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At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Air resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization tagging velocimetry

Air resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) tagging velocimetry (ART) was demonstrated in quiescent and supersonic flows. The ART velocimetry method utilizes a wavelength tunable laser beam to resonantly ionize molecular oxygen in air and generate additional avalanche-type ionization of molecular nitrogen. The fluorescence emissions from the first negative and first positive bands of molecular nitrogen are, thus, produced and used for flow tagging. Detailed characterization of ART was conducted, including the effects of oxygen resonance to fluoresce nitrogen, nitrogen fluorescence spectrum, laser energy deposition into quiescent flow showing minimal perturbations in flow, fluorescence lifetime study at various pressures, and line tagging without breakdown. Pointwise velocity measurements within a supersonic flow from a nominal Mach 1.5 nozzle have been conducted and characterized.

Clark, Aleksander↗
DOE OSTI2017

Resonant ionization spectroscopy of autoionizing Rydberg states in cobalt and redetermination of its ionization potential

We obtained multi-step resonance ionization spectroscopy of cobalt using a hot-cavity laser ion source and three Ti:Sapphire lasers. Furthermore, the photoionization spectra revealed members of five new autoionizing Rydberg series that originate from three different lower levels of 3d 7 4s5s h 4 F 9/2 , 3d 7 4s4d f 4 G 11/2 , and 3d 7 4s4d f 4 H 13/2 and converge to the first four excited states of singly ionized Co. Our analyses of the Rydberg series yield 63564.689 0.036 cm -1 as the first ionization potential of Co, which is an order of magnitude more accurate than the previous estimation. Using a three-step resonance ionization scheme that employs an autoinizing Rydberg state in the last transition, we obtained an overall ionization efficiency of about 18% for Co.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Resonance-mediated atomic ionization dynamics induced by ultraintense x-ray pulses

We describe the methodology of our recently developed Monte Carlo rate equation (MCRE) approach, which systematically incorporates bound-bound resonances to model multiphoton ionization dynamics induced by high-fluence, high-intensity x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses. These resonances are responsible for ionization far beyond that predicted by the sequential single photon absorption model and are central to a quantitative understanding of atomic ionization dynamics in XFEL pulses. We also present calculated multiphoton ionization dynamics for Kr and Xe atoms in XFEL pulses for a variety of conditions, to compare the effects of bandwidth, pulse duration, pulse fluence, and photon energy. This comprehensive computational investigation reveals areas in the photon energy–pulse fluence landscape where resonances are critically important. We also uncover a mechanism, preservation of inner-shell vacancies (PIVS), whereby radiation damage is enhanced at higher XFEL intensities and identify the sequence of core-outer–Rydberg, core-valence, and core-core resonances encountered during multiphoton x-ray ionization.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Selectivity of Electronic Coherence and Attosecond Ionization Delays in Strong-Field Double Ionization

Experiments are presented on real-time probing of coherent electron dynamics in xenon initiated by strong-field double ionization. Attosecond transient absorption measurements allow for characterization of electronic coherences as well as relative ionization timings in multiple electronic states of $Xe^{+}$ and Xe$^{2+}$. A high degree of coherence g=0.4 is observed between $^{3}P_{2}^{0}-^{3}P_{0}^{0}$ of $Xe^{2+}$, whereas for other possible pairs of states the coherences are below the detection limits of the experiments. A comparison of the experimental results with numerical simulations based on an uncorrelated electron-emission model shows that the coherences produced by strong-field double ionization are more selective than predicted. Surprisingly short ionization time delays, 0.85 fs, 0.64 fs, and 0.75 fs relative to $Xe^{+}$ formation, are also measured for the $^{3}P_{2}$, $^{3}P_{0}$, and $^{3}P_{1}$ states of Xe$^{2+}$, respectively. Both the unpredicted selectivity in the formation of coherence and the subfemtosecond time delays of specific states provide new insight into correlated electron dynamics in strong-field double ionization.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1999

The Contribution of Ionizing Starts to the Far-Infrared and Radio Emission in the Milky Way: Evidence for a Swept-up Shell and Diffuse Ionized Halo Around the W4 Chimney/Supershell

