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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

AMS Thermal Cooling System (Final Report)

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) is a U.S. Department of Energy-sponsored particle physics experiment on the International Space Station (ISS). AMS is exploring some of the most fundamental questions in physics such as understanding dark matter, antimatter, the origin of cosmic rays and their characteristics as well as searching for new physics phenomena in the universe. It has recorded more than 200 billion cosmic rays since its launch in May 2011. Over time, anomalies associated with the dedicated cooling system of the AMS Silicon Tracker system were observed, leading to the discovery of progressive deterioration in the functioning of the cooling system's four redundant pumps. The Tracker is crucial to the scientific mission of AMS, as it is the only subdetector that can distinguish matter from antimatter. This report details the successful program of work for the installation of the Upgraded Tracker Thermal Pump System (UTTPS) on AMS. This program included: identifying the root cause of deterioration in the original pumps; design, production, testing, and integration of the new UTTPS cooling system; launch of the UTTPS to ISS; installation of the UTTPS in AMS across a series of four complex extra-vehicular activities (EVAs); and establishment of a dedicated Flight Simulator Laboratory to test the performance of the UTTPS under various thermal conditions. This program was critical to the success of the AMS experiment, and its successful completion will enable AMS to continue taking data through 2030.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Numerical Prediction of Oscillation Behaviors of a Multiphase Core–Shell Droplet During Interfacial Tension Measurement

Interfacial tension between molten high-temperature materials is to be measured using the electrostatic levitation furnace (ELF) and the electromagnetic levitator (ISS-EML) aboard the International Space Station. A levitated compound droplet of a concentric core–shell structure is excited either by an impulsive electromagnetic field or by a superimposed electrostatic field. The oscillation behavior of the compound droplet is analyzed to measure interfacial tension at the interface of the two phases. In support of the space experiments, a computational fluid dynamic model was developed to characterize the oscillation behavior of multiphase core–shell droplet. The developed model predicted the interfacial tension between molten copper-rich and cobalt-rich phases with a difference of 3.3 pct compared to the values reported in literature. The developed model is being utilized to investigate the influence of various test parameters on measured surface tension and also being extended for molten steel–molten slag systems.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

MULTI-MODAL global surveillance methodology for predictive and on-demand characterization of localized processes using cube satellite platforms and deep learning techniques

This paper presents the work completed towards the development of a multi-modal global surveillance methodology using cube satellite (CubeSat) platforms and novel data analysis techniques. A CubeSat system equipped with adequate sensors and data analytics capabilities can autonomously characterize various phenomena of interest on the Earth’s surface. CubeSats are advantageous over conventional satellites in certain remote monitoring applications because of their reduced construction costs (due to the availability of commercially-off-the-shelf components) and are easier to launch. The CubeSat surveillance system developed in this paper focused on phenomena of interest surrounding the nuclear fuel cycle in support of nuclear non-proliferation and emergency response. To observe the phenomena, a constellation of 3U and 6U CubeSats deployed from the ISS with adequate components was chosen. Four different sensor configurations were identified for remote sensing: panchromatic/multispectral in the visible and near-infrared spectrum, multispectral in infrared spectrum, hyperspectral in infrared spectrum, and multispectral in ultraviolet spectrum. While a panchromatic/multispectral sensor configuration has CubeSat flight heritage at the required spatial resolutions, the other three sensor types need future 3 development to meet signature and system requirements. Once each sensor onboard the CubeSat system collects data on a target of interest, the onboard computers would then apply the deep learning-based characterization methodology developed in this paper to identify phenomena. Four surrogate datasets containing representative simplified “images” were created for each sensor type to train the characterization methodology. A convolutional neural network was applied to each dataset and produced recall rates for the phenomena between 89.7% - 99.3% and precision rates between 92.3% - 99.9%. Each phenomenon’s presence probability from each network is then combined into a final characterization solution for a target area. This paper covers multiple interdisciplinary areas to develop the foundation for a CubeSat surveillance system focused on phenomena surrounding the nuclear fuel cycle.

