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DOE OSTI2021

Isoscalar and isovector giant resonances in 44 Ca, 54 Fe, 64,68 Zn and 56,58,60,68 Ni

We have studied the uncharacteristic behavior of the measured values of the isoscalar and isovector centroid energies, E CEN , of nuclear giant resonances of multipolarity from L = 0 to L = 3 in 44 Ca, 54 Fe, 64,68 Zn and 56,58,60,68 Ni. For this purpose, we carried out calculations of E CEN within the spherical Hartree-Fock (HF)-based random phase approximation (RPA) theory with 33 distinct Skyrme-like effective nucleon-nucleon interactions. We have also determined the Pearson linear correlation coefficients between centroid energies, obtained from the HF-RPA, and the various properties of nuclear matter (NM) of each interaction and determined the sensitivity of E CEN to NM properties. We compared the theoretical values of E CEN obtained from the HF-RPA calculations with experimental data and discuss the results, pointing out significant disagreements between theoretical and experimental values. We note in particular, that we obtain good agreement for the theoretical E CEN of the isovector giant dipole resonance and the available experimental data.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2019

Low-lying octupole isovector excitation in Nd 144

The nature of low-lying 3 – levels in 144 Nd was investigated in the 143 Nd(n, γγ) cold neutron-capture reaction. The combination of the high neutron flux from the research reactor at the Institut Laue-Langevin and the high γ-ray detection efficiency of the EXILL setup allowed the recording of γγ coincidences. From the coincidence data precise branching ratios were extracted. Furthermore, the octagonal symmetry of the setup allowed angular-distribution measurements to determine multipole-mixing ratios. Additionally, in a second measurement the ultra-high resolution spectrometer GAMS6 was employed to conduct lifetime measurements using the gamma-ray induced Doppler-shift technique (GRID). The confirmed strong M1 component in the 3 – 3 → 3 – 1 decay strongly supports the assignment of the 3 – 3 level at 2779 keV as low-lying isovector octupole excitation. Here, the microscopic calculations within the quasiparticle phonon model confirm an isovector component in the wave function of the 3 – 3 level, firmly establishing this fundamental mode of nuclear excitation in near-spherical nuclei.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Role of the isovector spin-orbit potential in mitigating the CREX-PREX dilemma

Pioneering electroweak measurements of the neutron skin thickness in lead-208 and calcium-48 are challenging our understanding of nuclear dynamics. Many theoretical models suggest that the slope of the symmetry energy controls the development of a neutron skin in neutron-rich nuclei. This led to the expectation that if lead-208 exhibits a large neutron skin, calcium-48 should as well. Given that the PREX Collaboration reported a relatively thick neutron skin in lead, we anticipated that calcium would also have a significant neutron skin. Instead, the CREX Collaboration reported a thin neutron skin in calcium. Although many suggestions have been proposed, the “CREX-PREX dilemma” remains unsolved. Recently, an intriguing scenario has emerged, suggesting that an enhanced isovector spin-orbit interaction could simultaneously account for both results. Following this approach, we performed relativistic mean-field calculations with an increased isovector spin-orbit potential. Our findings indicate that, while this modification significantly affects the structure of calcium-48, it has only a marginal impact on lead-208, thereby bringing the results into better agreement with experiment. Furthermore, the strong enhancement required to mitigate the CREX-PREX dilemma destroys the agreement with a successful spin-orbit phenomenology, primarily by modifying the well-known ordering of spin-orbit partners.

