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Results for “ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSES”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

Suppression and enhancement of electromagnetic pulses from laser–target interactions by strong magnetic fields

Laser–target interactions generate intense electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) that can interfere with measurements and damage equipment. In this paper we show that applying a magnetic field to nanosecond pulse laser–target interactions decreases the magnitude of EMPs. We demonstrate this effect in two experiments with different geometries (spherical versus planar), laser intensities ( ∼10 13 versus ∼10 15 W/cm 2 ) and applied field strength (12 versus 0.1 T) that both observed suppression of EMPs in approximately the 1 GHz band (by factors of 0.65× and 0.32×, respectively). We then observe the opposite effect at high intensities with a picosecond pulse: for planar experiments with laser intensities of approximately 10 19 W/cm 2 and magnetic fields of 6–10 T, the magnitude of EMPs is increased by a factor of 1.75×. These results provide a benchmark for models of EMP generation, but suggest that magnetic fields are not a viable solution for mitigating EMPs in the high-intensity laser facilities where they are most damaging.

electromagnetic pulse↗
DOE OSTI2020

Electromagnetic Pulse – Resilient Electric Grid for National Security: Research Program Executive Summary

Sandia National Laboratories sponsored a three-year internally funded Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) effort to investigate the vulnerabilities and mitigations of a high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) on the electric power grid. The research was focused on understanding the vulnerabilities and potential mitigations for components and systems at the high voltage transmission level. Results from the research included a broad array of subtopics, covered in twenty-three reports and papers, and which are highlighted in this executive summary report. These subtopics include high altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) characterization, HEMP coupling analysis, system-wide effects, and mitigating technologies.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2015

Scattering of electromagnetic pulses on metallic nanospheres with the inclusion of plasmon interference effects

The spectral–angular features of the scattering of electromagnetic pulses with various durations (from quasimonochromatic to ultrashort) on metallic nanoparticles in a dielectric medium have been studied for various parameters of the problem. It has been shown that the character of the interference of contributions from surface plasmons with various multipole orders significantly depends on the scattering angle and is responsible for sharp features in the scattering spectrum of monochromatic radiation. The dependence of the probability and scattering spectrum on the duration of a pulse and the scattering angle has been analyzed.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field promotes C2C12 myoblasts proliferation via activation of MAPK/ERK pathway

Low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) has been shown to affect the activity of various cell types and promote them proliferation. However, its effect on skeletal muscle cells remains to be determined. In our study, we confirmed that PEMF (100 Hz, 1 mT) could promote C2C12 myoblasts proliferation by using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and 5-Ethynyl-2’-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays, yet hardly any distinction was found in the rate of cell apoptosis between PEMF and control groups by flow cytometry (Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining method). To further study the mechanism of action of PEMF, Western blot was utilized to detect the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. After exposing C2C12 myoblasts to PEMF, we found the phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was significantly increased, while p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways were not affected. Pretreating the cells with the ERK kinase1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitor U0126 obviously inhibited the proliferation of C2C12 cells. Taken together, our research for the first time demonstrated that PEMF promoted C2C12 myoblasts proliferation via activating MAPK/ERK pathway.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Effect of electromagnetic pulse transverse inhomogeneity on ion acceleration by radiation pressure

During ion acceleration by radiation pressure, a transverse inhomogeneity of an electromagnetic pulse leads to an off-axis displacement of the irradiated target, limiting the achievable ion energy. This effect is analytically described within the framework of a thin foil target model and with particle-in-cell simulations showing that the maximum energy of the accelerated ions decreases as the displacement from the axis of the target's initial position increases. The results obtained can be applied to the optimization of ion acceleration by the laser radiation pressure with mass-limited targets.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Solid State Transformer Controls for Mitigation of E3a High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Insults

This paper explores the use of a solid state transformer (SST) to mitigate the 𝐸 3𝐴 component of a high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) insult using external energy storage optimal control techniques. In lieu of conventional passive blocking devices or feedback-controlled energy storage devices, a novel implementation of Hamiltonian error tracking is utilized to develop a feedback control law for the variable converter ratio in an SST. The findings of the simulations performed in this paper suggest that additional energy storage is not necessary to protect an individual load from a HEMP insult. The simulations performed examine the response of a single-phase SST connected to a single voltage source on a long transmission line on the one side and a single linear resistor on the other. The control law is specifically developed for the late-time, low-frequency portion of a HEMP insult, namely the 𝐸 3𝐴 components. The Hamiltonian error-based converter ratio control law is compared with nonlinear optimal feedforward controls to show that the HSSPFC is an external energy storage optimal controller.