98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Global LIS/OTD Climatology of Lightning Flash Extent Density

Previous lightning climatologies derived from Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) and Optical Transient Detector (OTD) total lightning measurements have quantified lightning frequency as a Flash Rate Density (FRD). This approach assumes that lightning flashes can be represented as points and quantifies the frequency of lightning centered in each grid cell. However, lightning has a finite extent that can reach hundreds of kilometers. A new climatology based on Flash Extent Density (FED) is constructed for LIS (including ISS-LIS) and OTD that accounts for the horizontal dimension of lightning. The FED climatology documents the frequency that an observer can expect lightning to be visible overhead—regardless of where the flash began or ended. This new FED climatology confirms and elaborates on the previous global LIS/OTD FRD and Americas-only Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) findings. The FED climatology maintains Lake Maracaibo as the global lightning hotspot with an average of 389 flashes/day but designates Karabre in the Democratic Republic of the Congo as the global thunderstorm duty (percent of the total viewtime where lightning is observed) hotspot at 7.29%. Meanwhile, Kuala Lumpur is the national capital city with the most lightning, and its airport (KUL) is the top major airport affected by lightning (in terms of duty). The FED seasonal cycle and month-to-month changes in the “center of lightning” for the three continental chimney regions are also discussed.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Ice Supersaturation Variability in Cirrus Clouds: Role of Vertical Wind Speeds and Deposition Coefficients

Abstract Aircraft measurements reveal ice supersaturation statistics in cirrus (ISSs) with broad maxima around ice saturation and pronounced variance. In this study, processes shaping ISSs in midlatitude and tropical upper tropospheric conditions are systematically investigated. Water vapor deposition and sublimation of size‐resolved ice crystal populations are simulated in an air parcel framework. Mesoscale temperature fluctuations (MTFs) due to gravity waves force the temporal evolution of supersaturation. Various levels of background wave forcing and cirrus thickness are distinguished in stochastic ensemble simulations. Kinetic limitations to ice mass growth are brought about by supersaturation‐dependent deposition coefficients that represent efficient and inefficient growth modes as a function of ice crystal size. The simulations identify a wide range of deposition coefficients in cirrus, but most values stay above 0.01 such that kinetic limitations to water uptake remain moderate. Supersaturation quenching times are long, typically 0.5–2 hr. The wave forcing thus causes a remarkably large variability in ISSs and cirrus microphysical properties except in the thickest cirrus, producing ensemble‐mean ISSs in line with in‐situ measurements. ISS variance is controlled by MTFs and increases with decreasing cirrus integral radii. In comparison, the impact of ice crystal growth rates on ISSs is small. These results contribute to efforts directed at identifying and solving issues associated with ice‐supersaturated areas and non‐equilibrium cirrus physics in global models.

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences↗
DOE OSTI2022

Microgravity crystallization of perdeuterated tryptophan synthase for neutron diffraction

Abstract Biologically active vitamin B 6 -derivative pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP) is an essential cofactor in amino acid metabolic pathways. PLP-dependent enzymes catalyze a multitude of chemical reactions but, how reaction diversity of PLP-dependent enzymes is achieved is still not well understood. Such comprehension requires atomic-level structural studies of PLP-dependent enzymes. Neutron diffraction affords the ability to directly observe hydrogen positions and therefore assign protonation states to the PLP cofactor and key active site residues. The low fluxes of neutron beamlines require large crystals (≥0.5 mm 3 ). Tryptophan synthase (TS), a Fold Type II PLP-dependent enzyme, crystallizes in unit gravity with inclusions and high mosaicity, resulting in poor diffraction. Microgravity offers the opportunity to grow large, well-ordered crystals by reducing gravity-driven convection currents that impede crystal growth. We developed the Toledo Crystallization Box (TCB), a membrane-barrier capillary-dialysis device, to grow neutron diffraction-quality crystals of perdeuterated TS in microgravity. Here, we present the design of the TCB and its implementation on Center for Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) supported International Space Station (ISS) Missions Protein Crystal Growth (PCG)-8 and PCG-15. The TCB demonstrated the ability to improve X-ray diffraction and mosaicity on PCG-8. In comparison to ground control crystals of the same size, microgravity-grown crystals from PCG-15 produced higher quality neutron diffraction data. Neutron diffraction data to a resolution of 2.1 Å has been collected using microgravity-grown perdeuterated TS crystals from PCG-15.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Tritium targets for use in solenoidal spectrometers