Normandeau have proposed that W4 is a galactic chimney, the only chimney to-date identified in our Galaxy. Using the recent approx. 1 min resolution IGA (Infrared Galaxy Atlas) and DRAO (Dominion Royal Astrophysical Observatory) CGPS (Canadian Galactic Plane Survey) galactic plane surveys we analyze the far-infrared and radio structure of the W 4 chimney/supershell. We show W4 has a swept-up partially ionized shell of gas and dust which is powered by the OCl 352 star cluster. Analysis of the dust column density establishes there is dense interstellar material below the shell, directly showing the dense material which caused the lower shell expansion to stall. Due to much lower densities above the Galactic plane, the upper W4 shell achieved 'breakout' to form a Galactic chimney. Although the shell appears ionization bounded, it is very inhomogenous and an ionized halo provides evidence of significant Lyman continuum leakage. A large fraction of the OCl 352 cluster photons escape to large distances and are available to ionize the WIM (warm ionized medium) component of the interstellar medium.

Terebey, Susan↗
DOE OSTI2015

Multireference configuration interaction calculations of the first six ionization potentials of the uranium atom

The first 6 ionization potentials (IPs) of the uranium atom have been calculated using multireference configuration interaction (MRCI+Q) with extrapolations to the complete basis set limit using new all-electron correlation consistent basis sets. The latter was carried out with the third-order Douglas-Kroll-Hess Hamiltonian. Correlation down through the 5s5p5d electrons has been taken into account, as well as contributions to the IPs due to the Lamb shift. Spin-orbit coupling contributions calculated at the 4-component Kramers restricted configuration interaction level, as well as the Gaunt term computed at the Dirac-Hartree-Fock level, were added to the best scalar relativistic results. The final ionization potentials are expected to be accurate to at least 5 kcal/mol (0.2 eV) and thus more reliable than the current experimental values of IP{sub 3} through IP{sub 6}.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Modeling of Impact Ionization and Charge Trapping in SuperCDMS HVeV Detectors

A model for charge trapping and impact ionization, and an experiment to measure these parameters is presented for the SuperCDMS HVeV detector. A procedure to isolate and quantify the main sources of noise (bulk and surface charge leakage) in the measurements is also describe. This sets the stage to precisely measure the charge trapping and impact ionization probabilities in order to incorporate this model into future dark matter searches.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2017

Observation of ionization enhancement in two-color circularly polarized laser fields

When atoms are irradiated by two-color circularly polarized laser fields the resulting strong-field processes are dramatically different than when the same atoms are irradiated by a single-color ultrafast laser. For example, electrons can be driven in complex two-dimensional trajectories before rescattering or circularly polarized high harmonics can be generated, which was once thought impossible. Here, we show that two-color circularly polarized lasers also enable control over the ionization process itself and make a surprising finding: the ionization rate can be enhanced by up to 700% simply by switching the relative helicity of the two-color circularly polarized laser field. This enhancement is experimentally observed in helium, argon, and krypton over a wide range of intensity ratios of the two-color field. Here, we use a combination of advanced quantum and fully classical calculations to explain this ionization enhancement as resulting in part due to the increased density of excited states available for resonance-enhanced ionization in counter-rotating fields compared with co-rotating fields. In the future, this effect could be used to probe the excited state manifold of complex molecules.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