Neutron skin thickness↗

DOE OSTI2020

Isoscalar and Isovector Giant Resonances in Closed Shells Nuclei and Bulk Properties of Nuclear Matter

Centroid energies, E CEN , of the isoscalar (T = 0) and isovector (T = 1) giant resonances of multipolarities L = 0 – 3 in 40,48 Ca, 68 Ni, 90 Zr, 116 Sn, 144 Sm and 208 Pb, were calculated within the fully self-consistent spherical Hartree-Fock (HF)-based random phase approximation (RPA) theory, using 33 different energy density functionals associated with Skyrme-type effective nucleon-nucleon interactions of the standard form commonly employed in the literature. Here, we also calculate the Pearson linear correlation coefficients between each E CEN and each bulk property of nuclear matter (NM), associated with the Skyrme interactions used in the calculations, and determine the sensitivity of E CEN to bulk properties of NM. By comparing the calculated values of E CEN to the experimental data, we constrain the values of the bulk NM properties. We find that interactions associated with the values of the NM effective mass, m* / m = 0.70 to 0.90, incompressibility coefficient, K NM = 210 to 240 MeV, and the enhancement coefficient of the energy weighted sum rule of the isovector giant dipole resonance, κ = 0.25 to 0.70, best reproduce the experimental data.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2012

Peripheral Transverse Densities of the Nucleon in a Chiral-Parton Approach to Isovector Form Factors

We calculate the nucleon's isovector electromagnetic and gravitational form factors using leading time ordered diagrams in the infinite momentum frame. These form factors can be written as overlaps of nucleon-pion light-cone wave-functions of the nucleon plus, in the case of electromagnetic form factors, a non-partonic contact term. We demonstrate also that through Fourier transforms, these form factors are related to transverse charge densities of the nucleon that are calculable in the nucleon's periphery using an isovector pion-nucleon coupling when calculating wave functions. It is found that these transverse densities are suppressed exponentially at large distances by powers that grow with the pion's longitudinal momentum. Both, electromagnetic and gravitational form factors along with the corresponding transverse densities in this partonic approach will further characterize the chiral contribution to the nucleon's internal orbital angular momentum.

Granados, Carlos↗

DOE OSTI2011

On the interplay between allowed Gamow-Teller and Isovector Spin Monopole (IVSM) excitations

The excitation of Gamow-Teller (GT) and Isovector Spin Monopole (IVSM) modes in {sup 116}In by (p,n) and (n,p)) charge-exchange reactions is studied within the framework of the Quasiparticle Random-phase Approximation. It is shown that the admixture of the IVSM and Gamow-Teller (GT) excitations is negligible, and that the contribution to the strength above 20 MeV excitation energy, in {sup 116}In, is, most likely, due to the IVSM ({sigma}r{sup 2}{tau}{sup {+-}}) mode.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2010

Influence of the isovector-scalar channel interaction on neutron star matter with hyperons and antikaon condensation

The relativistic mean field approach including isovector-scalar channel (i.e., exchanging {delta} mesons) interaction is taken to study the properties of neutron star matter including hyperons and antikaon condensation. For hyperonic neutron stars, it shows that the {delta}-meson channel interaction stiffens the equation of state at lower densities but it softens the equation of state after hyperons appear. This leads to the neutron star having a lower central density and a larger radius than the one with the same mass but without the {delta}-meson channel interaction. For neutron star matter including both hyperons and antikaon condensation, the {delta}-meson channel interaction increases the onset density of the antikaon condensation. At the same time, the stability of the kaonic neutron star and its dependence on the kaon optical potential are discussed. For stable kaonic neutron stars with larger radii, those with the inclusion of the {delta}-meson channel interaction have larger masses than those without the {delta}-meson interaction, but the result is reversed for those with smaller radii. Calculated results are also compared with neutron star observations. Constraints on the model parameters are then provided.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2010

Role of the isovector nucleon-nucleus interaction potential in nonmesonic hypernuclear decay

We develop a theoretical finite nucleus framework for the evaluation of the coincidence number of pairs N{sub nN} and the asymmetry parameter a{sub {Lambda}} in nonmesonic hypernuclear decay {Lambda}N{yields}nN, and introduce the effect of final-state interactions. The primary nonmesonic weak hyperon-nucleon decay process is described through the independent-particle shell model. We work within the 2p1h subspace of final states, assuming a simple approach for finite nuclei based on the eikonal approximation. An optical potential including the nucleon-nucleus isoscalar and isovector interactions is introduced to take into account the minimum nuclear-medium effects. The calculated values for {sub {Lambda}}{sup 5}He and {sub {Lambda}}{sup 12}C show that our treatment of final-state interactions, even those considered as restricted to a subspace of states, brings the independent-particle model results closer to the experimental data.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Isoscalar and Isovector Kaon Form Factors from e{sup +}e{sup –} and τ Data