Nucleon adding and removing reactions are an ideal probe to study the single-particle foundations of nuclear structure. For experiments far away from the valley of stability, one needs to use radioactive beams in inverse kinematics. To maintain excellent resolution, solenoidal spectrometers like HELIOS at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), ISS at CERN or SOLARIS at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) are used. Typically, deuterated plastic foils are the targets of choice. Depending on the energy deposited, these targets might degrade quickly in beam. The potential of using tritium-implanted targets in conjunction with the solenoidal spectrometers was realized for access to even more exotic nuclei with outstanding resolving power. While no tritiated polyethylene is commercially available at the moment, tritium-containing titanium targets have been produced in the past. Unfortunately the loading fraction of tritium for the latter was often very low and not reproducible. The progress in the production of tritium-containing targets is presented, including the characterization of the foils.

Müller-Gatermann, Claus↗
DOE OSTI2020

The role of edge resonant magnetic perturbations in edge-localized-mode suppression and density pump-out in low-collisionality DIII-D plasmas

Two-fluid nonlinear MHD simulations using the TM1 code demonstrate that the formation of magnetic islands at the top and bottom of the H-mode pedestal, together with the strong screening of resonant fields in the gradient region of the pedestal, can account for ELM suppression and density pump-out by n = 2 resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) in low-collisionality DIII-D ITER similar shape (ISS) plasmas. Using experimentally relevant transport coefficients, neoclassical resistivity, electron collisionality, and RMP amplitudes, nonlinear MHD simulations reproduce the observed level of density reduction (density pump-out) in DIII-D due to the formation of narrow magnetic islands in the resistive foot of pedestal. For large amplitude RMPs ( B r / B t > 1 × 10 -4 ) simulations predict resonant field penetration and resulting in pressure reduction at the top of the pedestal, consistent with experimental observations at the onset of ELM suppression. The predicted reduction in the height and width of the pedestal by magnetic island enhanced collisional transport provides a quantitative mechanism for the stabilization of the peeling-ballooning mode (PBM). Importantly, these simulations predict strong screening of resonant fields in the steep gradient region of the pedestal due to strong E × B rotation and diamagnetic flows. Yet, if the plasma resistivity is made artificially larger (~ 10X) than neoclassical, the simulations predict magnetic stochasticity throughout the plasma edge and the collapse of the pedestal due to the reduction in the penetration threshold with increasing resistivity. A scaling relation for resonant field penetration at the pedestal top, using several hundred nonlinear simulations, reproduces the density and E × B rotation dependence of the ELM suppression threshold observed in DIII-D. Simulations using ITER model equilibria indicate that the penetration threshold at the top of the ITER pedestal will be lower than in DIII-D due to the anticipated lower perpendicular flow velocities in ITER, resulting in the weaker screening of resonant fields.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Wide Operational Windows of Edge-Localized Mode Suppression by Resonant Magnetic Perturbations in the DIII-D Tokamak

