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Interannual to Multidecadal Forcing of Mesoscale Eddy Kinetic Energy in the Subtropical Southern Indian Ocean
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New Community Center Integrated Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) and Solar Photovoltaic Generation System in the Forest County Potawatomi Community
The Forest County Potawatomi Community (“FCPC” or “the Tribe”), is a federally recognized Indian Tribe located in Wisconsin. With the support of the United States Department of Energy, Office of Indian Energy (DOE IE) grant funding, the Tribe implemented their New Community Center Integrated EEMs and Solar Photovoltaic System in the Forest County Potawatomi Community project (the “Project”). The Project was developed and executed with the goal of partially energizing the Community Center while concurrently pursuing Tribal energy sovereignty through cost effective energy efficiency and generation measure.
Datasets for SCEP CSITE Eligibility Map
These resources provide access to data and information to support and illustrate communities eligible for the Communities Sparking Investments in Transformative Energy (C-SITE) funding opportunity announcement (FOA). Eligible applicants include federally recognized Indian Tribes, disadvantaged communities, energy communities, and small- and medium-sized jurisdictions. If your community is not adequately reflected in this map, please state why you are eligible for C-SITE funding in your application. Visit the Local Government Energy Program website to learn more.
Residential Energy Efficiency Design Guide for Tribal Lands
Homeowners and renters on tribal lands have historically faced a disproportionate energy burden compared to the United States as a whole. The Indian Health Service (IHS), which serves these communities, strives to meet aggressive energy performance goals when constructing their residential housing. Challenges common in rural locations can hinder progress toward those goals, such as availability of materials, access to specialized labor, and budget constraints. This guide is for architects and builders who aim to incorporate energy efficiency (EE) into their residential designs. This report presents commercially viable energy efficiency packages for a variety of locations and home inputs to help guide home builders in choosing improvements for energy performance. The intention is to provide a diverse set of packages that can be used during the design phase to achieve energy savings compared to a code minimum building design. By presenting a set of diverse options with similar expected energy savings and life-cycle costs, final decisions can be left up to the building designers who can better determine the appropriate package given local costs, materials, and labor availability. Although this guide was developed for IHS projects, it can be used to help designers and construction professionals better make cost-effective choices when a detailed, project-specific building energy analysis is not possible.
Similarity of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate distribution in the upper mixed layer of the tropical Indian Ocean
Turbulence within the upper ocean mixed layer plays a key role in various physical, biological, and chemical processes. Between September and November 2011, a dataset of 570 vertical profiles of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate, as well as conventional hydrological and meteorological data, were collected in the upper layer of the tropical Indian Ocean. These data were used to statistically analyze the vertical distribution of the TKE dissipation rate in the mixed layer. The arithmetic-mean method made the statistical TKE dissipation rate profile more scattered than the median and geometric-mean methods. The statistical TKE dissipation rate were respectively scaled by the surface buoyancy flux and the TKE dissipation rate at the mixed-layer base. It was found that the TKE dissipation rate scaled by that at the mixed-layer base exhibited better similarity characteristics than that scaled by the surface buoyancy flux, whether the stability parameter D/|L MO | was greater or less than 10, indicating that the TKE dissipation rate at the mixed-layer base is a better characteristic scaling parameter for reflecting the intrinsic structure of the TKE dissipation rate in the mixed layer, where D and L MO are respectively the mixed-layer thickness and the Monin-Obukhov length scale. The parameterization of the TKE dissipation rate at the mixed-layer base on the shear-driven dissipation rate and the surface buoyancy flux was further explored. It was found that the TKE dissipation rate at the mixed-layer base could be well fitted by a linear combination of three terms: the wind-shear-driven dissipation rate, the surface buoyancy flux, and a simple nonlinear coupling term of these two.
Jijak Gises Project
The Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians, d.b.a. Gun Lake Tribe (Gun Lake Tribe/Tribe), installed a grid connected 68.87 kW solar photovoltaic array at the Tribe’s Jijak Property located in Hopkins, MI. The array generated 95,070 kWh its first year of operation, 7,014 kWh more than projected. The Jijak Gises solar array saved $\$$12,214 during the first year of production including $\$$6,022 in generation credit and $\$$6,192 in offset electrical cost. The array will save the Tribe more than $\$$312,000 with increasing electric rates during the normal life of the system reducing Gun Lake Tribe’s reliance on other energy resources. Competitive pricing allowed the Tribe to install a second smaller array to power the Jijak Garden. The 4.85kW Jijak Garden Array produced 6,643.96 kWh during its first year of production, 475.95 kwh more than projected saving $\$$1,126 during year one of production including invoice credits and offset energy consumption. Over the first 20 years of the array, it is expected to produce 132,879 kWh of electrical energy, saving over $26,000 over the life of the system.