FLASH SPECTROSCOPY: EMISSION LINES FROM THE IONIZED CIRCUMSTELLAR MATERIAL AROUND <10-DAY-OLD TYPE II SUPERNOVAE

Supernovae (SNe) embedded in dense circumstellar material (CSM) may show prominent emission lines in their early-time spectra (≤10 days after the explosion), owing to recombination of the CSM ionized by the shock-breakout flash. From such spectra (“flash spectroscopy”), we can measure various physical properties of the CSM, as well as the mass-loss rate of the progenitor during the year prior to its explosion. Searching through the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF and iPTF) SN spectroscopy databases from 2009 through 2014, we found 12 SNe II showing flash-ionized (FI) signatures in their first spectra. All are younger than 10 days. These events constitute 14% of all 84 SNe in our sample having a spectrum within 10 days from explosion, and 18% of SNe II observed at ages <5 days, thereby setting lower limits on the fraction of FI events. We classified as “blue/featureless” (BF) those events having a first spectrum that is similar to that of a blackbody, without any emission or absorption signatures. It is possible that some BF events had FI signatures at an earlier phase than observed, or that they lack dense CSM around the progenitor. Within 2 days after explosion, 8 out of 11 SNe in our sample are either BF events or show FI signatures. Interestingly, we found that 19 out of 21 SNe brighter than an absolute magnitude M{sub R} = −18.2 belong to the FI or BF groups, and that all FI events peaked above M{sub R} = −17.6 mag, significantly brighter than average SNe II.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Insulator Nanostructure Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Surface-assisted laser desorption ionization (SALDI) is an approach for gas-phase ion generation for mass spectrometry using laser excitation on typically conductive or semiconductive nanostructures. Here, we introduce insulator nanostructure desorption ionization mass spectrometry (INDI-MS), a nanostructured polymer substrate for SALDI-MS analysis of small molecules and peptides. INDI-MS surfaces are produced through the self-assembly of a perfluoroalkyl silsesquioxane nanostructures in a single chemical vapor deposition silanization-step. We find that surfaces formed from the perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane monomer assemble semielliptical features with a 10 nm height, diameters between 10 and 50 nm, and have attomole–femtomole sensitivities for selected analytes. Surfaces prepared with silanes that either lack the trichloro or perfluoro groups, lack sensitivity. Further, we demonstrate that hydrophobic INDI regions can be micropatterned onto hydrophilic surfaces to perform on-chip self-desalting in an array format.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Spatially resolved density and ionization measurements of shocked foams using x-ray fluorescence

We present experiments at the Trident laser facility demonstrating the use of x-ray fluorescence (XRF) to simultaneously measure density, ionization state populations, and electron temperature in shocked foams. An imaging x-ray spectrometer obtained spatially resolved measurements of Ti K-α emission. Density profiles were measured from K-α intensity. Ti ionization state distributions and electron temperatures were inferred by fitting K-α spectra to spectra from CRETIN simulations. This work shows that XRF provides a powerful tool to complement other diagnostics to make equation of state measurements of shocked materials containing a suitable tracer element.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Characterization of an Ionization Readout Tile for nEXO

Anewdesign for the anode of a time projection chamber, consisting of a charge-detecting "tile", is investigated for use in large scale liquid xenon detectors. The tile is produced by depositing 60 orthogonal metal charge-collecting strips, 3 mm wide, on a 10 cm 10 cm fused-silica wafer. These charge tiles may be employed by large detectors, such as the proposed tonne-scale nEXO experiment to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay. Modular by design, an array of tiles can cover a sizable area. The width of each strip is small compared to the size of the tile, so a Frisch grid is not required. A grid-less, tiled anode design is beneficial for an experiment such as nEXO, where a wire tensioning support structure and Frisch grid might contribute radioactive backgrounds and would have to be designed to accommodate cycling to cryogenic temperatures. The segmented anode also reduces some degeneracies in signal reconstruction that arise in large-area crossed-wire time projection chambers. A prototype tile was tested in a cell containing liquid xenon. Very good agreement is achieved between the measured ionization spectrum of a 207Bi source and simulations that include the microphysics of recombination in xenon and a detailed modeling of the electrostatic field of the detector. An energy resolution E=5.5% is observed at 570 keV, comparable to the best intrinsic ionization-only resolution reported in literature for liquid xenon at 936 V/cm.

Jewell, M J.↗
DOE OSTI2016

Bond-rearrangement and ionization mechanisms in the photo-double-ionization of simple hydrocarbons (C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 3 F, and 1,1-C 2 H 2 F 2 ) near and above threshold

We have investigated bond-rearrangement driven by photo-double-ionization (PDI) near and above the double ionization threshold in a sequence of carbon-carbon double bonded hydrocarbon molecules: ethylene, fluoroethylene, and 1,1-difluoroethylene. We employ the kinematically complete cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy (COLTRIMS) method to resolve all photo-double-ionization events leading to two-ionic fragments. We observe changes in the branching ratios of different dissociative ionization channels depending on the presence of none, one, or two fluorine atoms. The role of the fluorine atom in the bond-rearrangement channels is intriguing as evident by the re-ordering of the threshold energies of the PDI in the fluorinated molecules. These effects offer a compelling argument that the electronegativity of the fluorine (or the polarity of the molecule) strongly influences the potential energy surfaces of the molcules and drives bond-rearrangement during the dissociation process. The energy sharing and the relative angle between the 3D-momentum vectors of the two electrons provide clear evidence of direct and indirect PDI processes.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Plasma Lens in Parametric Resonance Ionization Cooling