Edge-Localized-Mode (ELM) suppression by resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) generally occurs over very narrow ranges of the plasma current (or magnetic safety factor $q_{95}$) in the DIII-D tokamak. However, wide $q_{95}$ ranges of ELM suppression are needed for the safety and operational flexibility of ITER and future reactors. In DIII-D ITER Similar Shape (ISS) plasmas with $n$=3 RMPs, the range of $q_{95}$ for ELM suppression is found to increase with decreasing electron density. Nonlinear two-fluid MHD simulations reproduce the observed $q_{95}$ windows of ELM suppression and the dependence on plasma density, based on the conditions for resonant field penetration at the top of the pedestal. When the RMP amplitude is close to the threshold for resonant field penetration, only narrow isolated magnetic islands form near the top of the pedestal, leading to narrow $q_{95}$ windows of ELM suppression. However, as the threshold for field penetration decreases with decreasing density, resonant field penetration can take place over a wider range of $q_{95}$. For sufficiently low density (penetration threshold) multiple magnetic islands form near the top of the pedestal giving rise to continuous $q_{95}$ windows of ELM suppression. The model predicts that wide $q_{95}$ windows of ELM suppression can be achieved at substantially higher pedestal pressure in DIII-D by shifting to higher toroidal mode number ($n$=4) RMPs.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Comment on “Anisotropic Scattering Caused by Apical Oxygen Vacancies in Thin Films of Overdoped High-Temperature Cuprate Superconductors”

The comment is on the article published in Vol. 128, Iss. 13 — 1 April 2022, https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.137001. In Ref. 1, Wang et al. address an important problem in the overdoped cuprates, taking the first steps toward understanding the structure of real defects in these materials, in this case the apical oxygen vacancy, VO, that sits immediately above the planar Cu. However, the approach taken has some issues, which we outline in this Comment

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Inner Shell Spectroscopy beamline at NSLS-II: a facility for in situ and operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy for materials research

The Inner Shell Spectroscopy (ISS) beamline on the 8-ID station at the National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Upton, NY, USA, is a high-throughput X-ray absorption spectroscopy beamline designed for in situ, operando, and time-resolved material characterization using high monochromatic flux and scanning speed. This contribution discusses the technical specifications of the beamline in terms of optics, heat load management, monochromator motion control, and data acquisition and processing. Results of the beamline tests demonstrating the quality of the data obtainable on the instrument, possible energy scanning speeds, as well as long-term beamline stability are shown. The ability to directly control the monochromator trajectory to define the acquisition time for each spectral region is highlighted. Examples of studies performed on the beamline are presented. The paper is concluded with a brief outlook for future developments.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

On the Stability of Power Transmission Systems Under Persistent Inverter Attacks: A Bi-Linear Matrix Approach

We investigate the stability and robustness properties of a power transmission system under persistent deceiving attacks on inverter-interfaced energy resources. The attacks can corrupt the damping coefficients in the inverters' controllers and measurements of the frequency at the points of coupling. Leveraging tools from hybrid dynamical systems theory, we characterize a broad family of persistent (and not necessarily periodic) attacks acting on the inverters, under which the stability properties of the transmission system can be shown to not be compromised. To address potentially conservative conditions identified through conventional bounding techniques, sufficient conditions on the average activation time of the attacks are identified via Lyapunov theory, as well as the formulation and solution of a class of bilinear matrix inequalities (BMI). The results are obtained for constant and slowly time-varying loads via input-to-state stability (ISS) tools. Numerical simulations on the IEEE 39-bus test system are also presented.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Safe, Low-Cost, High Energy-Density, Solid-State Li-Ion Batteries