East African Monsoon as a Drawbridge for the Circumnavigation of Madden–Julian Oscillation Events
The seasonality of circumnavigation of Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) events is examined using 42 years of observations and global model simulations. MJO events are most likely to propagate across the Atlantic Ocean, Africa and back to equatorial Indian Ocean relatively unweakened during March-April-May and to a lesser extent in October-November-December. These seasons correspond to the "long-rain" and "short-rain" periods of East African monsoon when precipitation over Africa is near the equator and extend farthest east toward Indian Ocean. Moisture budget analysis of a circumnavigating MJO event under real and hypothetical seasonally varying background conditions indicates that the seasonal zonal movement of zonal component of background circulation regulates the moistening of MJO crossing from Eastern Africa to Indian Ocean. Ensembles of Energy Exa-scale Earth System Model (E3SM) simulations of the MJO event under idealized seasonally varying background state confirm the observed drawbridge-like role of East African monsoon in the propagation of MJO.
Akiachak Energy Efficiency Retrofit Project
The goal of the project is to reduce the overall energy use of the Akiachak Native Community (ANC) by implementing energy efficiency measures in five high-use Tribal buildings. This project will have the following outcomes: Projected annual energy savings of $17,369; projected annual reduction in fuel oil #1 of 1,200 gallons and electricity of 17,751 kWh; annual reduction in carbon dioxide emissions of approximately 60,340 pounds/year. ANC will install energy efficiency measures in the Laundry, Tribal Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) Office, Clinic, Daycare, and Police Station. ANC obtained energy audits on these buildings in 2018, and this project will implement high-payback recommendations such as replacing lighting with LEDs, installing setback thermostats and occupancy sensors, replacing furnaces with more efficient models, replacing the circulation pumps with variable speed ones, air tightening, and adding insulation. Buildings will see energy cost reductions from 15% to 40%. These retrofits will help build ANC’s long-term vision for sustainable energy usage and address the first goal of the Tribal IRA Council’s Energy Efficiency and Conservation Strategy, to “create and maintain functionally appropriate, sustainable, accessible, high quality tribal infrastructure and facilities.” ANC intends to replicate this project by using the resulting energy savings to address audit recommendations in other buildings as well as to demonstrate the value of energy efficiency to community members. Other outcomes will include an increase in community resiliency, reduced dependence on outside shipments of fuel oil, training for maintenance staff, and no-touch control of building appliances to reduce transmission of diseases such as COVID-19.
Flavour-dependent chemical freeze-out of light nuclei in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
We study the production of light nuclei in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 7.7–200 GeV and Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.76 and 5.02 TeV within a flavour-dependent chemical freeze-out scenario, assuming different flavoured hadrons undergo separate chemical freeze-out. Using the Thermal-FIST package, thermal parameters extracted from fits to various sets of hadron yields, including and excluding light nuclei, are used to calculate the ratios of the yields of light nuclei, namely, d/p, $\overline{d}$/$\overline{p}$, t/p, t/d, 4 He/ 3 He, and 3 H Λ / 3 He. A comparison with experimental data from the STAR and ALICE collaborations shows that a sequential freeze-out scenario provides a better description of light nuclei yield ratios than the traditional single freeze-out approach. These results suggest the flavour-dependent chemical freeze-out for final state light nuclei production persists in heavy-ion collisions at both RHIC and LHC energies.
Minneapolis American Indian Center Solar + Battery Resilience Hub
To meet south Minneapolis, Minnesota's clean energy goals, the community exploring opportunities to transition Minneapolis American Indian Center (MAIC) into a resilience hub to provide critical community services during power outages, including shelter and warmth or cooling, continued food distribution services, and more. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory, through the U.S. Department of Energy's Communities LEAP (Local Energy Action Program) pilot, worked with MAIC to quantify the costs and benefits of installing stand-alone solar photovoltaics (PV) and PV paired with battery systems to reduce energy costs, avoid emissions, and improve resilience.
Design description of the Schuchuli Village photovoltaic power system
A stand alone photovoltaic (PV) power system for the village of Schuchuli (Gunsight), Arizona, on the Papago Indian Reservation is a limited energy, all 120 V (d.c.) system to which loads cannot be arbitrarily added and consists of a 3.5 kW (peak) PV array, 2380 ampere-hours of battery storage, an electrical equipment building, a 120 V (d.c.) electrical distribution network, and equipment and automatic controls to provide control power for pumping water into an existing water system; operating 15 refrigerators, a clothes washing machine, a sewing machine, and lights for each of the homes and communal buildings. A solar hot water heater supplies hot water for the washing machine and communal laundry. Automatic control systems provide voltage control by limiting the number of PV strings supplying power during system operation and battery charging, and load management for operating high priority at the expense of low priority loads as the main battery becomes depleted.