The recent precise measurements of the e{sup +}e{sup –} → K{sub S}K{sub L} and e{sup +}e{sup –} → K{sup +}K{sup –} cross sections and the hadronic spectral function of the τ{sup –} → K{sup –}K{sub S}ν{sub τ} decay are used to extract the isoscalar and isovector electromagnetic kaon form factors and their relative phase in a model-independent way. The experimental results are compared with a fit based on the vector-meson-dominance model.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Nucleon Isovector Pairing in Nuclei: Microscopic Approach, Boson Representation, and Collective Model

Nucleon pair correlations in atomic nuclei are analyzed within a nuclear microscopic model with residual isovector pairing forces. These are formulated in the boson representation of fermion operators whereby the collective mode of pair excitations can be isolated without restricting the size of the one-particle basis. This method allows one to analyze the fluctuations in the nonsuperfluid phase of nuclear matter, its phase transition to the superfluid phase, and strong pair correlations. The performance of the method is exemplified by numerical results for the nuclei in the vicinity of the doubly magic {sup 56}Ni nucleus.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Scaling Symmetries in Elastic-Plastic Dynamic Cavity Expansion Equations Using the Isovector Method

Cavity-expansion approximations are widely-used in the study of penetration mechanics and indentation phenomena. We apply the isovector method to a well-established model in the literature for elastic-plastic cavity-expansion to systematically demonstrate the existence of Lie symmetries corresponding to scale-invariant solutions. Here we use the symmetries obtained from the equations of motion to determine compatible auxiliary conditions describing the cavity wall trajectory and the elastic-plastic material interface. The admissible conditions are then compared with specific similarity solutions in the literature.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2026

Proton isovector helicity PDF at NNLO and the twist-3 moment $\tilde{d}$ 2 from lattice QCD at physical quark masses

We present a lattice quantum chromodynamics calculation of the 𝑥-dependent isovector quark helicity parton distribution function (PDF) of the proton in the large momentum effective theory (LaMET) framework. Through operator product expansion (OPE) we also extract the $\tilde{d}$ 2 moment of the twist-3 PDF 𝑔 𝑇 ⁡(𝑥) for the first time in the $\overline{MS}$ scheme, which is proportional to the average color Lorentz force experienced by the quark in the proton. This calculation is performed on a lattice of spacing 𝑎 =0.076 fm at physical quark masses. The quasi-PDF matrix elements are measured in proton states boosted to momenta 𝑃 𝑧 ={0,0.25,1.02,1.53} GeV. We first extract the lowest few helicity PDF moments from the renormalization-group (RG) invariant ratios of the matrix elements with OPE. Combined with the matrix elements relevant for 𝑔 𝑇 ⁡(𝑥), we obtain $\tilde{d}$$^{u-d}_2$⁡(2 GeV) =0.0024⁢(46) at next-to-leading order in $\overline{MS}$. Then, the helicity quasi-PDF matrix elements are renormalized in the hybrid scheme with linear renormalon resummation and Fourier transformed to the 𝑥-space after an asymptotic extrapolation. The quasi-PDF is perturbatively matched to the $\overline{MS}$ PDF with RG and threshold resummations at next-to-leading power and next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic accuracies. After resummations, we determine the PDF in the region 𝑥 ∈[0.25,0.75]. The end-point regions are then parametrized, combined with the LaMET prediction at moderate 𝑥, and fitted to the short-distance matrix elements in coordinate space.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Exact isovector pairing in a shell-model framework: Role of proton-neutron correlations in isobaric analog states