We present a concept of a plasma lens in a parametric resonance ionization cooling (PIC) for extra cooling of muon colliders. The PIC concept has been developed to overcome most aberrations. However, parasitic non-linear aberrations which is induced in an ionization cooling material still reduce a dynamic aperture of the PIC. The plasma lens generates an azimuthally symmetric focusing field in gas-filled RF cavities that is several orders of magnitude stronger than the conventional superconducting magnets. It allows for reduction of the beam size at the beam expansion points. This reduces the size of the aberrations and therefore greatly simplifies their compensation.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS1992

Iron ionization and recombination rates and ionization equilibrium

In the past few years important progress has been made on the knowledge of ionization and recombination rates of iron, an astrophysically abundant heavy element and a major impurity in laboratory fusion devices. We make a critical review of the existing data on ionization and dielectronic recombination and present new computations of radiative recombination rate coefficients of Fe(+14) through Fe(+25) using the photoionization cross sections of Clark et al. (1986). We provide analytical fits to the recommended data (direct ionization and excitation-autoionization cross sections; radiative and dielectronic recombination rate coefficients). Finally we determine the iron ionic fractions at ionization equilibrium and compare them with previous computations as well as with observational data.

Arnaud, M.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Measurement of the ionization yield from nuclear recoils in liquid xenon between 0.3 -- 6 keV with single-ionization-electron sensitivity

Dual-phase xenon TPC detectors are a highly scalable and widely used technology to search for low-energy nuclear recoil signals from WIMP dark matter or coherent nuclear scattering of ~MeV neutrinos. Such experiments expect to measure O(keV) ionization or scintillation signals from such sources. However, at ~ 1 keV and below, the signal calibrations in liquid xenon carry large uncertainties that directly impact the assumed sensitivity of existing and future experiments. In this work, we report a new measurement of the ionization yield of nuclear recoil signals in liquid xenon down to 0.3 keV – the lowest energy calibration reported to date – at which energy the average event produces just 1.1 ionized electrons. Between 2 and 6 keV, our measurements agree with existing measurements, but significantly improve the precision. At lower energies, we observe a decreasing trend that deviates from simple extrapolations of existing data. We also study the dependence of ionization yield on the applied drift field in liquid xenon between 220V/cm and 6240V/cm, allowing these measurements to apply to a broad range of current and proposed experiments with different operating parameters

Dark matter↗
DOE OSTI2025

The Systems of Radiological Protection for Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation

This paper summarizes the presentations and panel discussion held at Plenary Session 1 of the 16th IRPA International Congress/69th Health Physics Society Annual Meeting, in Orlando, FL, in July 2024. Plenary Session 1 discussed the basics of the systems of radiological protection (RP) for ionizing radiation (IR) and non-ionizing radiation (NIR) and included five presentations and a panel discussion. Rodney Croft, Chair of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), delivered the first presentation. Croft introduced the System of RP for NIR and provided an overview of ICNIRP’s coverage and current areas of work. Werner Rühm, Chair of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), delivered the second presentation. He gave an overview of the System of RP for IR and covered the key principles of justification, optimization, and dose limitation, including the current plans of ICRP toward the envisaged revision of the System of RP. The third speaker, Sigurður Magnús Magnússon, from the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA), provided the perspective of the RP professionals on the development of the Systems of RP for IR and NIR. Emilie van Deventer, from the World Health Organization (WHO), presented WHO’s views of both Systems of RP and discussed the relevant current activities of WHO with regard to IR and NIR. Kathryn Higley, President of the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), delivered the final presentation. Higley outlined the history of NCRP, the differences between ICRP and NCRP, and discussed the role of the NCRP in the System of RP, including NCRP’s role to analyze mechanisms of interaction of NIR with biological systems, including humans. The session concluded with a fruitful panel discussion, where the audience had the opportunity to ask the five invited speakers questions.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