Central Compact Finite‐Difference Scheme With High Spectral Resolution for KdV Equation
This work presents a combination of cell‐node and cell‐centered compact finite difference scheme for the approximation of third derivatives involved in Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equations. This approach employs a half‐shifted derivative construction at cell centers, avoiding the need for compact interpolation, thereby removing transfer errors; hence, it improves spectral resolution and maintains high‐order accuracy. Fourier analysis is performed to show the spectral properties of the proposed formulation, which provides higher spectral resolutions as compared to node‐based compact schemes. A filtering strategy is incorporated to suppress high‐frequency oscillations without compromising the accuracy of the numerical scheme, and the total variation diminishing Runge Kutta (TVDRK3) method is applied for time integration. Numerical experiments on linear, nonlinear, and coupled KdV systems are conducted, and a comparative analysis with cell‐node compact schemes confirms that the proposed scheme consistently reduces errors by up to an order of magnitude and achieves high spectral resolution properties.
Analysis of the economics of photovoltaic-diesel-battery energy systems for remote applications
Computer simulations were conducted to analyze the performance and operating cost of a photovoltaic energy source combined with a diesel generator system and battery storage. The simulations were based on the load demand profiles used for the design of an all photovoltaic energy system installed in the remote Papago Indian Village of Schuchuli, Arizona. Twenty year simulations were run using solar insolation data from Phoenix SOLMET tapes. Total energy produced, energy consumed, operation and maintenance costs were calculated. The life cycle and levelized energy costs were determined for a variety of system configurations (i.e., varying amounts of photovoltaic array and battery storage).
Micro-Hydropower and Aquatic Restoration on Lands of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
Rural and Tribal communities in Southern Appalachia face persistent challenges in energy access owing to rugged terrain, dense forest cover, and limited infrastructure. The Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) is a federally recognized Tribe whose ancestral homelands include much of Southern Appalachia. The Tribe’s present-day homeland, termed the Qualla Boundary, lies in the heart of the region, where the extreme ruggedness of the Blue Ridge Mountains exacerbates challenges to energy access. For the EBCI, these challenges also intersect with a deep cultural commitment to stewardship of land and water. The Tribe has explored multiple energy solutions, with hydropower serving as an existing and realized source of energy for the region’s communities. However, the EBCI’s commitment to protecting aquatic systems has led not only to a historical lack of endorsement of new conventional hydropower on Tribal lands but also to ongoing efforts to remove the area’s only existing hydropower facility at Ela Dam.
Solving the “Coloring Problem” in InPd 3– x Ag x ( x = 0–0.7) by Phase Diagrams Modeling and Diffraction Experiments
Here, a series of InPd 3–x Ag x (x = 0–1) compositions were synthesized by conventional high-temperature synthesis, and as-synthesized samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction experiments. Up to x = 0.7, InPd 3–x Ag x adopts the ternary substitutional variant of the InPd 3 structure (TiAl 3 -type), when x > 0.7, elemental Ag starts to segregate along with the main phase. Accurate structural characterization in InPd 3–x Ag x faces a critical challenge due to the narrow X-ray scattering contrast among constituents In, Pd, and Ag and nearly identical neutron scattering lengths of Pd and Ag. To overcome this “coloring problem”, a combination of calculation of phase diagrams modeling (CALPHAD) and diffraction techniques (X-ray and neutron) was employed. In the compositional range 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.7, InPd 3–x Ag x presents a ternary variant of the TiAl 3 -type structure, where Ag atoms selectively substitute one (the 2b Wyckoff site) of the two Pd sites in InPd 3 . Notably, in contrast to the isologous InPd 3–x Cu x (x = 0–1) system, Ag substitution does not form an ordered VRh 2 Sn-type structure at the limiting composition. The distinct site preference in InPd 3–x Ag x is elucidated by charge population analysis, electronic structure calculations, and orbital-resolved chemical bonding investigations, and the extent of substitution is supported by formation free energy calculations.
Planetary Scale Interactions
Atmospheric teleconnections in the medium to long (10-90 days) time scales focusing on the interactions between extratropical circulation and tropical convection are studied. In a continuing effort to study short-term climate variability and atmospheric teleconnection as inferred from satellite observed outgoing longwave radiation, the low frequency variability (LFB) of tropical and extratropical cloud fluctuation over the Pacific was studied. It was found that during the Northern winter, the LFV of tropical cloud fluctuation is dominated by a 40-50 day dipole-like oscillation linking convection over Indonesia and the equatorial central Pacific. Eastward propagating signals appearing as outbursts of convective cloud clusters originating from the Indian Ocean appear to periodically feed energy into this dipole oscillation. It was also found that there are cloud features appearing over East Asia and subsequently over the eastern North Pacific which vary coherently with the tropical dipole anomaly. Based on analysis and an a priori phenomenological model, it is believed that the cloud fluctuations are associated with two space/time extended normal modes of tropical-extratropical interactions over the Pacific involving a coupling between the tropical dipole convective heating anomaly with cold surges over East Asia, and blocking over the eastern North Pacific respectively.