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Experiments were performed to measure, by electron impact, appearance potentials and the cross sections for ionization, dissociative ionization, and electron attachment for H2S. Results are presented, and discussed individually, for both positive and negative ions. A schematic diagram of the experimental setup is included.
Observational data obtained from the Visible Airglow Experiment (VAE) on the Atmospheric Explorer D satellite is used to deduce the production efficiency of the excited 2P state of the O(+) ion in the electron impact ionization of O under auroral conditions. Measurements of the airglow intensity in the O(+)(2P-2D) transition band 7320-7330 A by the upward looking VAE photometer were compared with the intensity predicted on the basis of electron spectra measured at heights from 211 to 235 km within the emission. A production efficiency of 18% is obtained, which is close to theoretical predictions and supports the theoretical value of 40% for the production of the 2D state.
The partial and total ionization cross section for the formation of O(+), S(+), SO(+) and SO2(+) from the impact ionization of SO2 are reported, extending the electron impact energies to 200 eV. The relative flow technique is used to determine the cross section values. The threshold potentials for the products are 23.5 eV for O(+), 16.5 eV for S(+), 16.5 eV for SO(+), and 12.5 eV for SO2(+). Good agreement with the literature is found for SO(+) and SO2(+).
We investigate the ionization of interstellar hydrogen and helium due to electron impact by shock-heated electrons. Taking the electron distributions measured at four interplanetary shocks at 1 AU, we show that the electrons in the downstream region of strong shocks can ionize interstellar atoms at rates matching or exceeding the nominal photoionization or charge-exchange rates. We suggest that this process may explain some puzzling observations of interstellar pickup ions by the Ulysses spacecraft.
By utilizing a crossed electron beam collision geometry, a combination of time-of-flight (TOF) and quadrupole mass spectrometers, and the relative flow technique1 normalized values of cross sections and appearance energies (AP) were obtained for the formation of singly and multiply ionized species resulting from the ionization and dissociation of C2H2. Details ont he apparatus and technique have been published previously.2,3.
The results of theoretical calculations for the reactions between electrons and negative hydrogen atoms are discussed for an electron colliding with a negative hydrogen ion and neutralizing the hydrogen ion by stripping the loosely bound electron from it, and the two free electrons moving away. A semi-quantum description of the process is presented in which the target is described in terms of quantum mechanics, and the projectile electron is described in a classical fashion.
Normalized values of cross sections for the production of ions by electron impact on N(sub 2)O and NO have been obtained by utilizing the relative flow technique.
The geometry of the sodium cloud associated with Io (Jupiter I) indicates that the lifetime of the neutral sodium atoms is an order of magnitude less than the photoionization lifetime. We suggest that ionization by thermal plasma electrons in the Jovian magnetosphere is the dominant Na loss process. Using plasma densities deduced from Pioneer 10 measurements, the lifetime and density distributions are calculated for Na and other species which may be present in the cloud around Io. Electron ionization of Na is found to be an order of magnitude faster than photoionization, in agreement with the lifetime deduced from Na cloud observations.
A pulsed crossed beam technique is used to measure inonization cross-sections of metallic atoms. Relative values of cross-sections of single, double and triple inonization of magnesium have been successfully measured with good accuracy over the o-700 eV range. Absolute values of cross sections have been obtained by normalization to a theoretical value at high electron energy. Results are compared to previously published values and, for single inonization in particular, a comparison with theoretical cross-extions is perfomed.
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Based on the Binary-Encounter-Bethe (BEB) model, the advantage of using relativistic effective core potentials (RECP) in the calculation of total ionization cross sections of heavy atoms or molecules containing heavy atoms is discussed. Numerical examples for Ar, Kr, Xe, and WF6 are presented.
The lifetime of a patterned carbon nanotube film is evaluated for use as the cold cathode field emission ionization source of a miniaturized mass spectrometer. Emitted current is measured as a function of time for varying partial pressures of nitrogen gas to explore the robustness and lifetime of carbon nanotube cathodes near the expected operational voltages (70-100 eV) for efficient ionization in mass spectrometry. As expected, cathode lifetime scales inversely with partial pressure of nitrogen. Results are presented within the context of previous carbon nanotube investigations, and implications for planetary science mass spectrometry applications are discussed.
Ionization cross section of ground state helium cation by electron impact in Born exchange approximation
Ionization of hydrogen and hydrogenic positive ions by electron impact
Ionization of hydrogen and hydrogenic positive ions by electron impact
A derivation of the explicit form of the threshold law for electron impact ionization of atoms is presented, based on the Coulomb-dipole theory. The important generalization is made of using a dipole function whose moment is the dipole moment formed by an inner electron and the nucleus. The result is a modulated quasi-linear law for the yield of positive ions which applies to positron-atom impact ionization.
Second Born and Born-exchange approximations used in calculation of ionization cross sections for Fe XV and Fe XVI