Here, we utilize a nuclear shell model Hamiltonian with only two adjustable parameters to generate, for the first time, exact solutions for pairing correlations for light to medium-mass nuclei, including the challenging proton-neutron pairs, while also identifying the primary physics involved. In addition to single-particle energy and Coulomb potential terms, the shell model Hamiltonian consists of an isovector T = 1 pairing interaction and an average proton-neutron isoscalar T = 0 interaction, where the T = 0 term describes the average interaction between nonpaired protons and neutrons. This Hamiltonian is exactly solvable, where, utilizing three to seven single-particle energy levels, we reproduce experimental data for 0 + state energies for isotopes with mass A = 10 through A = 62 exceptionally well including isotopes from He to Ge. Additionally, we isolate effects due to like-particle and proton-neutron pairing, provide estimates for the total and proton-neutron pairing gaps, and reproduce N (neutron) = Z (proton) irregularity. These results provide a further understanding for the key role of proton-neutron pairing correlations in nuclei, which is especially important for waiting-point nuclei on the $\mathcal{rp}$ path of nucleosynthesis.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Fine structure of the isovector giant dipole resonance in Nd 142 – 150 and Sm 152

Inelastic proton scattering at energies of a few hundred MeV and very-forward scattering angles including 0° has been established as a tool for the study of electric-dipole strength distributions in nuclei. The present work reports a systematic investigation of the chain of stable even-mass Nd isotopes representing a transition from spherical to quadrupole-deformed nuclei. Extraction of the equivalent photo-absorption cross sections and analysis of their fine structure in the energy region of the isovector giant dipole resonance (IVGDR). Method: Proton inelastic scattering reactions of 200 MeV protons were measured at the iThemba Laboratory for Accelerator Based Sciences in Cape Town, South Africa. The scattering products were momentum-analyzed by the K600 magnetic spectrometer positioned at θ Lab = 0°. Using dispersion-matching techniques, energy resolutions of ΔE ≈ 40–50 keV (full width at half maximum) were obtained. After subtraction of background and contributions from other multipoles, the spectra were converted to photoabsorption cross sections using the equivalent virtual-photon method. Wavelet-analysis techniques are used to extract characteristic energy scales of the fine structure of the IVGDR from the experimental data. Fine structure of the IVGDR is observed even for the most deformed nuclei studied. Comparisons between the extracted experimental energy scales and those energy scales obtained from the quasiparticle-phonon model (QPM) and Skyrme separable random phase approximation (SSRPA) predictions provide insight into the role of different giant-resonance damping mechanisms. It can be seen that the scales in the spherical and most likely also in the deformed nuclei mainly result from the fragmentation of the one-particle-one-hole (1p1h) strength into several dominant transitions serving as doorway states. In cases where calculations beyond the 1p1h level are available, some impact of the spreading due to coupling of the two-particle-two-hole (2p2h) states to the 1p1h doorway states is observed. New virtual-photon absorption data for the chain of stable Nd isotopes and 152 Sm are presented, with a focus on the phenomenon of nonstatistical cross-section fluctuations, referred to as fine structure, in the energy region of the IVGDR. The wavelet-analysis techniques used allowed for the features of the fine structure to be quantified in the form of characteristic scales. Finally, comparisons between experimental results and model predictions indicate that Landau damping seems to be the main source of the fine structure in both the spherical and deformed nuclei, but calculations including 2p2h degrees of freedom would be beneficial to confirm this for the deformed cases.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Moments of nucleon isovector structure functions in 2+1+1-flavor QCD

We present results on the isovector momentum fraction, $\langle x \rangle_{u–d}$ , helicity moment, $\langle x \rangle_{Δ u–Δd}$ , and the transversity moment, $\langle x \rangle_{δu–δd}$, of the nucleon obtained using nine ensembles of gauge configurations generated by the MILC Collaboration using 2 + 1 + 1 -flavors of dynamical highly improved staggered quarks. The correlation functions are calculated using the Wilson-Clover action, and the renormalization of the three operators is carried out nonperturbatively on the lattice in the RI'–MOM scheme. The data have been collected at lattice spacings a ≈ 0.15 , 0.12, 0.09, and 0.06 fm and $M_π$ ≈ 310 , 220, and 135 MeV, which are used to obtain the physical values using a simultaneous chiral-continuum-finite-volume fit. The final results, in the $\overline{\text{MS}}$ scheme at 2 GeV, are $\langle$ x $\rangle$ u – d = 0.173 ( 14 ) ( 07 ) , $\langle x \rangle_{Δu–Δd}$ = 0.213 ( 15 ) ( 22 ) , and $\langle x \rangle_{δu–δd}$ = 0.208 ( 19 ) ( 24 ) , where the first error is the overall analysis uncertainty and the second is an additional systematic uncertainty due to possible residual excited-state contributions. These results are consistent with other recent lattice calculations and phenomenological global fit values.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Nucleon isovector axial form factors