We developed intrinsically safe, robust, low-cost, high-energy-density solid-state Li-ion batteries, by integrating high conductivity garnet-type solid Li ion electrolytes and several different cathodes in tailored microstructures, fabricated by low-cost supported thin-film ceramic techniques, to overcome the primary technological barriers to next generation battery technology. In this ARPA-E project we employed Li-garnet solid-state electrolytes pioneered by one of the co-investigators (Thangadurai) which has room temperature (RT) conductivity of ~10 -3 S cm -1 . The highly stable garnet SSE allowed the use of S, NMC, and other cathodes with Li metal anodes without stability or flammability concerns. We studied the garnet’s stability when exposed to CO 2 and humidity (with or without an ALD coating) and showed that the material can be processed in ambient air for most steps prior to battery assembly, significantly reducing production costs. We extensively studied and scaled up the synthesis of the powder and explored external suppliers of garnet to determine the best pathway for commercial success. We used low-cost and scalable tapecasting fabrication methods to create porous-dense-porous “trilayer” solid electrolyte microstructures with a ~20 μm separating dense layer, and >70% porosity porous layers to host the electrodes. These scalable multilayer ceramic fabrication techniques, without need for dry rooms or vacuum equipment, also provide for dramatically reduced manufacturing costs. The tailored microstructured electrode supports (scaffold) increased interfacial area ~50x, overcoming the high impedance typical of planar geometry SSLiBs, resulting in record-setting 10 mA/cm 2 lithium cycling in a symmetric cell. We expanded our tapecasting ability and showed tapes >25m in length by the end of the project. We demonstrated the ability to sinter garnet without the use of a garnet powderbed, which could have been a major obstacle and waste of material at scale. At the same time, we expanded the size of our trilayers from coin cells (0.7 cm 2 ) to the full format design (30 cm 2 ). To develop full cells, we demonstrated 250 Wh/kg at room temperature with commercial NMC electrode films in a bilayer configuration. Similarly, we demonstrated 280 Wh/kg trilayer Li-S cells at room temperature with >90% capacity retention over 300 cycles. At 90°C we demonstrated 350 Wh/kg with a Li-S trilayer. The high thermal stability of the garnet electrolyte also enabled extended cycling (400 cycles) of a Li-TiS 2 cell at 150 °C, showcasing the exceptional safety and nonflammability of the solid-state trilayer batteries. Ion Storage Systems has taken this technology and knowledge to produce trilayer garnet electrolytes and is building out facilities to commercialize high performance solid state batteries. ISS has hired a strong staff, identified and communicated with a large number of potential partners, and successfully secured follow-on funding.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Electron Activity (Secondary Electron & Field Emission ) Suppression by Magnetic Field Placed on the Surface of Metals And Dielectric [Slides]

Secondary electron emission happens when the surface is exposed to an oscillating electromagnetic field. It has extremely dangerous effect when resonance condition of this oscillating field and higher SEY conditions are met. The dependence of the secondary electron on primary electron energy is shown in the figure. This multiplication effect on the number of electrons in oscillating electromagnetic field is called multipacting. The problem with multipacting exist in many scientific fields like LHC, ISS, ITER involving particle accelerator, space science and fusion research. In high intensity proton rings this multiplies electron get trapped inside the potential created by proton beam called electron cloud. In High power microwave sources, rf couplers and rf window to couple the power also hugely affected by multipacting.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Self-Assembly and Phase Separation for Transport: A brief argument for the continued exploration of liquid crystal flows and electrodeposition in micro-gravity

Phase separation, interfacial tension gradients, and molecular self-assembly are all phenomena frequently observed when manipulating soft condensed matter systems on Earth. Depending on the system these processes can also be quite predictable. For instance, on Earth water droplets placed on hydrophobic surfaces will have contact angles > 90° with limited spread, contrary to their wetting behavior on hydrophilic surfaces. However, in an environment that is in a constant state of free-fall, where the gravitational field is reduced by 10%, such as on the International Space Station (ISS), buoyancy and its effect on fluid convection also become negligible. Fluid flow and phase behavior become less predictable. Thus, continuing the prior example, even if water droplets still remain in contact with a surface in microgravity (µg), the interface between the air and droplets will still remain significantly curved, appearing almost as if they were placed over completely nonwetting surfaces (Fig. 1a). Moreover, the negligible opposing buoyant force would also mean that if immiscible liquid droplets of a less dense character, or air bubbles even (Fig. 1b), were to be suspended within a larger water drop, these immiscible droplets or air bubbles would not migrate toward any one direction unless either artificially propelled by an external force or internal reaction inducing flow.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Approach to Precision and Bias Analysis of Interlaboratory Salt Study Results

