCb (Large Hadron Collider beauty) collaboration. The J/ψ-007 experiment was conducted in the experimental Hall C of the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility using a high-intensity real photon beam generated by a 10.6 GeV incident electron beam traversing a copper radiator upstream of a liquid hydrogen target. Two arm spectrometers of Hall C, HMS (High Momentum Spectrometer), and SHMS (Super High Momentum Spectrometer) were used to detect the e + e - dilepton J/ψ decay pairs in coincidence. The spectrometers' four momentum and angle settings scanned a photon beam energy range between 9.1 and 10.6 GeV and |t| up to 5 GeV 2 . An enhanced sensitivity to the s-channel resonant J/ψ photo-production was achieved by optimizing the spectrometer settings at a higher t region where the non-resonant standard t-channel J/ψ production cross section is strongly suppressed. No evidence for pentaquarks was observed and, the cross section upper limits for each LHCb pentaquark candidate were determined and are presented in this document.

Duran, Burcu↗

DOE OSTI2023

Jefferson Lab Positron Program

The Jefferson Lab Polarized Electrons for Polarized Positrons (PEPPo) experiment demonstrated that it is possible to make polarized positrons with the polarized electron beam at CEBAF. Jefferson Lab is now looking to develop a dedicated positron source that will be able to feed the CEBAF accelerator with polarized positrons and deliver up to 11 GeV positrons to the experimental halls. I will present the plans for this new source as well as present an overview of the scientific program that is planned with this new source.

Higinbotham, Douglas↗

DOE OSTI2025

Signal Extraction and Simulations for n -> p^0 y y and n -> p+p-e+e- Decays at the Jefferson Lab Eta Factory

The Jefferson Lab eta Factory (JEF) began acquiring data in early 2025. The experiment aims to give insight into the connection between Dark Matter physics models and the Standard Model by investigating rare decay processes of n and n' mesons. Several other physics motivations are also a key factor in the experiment, such as probing C and/or P violation and aspects of chiral perturbation theory. For these purposes, the forward calorimeter of the GlueX experiment in Jefferson Lab was upgraded so that it provides greater positional and energy resolution. Understanding physics-motivated cuts and background removal methods is of great importance to achieving JEF goals. Several methods have been implemented to obtain invariant mass plots for the “golden” channel of interest ¿ ¿ p0¿¿, while channels such as ¿ ¿ p+p-e+e- open a promising window into CP-violating physics. This thesis work shows a sig nificant background reduction in rare decay channels of interest, asymmetry factors comparable to recent experimental measurements, an evaluation on which analysis cuts to use after data acquisition and the likelihood of probing specific rare ¿ decays. Despite background rejection from obstructing decay channels, much remains to do to extract the p0¿¿ final-state. The asymmetry between the pion and lepton planes looks promising for p+p-e+e-; simulations show that the asymmetry is consistent with zero (no instrumental asymmetry), and the next step should include generators that model the physics of the asymmetry. This thesis work may help in the effort of probing CP-violating physics or solving the mysteries between “beyond-Standard Model” and our current understanding of physics.

Oresic, Stjepan [Univ. of Regina, SK (Canada)]↗

DOE OSTI2019

Jefferson Lab Report

Jefferson Laboratory is finishing a major upgrade and has already started operations with the 12 GeV continuous electron beam. The main research direction is the study of the structure of hadrons, including a search for gluon excitations in the spectra of light mesons and baryons, and studies of multidimensional images of the nucleon. Studied of certain properties of atomic nuclei are also ongoing. Furthermore there is also an active program of searching for effects beyond the Standard Model in parity-violating electron scattering, as well as a search for new particles.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Quarks in the Nucleus - Recent Results and Future Measurements at Jefferson Lab

A major part of the Jefferson Lab experimental program has been to elucidate the role of quarks in the nucleus. Since the 1980's, we have known that the distribution of quarks in the nucleus is not the same as in the free proton and neutron. This modification of quark distributions, known as the EMC Effect, has been the subject of much experimental study for more than 30 years. Results from the 6 GeV Jefferson Lab program showed that the EMC Effect appears to depend on the local, rather than average, nuclear density. In addition, it was found that a seemingly unrelated quantity, the number of protons and neutrons found to be in a correlated pair in the nucleus (Short Range Correlations), shares the same nuclear dependence as the EMC Effect. In this presentation I will review the Jefferson Lab 6 GeV measurements that provided exciting hints as to the origin of the EMC Effect and its connection with Short Range Correlations. In addition, I will discuss the program of measurements planned as part of the 12 GeV program that will further explore this EMC-SRC connection and provide crucial insight into the role of quarks and nucleons in the nucleus.

Pooser, Eric↗