We present results for the isovector axial vector form factors obtained using thirteen 2 + 1 + 1 -flavor highly improved staggered quark (HISQ) ensembles generated by the MILC collaboration. The calculation of nucleon two- and three-point correlation functions has been done using Wilson-clover fermions. In the analysis of these data, we quantify the sensitivity of the results to strategies used for removing excited state contamination and invoke the partially conserved axial current relation between the form factors to choose between them. Our data driven analysis includes removing contributions from multihadron N π states that make significant contributions. Our final results are g A = 1.292 ( 53 ) stat ( 24 ) sys for the axial charge; g S = 1.085 ( 50 ) stat ( 103 ) sys and g T = 0.991 ( 21 ) stat ( 10 ) sys for the scalar and tensor charges; ⟨ r A 2 ⟩ = 0.439 ( 56 ) stat ( 34 ) sys fm 2 for the mean squared axial charge radius, g P * = 9.03 ( 47 ) stat ( 42 ) sys for the induced pseudoscalar charge; and g π N N = 14.14 ( 81 ) stat ( 85 ) sys for the pion-nucleon coupling. We also provide a parametrization of the axial form factor G A ( Q 2 ) over the range 0 ≤ Q 2 ≤ 1 GeV 2 for use in phenomenology and a comparison with other lattice determinations. We find that the various lattice data agree within 10% but are significantly different from the extraction of G A ( Q 2 ) from the ν -deuterium scattering data. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2017

Isovector charges of the nucleon from 2+1-flavor QCD with clover fermions

Here, we present high-statistics estimates of the isovector charges of the nucleon from four 2 + 1-flavor ensembles generated using Wilson-clover fermions with stout smearing and tree-level tadpole improved Symanzik gauge action at lattice spacings 𝑎 ≈ 0.127 and 0.09 fm and with 𝑀 𝜋 ≈ 280 and 170 MeV. The truncated solver method with bias correction and the coherent source sequential propagator construction are used to cost-effectively achieve 𝑂⁡(1⁢0 5 ) measurements on each ensemble. Using these data, the analysis of two-point correlation functions is extended to include four states in the fits, and of three-point functions to three states. Control over excited-state contamination in the calculation of the nucleon mass, the mass gaps between excited states, and in the matrix elements is demonstrated by the consistency of estimates using this multistate analysis of the spectral decomposition of the correlation functions and from simulations of the three-point functions at multiple values of the source-sink separation. The results for all three charges, 𝑔 𝐴 , 𝑔 𝑆 , and 𝑔 𝑇 , are in good agreement with calculations done using the clover-on-HISQ lattice formulation with similar values of the lattice parameters.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Proton Isovector Helicity Distribution on the Lattice at Physical Pion Mass

We present a state-of-the-art calculation of the isovector quark helicity Bjorken-x distribution in the proton using lattice-QCD ensembles at the physical pion mass. We compute quasi-distributions at proton momenta P z ϵ {2.2; 2.6; 3.0} GeV on the lattice, and match them systematically to the physical parton distribution using large-momentum effective theory (LaMET).We reach an unprecedented precision through high statistics in simulations, large-momentum proton matrix elements, and control of excited-state contamination. The resulting distribution with combined statistical and systematic errors is in agreement with the latest phenomenological analysis of the spin-dependent experimental data; in particular, Δ$\bar{u}$(x) > Δ$\bar{d}$(x).

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