An interlaboratory study of salt properties measurements was initiated in 2020 by Raluca Scarlatt of UC Berkley and Jake McMurray of Oak Ridge National Laboratory as a DOE-funded NEUP project. The objective of what is referred to as the interlaboratory salt study (ISS) was to assess the quality of molten salt property data and develop consensus standard methods for measuring key property values. Unlike many interlaboratory studies in which the precision of applying a well-defined and well-constrained method is measured, the methods used to measure property values were not specified nor were the measurement conditions controlled. Instead, the approach was to engage participants in measuring the property values of two commonly-used salt mixtures by using any desired measurement techniques. By including measurements made using the same and different methods across institutions, the precisions achieved using specific techniques can be assessed as well as the confidence in the values measured using different techniques. Details of the calibrations and uncertainty provided by the participants will be useful in establishing a best practice for the application of each technique to molten salts.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Tank Closure Cesium Removal Ion Exchange Column CST Characterization: SRNL-STI-2024-00072 (Rev.0) pdf

Savannah River Mission Completion (SRMC) recently suspended operation of the Tank Closure Cesium Removal (TCCR) system which utilized an ion exchange (IX) process to remove radioactive cesium from waste supernate. During the demonstration phase, a total of three batches of Tank 10H dissolved salt waste were processed through the original TCCR columns. Subsequently, dissolved salt waste from Tank 9H was processed through TCCR in a phase referred to as TCCR 1A with four new IX columns. All eight columns have now been moved to Interim Safe Storage (ISS). For each batch processed through the TCCR IX columns, SRNL performed a number of analyses on surface and variable depth samples as well as batch equilibrium contact tests (BECT) to determine equilibrium loadings of Cs on the crystalline silicotitanate (CST) IX media. The BECTs were performed by lowering “teabags” containing ~0.1 g of CST each into the tank for a period of at least 10 days. The teabags were then retrieved and sent to SRNL for digestion and analysis.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2023

In silico analyses of diversity and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance genes and mobile genetics elements, for plasmids of enteric pathogens

The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) mobilome plays a key role in the dissemination of resistance genes encoded by mobile genetics elements (MGEs) including plasmids, transposons (Tns), and insertion sequences (ISs). These MGEs contribute to the dissemination of multidrug resistance (MDR) in enteric bacterial pathogens which have been considered as a global public health risk. To further understand the diversity and distribution of AMR genes and MGEs across different plasmid types, we utilized multiple sequence-based computational approaches to evaluate AMR-associated plasmid genetics. A collection of 1,309 complete plasmid sequences from Gammaproteobacterial species, including 100 plasmids from each of the following 14 incompatibility (Inc) types: A/C, BO, FIA, FIB, FIC, FIIA, HI1, HI2, I1, K, M, N, P except W, where only 9 sequences were available, was extracted from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank database using BLAST tools. The extracted FASTA files were analyzed using the AMRFinderPlus web-based tools to detect antimicrobial, disinfectant, biocide, and heavy metal resistance genes and ISFinder to identify IS/Tn MGEs within the plasmid sequences. In silico prediction based on plasmid replicon types showed that the resistance genes were diverse among plasmids, yet multiple genes were widely distributed across the plasmids from enteric bacterial species. These findings provide insights into the diversity of resistance genes and that MGEs mediate potential transmission of these genes across multiple plasmid replicon types. This notion was supported by the observation that many IS/Tn MGEs and resistance genes known to be associated with them were common across multiple different plasmid types. Our results provide critical insights about how the diverse population of resistance genes that are carried by the different plasmid types can allow for the dissemination of AMR across enteric bacteria. The results also highlight the value of computational-based approaches and in silico analyses for the assessment of AMR and MGEs, which are important elements of molecular epidemiology and public health outcomes.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