HEMP mitigation↗
DOE OSTI2017

Pulsed electromagnetic field inhibits RANKL-dependent osteoclastic differentiation in RAW264.7 cells through the Ca{sup 2+}-calcineurin-NFATc1 signaling pathway

Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) has been reported to improve bone healing in osteoporosis patients. However, the precise mechanism has remained largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of PEMF on nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-dependent osteoclastic differentiation and the Ca{sup 2+}-calcineurin-NFATc1 signaling pathway in RAW264.7 cells in vitro. Treating RAW264.7 cells with RANKL for 4 days induced osteoclastic differentiation in vitro, and the formation of multinucleated osteoclasts, bone resorption-pit formation, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and the protein levels of cathepsin K, TRAP, Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) were significantly decreased. The mRNA levels of specific genes related to osteoclastogenesis (TRAP, NFATc1, CTSK and MMP-9) were also reduced. Moreover, the oscillations of intracellular Ca{sup 2+} in RANKL-dependent RAW264.7 cells were suppressed by PEMF, as well as by inhibitors of membrane and store-operated Ca{sup 2+} channels. Meanwhile, calcineurin activity was increased, although its protein level was not changed. PEMF increased phospho-NFATc1 in the cytosol while suppressing the nuclear translocation of NFATc1, thus inhibiting osteoclastic differentiation by suppressing the Ca{sup 2+}-calcineurin-NFATc1 signaling pathway. Although many questions remain unresolved, to our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that PEMF is beneficial against RANKL-dependent osteoclastic differentiation in RAW264.7 cells in vitro via inhibiting the Ca{sup 2+}-calcineurin-NFATc1 signaling pathway.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Impact Analysis of High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Coupling Effects on Power Grid Protection Relays

Protection relays are important equipment used for protection, control, and metering functions in the power grid. These relays are used to protect critical and difficult-to-replace equipment, like generators, transformers, and capacitor banks. Once the protection devices are disturbed or damaged, a high risk of power generation interruption occurs. Therefore, it is important and necessary to study the relay’s immunity to electromagnetic pulse (EMP) events. As a preliminary step toward empirical experimentation on actual equipment, this manuscript outlines an economical and efficient methodology for evaluating the impact of an EMP. An impedance measurement strategy was employed to model the equipment, setting the stage for subsequent immunity analyses. These analyses included the pulse current injection (PCI) method, which utilized an injecting probe to introduce the transient, and frequency domain electromagnetic (FEKO) simulation, which integrated electromagnetic coupling effects into the transient simulation. The impedance measurement and simulation results in this paper provide a reliable basis for gauging equipment performance in the face of HEMP threats. The results obtained using the PCI and FEKO simulations demonstrated the performance of different port responses under a high-altitude EMP, indicating the requirement for some protection to ensure the reliable operation of relays.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

A Systematic Approach for Estimating High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Coupling onto Power Generation Facility Equipment

A systematic approach is presented to evaluate the effects of high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) signals on the equipment located inside a power generation facility. The approach uses a combination of practical measurement and simulation efforts to characterize the radio wave propagation behavior and the device immunity profile. Of particular interest in this work was estimating the vulnerability level of equipment that is connected to long cables. As an example application, a detailed study was conducted for one common class of facility equipment, and its frequency- and time-domain HEMP coupling properties were investigated as a function of terminal loading condition and cable attachment configuration. Overall, the proposed method can be generalized and applied to other electronic components and systems found in the facility environment.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

High Voltage Modeling and Testing of Transformer, Line Interface Devices, and Bulk System Components Under Electromagnetic Pulse, Geomagnetic Disturbance, and other Abnormal Transients

This project aims at quantitatively analyzing possible knowledge gaps related to the risk of Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) impact on high-voltage, power transformers (transmission-class), that represent the most critical power grid assets. In relation to the electric infrastructure, some past studies indicate that the grid is overall fairly robust and resilient against most EMP threats. This assessment stems, in part, from estimates of the peak voltage that can be induced on a transmission power line for a nominal EMP fast-transient, compared with the typically very high basic insulation level that is featured by the high-voltage infrastructure. The project provides additional insight toward a more comprehensive risk evaluation of the grid EMP and Geomagnetic Disturbances (GMD) vulnerabilities. This work is aligned with the U.S. Dept. of Energy current research thrust in support of the development of a highly secure and resilient power infrastructure. Project milestones have been devised to address the fundamental technical issues in support of protection of large power transformer against EMP threats. More specifically, this project included parallel research tasks focused on the following topics: analysis of EMP-induced, fast-transient, current and voltages on a variety of power line configurations and EMP impact scenarios, detailed characterization of EMP damage potential due to the voltage surge, from the impact on the power line, to the transformer windings, GMD and EMP slow transients and impact from harmonics generation and reactive power flow on a complex grid layout, and identification of risk mitigation paths, with emphasis on GIC damage prevention for large power transformers, and on impact protection options from a grid stability perspective.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Early-Time (E1) High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Effects on Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors

Determining the effectiveness of surge and pulse protection devices in the United States power grid against effects of a High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) is crucial in determining the present state of grid resilience. Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors (TVSS) are used to protect loads in substations from transient overvoltages. Designed to mitigate the effects of lightning, their response to a HEMP event is unknown and was determined. TVSSs were tested in two unique configurations using a pulser that generates pulses in the tens of nanoseconds scale to determine their protective capability as well as to determine their self-resilience against HEMP pulses. Testing concluded that TVSS devices adequately protect against microsecond scale pulses like lightning but do not protect against pulses resembling HEMP events. It suggests that TVSS devices should not be relied upon to mitigate the effects of HEMP pulses.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Literature Review of Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) and Geomagnetic Disturbance (GMD) Effects on Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems

This document summarizes the findings of a review of published literature regarding the potential impacts of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) and geomagnetic disturbance (GMD) phenomena on oil and gas pipeline systems. The impacts of telluric currents on pipelines and their associated cathodic protection systems has been well studied. The existing literature describes implications for corrosion protection system design and monitoring to mitigate these impacts. Effects of an EMP on pipelines is not a thoroughly explored subject. Most directly related articles only present theoretical models and approaches rather than specific analyses and in-field testing. Literature on SCADA components and EMP is similarly sparse and the existing articles show a variety of impacts to control system components that range from upset and damage to no effect. The limited research and the range of observed impacts for the research that has been published suggests the need for additional work on GMD and EMP and natural gas SCADA components.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2017

Comparison of ATLOG and Xyce for Bell Labs Electromagnetic Pulse Excitation of Finite-Long Dissipative Conductors over a Ground Plane.

This report details the modeling results for the response of a finite-length dissipative conductor interacting with a conducting ground to the Bell Labs electromagnetic pulse excitation. We use both a frequency-domain and a time-domain method based on transmission line theory through a code we call ATLOG - Analytic Transmission Line Over Ground. Results are compared to the circuit simulator Xyce for selected cases. Intentionally Left Blank

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

Accelerated Time-Domain Modeling of Electromagnetic Pulse Excitation of Finite-Length Dissipative Conductors over a Ground Plane via Function Fitting and Recursive Convolution

In this report we overview the fundamental concepts for a pair of techniques which together greatly hasten computational predictions of electromagnetic pulse (EMP) excitation of finite-length dissipative conductors over a ground plane. In a time- domain, transmission line (TL) model implementation, predictions are computationally bottlenecked time-wise, either for late-time predictions (about 100ns-10000ns range) or predictions concerning EMP excitation of long TLs (order of kilometers or more ). This is because the method requires a temporal convolution to account for the losses in the ground. Addressing this to facilitate practical simulation of EMP excitation of TLs, we first apply a technique to extract an (approximate) complex exponential function basis-fit to the ground/Earth's impedance function, followed by incorporating this into a recursion-based convolution acceleration technique. Because the recursion-based method only requires the evaluation of the most recent voltage history data (versus the entire history in a "brute-force" convolution evaluation), we achieve necessary time speed- ups across a variety of TL/Earth geometry/material scenarios. Intentionally Left Blank

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Electromagnetic pulse excitation of finite- and infinitely-long lossy conductors over a lossy ground plane

This study details a model for the response of a finite- or an infinite-length wire interacting with a conducting ground to an electromagnetic pulse excitation. We develop a frequency–domain method based on transmission line theory that we name ATLOG – Analytic Transmission Line Over Ground. This method is developed as an alternative to full-wave methods, as it delivers a fast and reliable solution. It allows for the treatment of finite or infinite lossy, coated wires, and lossy grounds. The cases of wire above ground, as well as resting on the ground and buried beneath the ground are treated. The reported method is general and the time response of the induced current is obtained using an inverse Fourier transform of the current in the frequency domain. The focus is on the characteristics and propagation of the transmission line mode. Comparisons with full-wave simulations strengthen the validity of the proposed method.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Reflection and transmission of electromagnetic pulses at a planar dielectric interface -- theory and quantum lattice simulations

There is considerable interest in the application of quantum information science to advance computations in plasma physics. A particular point of curiosity is whether it is possible to take advantage of quantum computers to speed up numerical simulations relative to conventional computers. Many of the topics in fusion plasma physics are classical in nature. In order to implement them on quantum computers it will require couching a classical problem in the language of quantum mechanics. Electromagnetic waves are routinely used in fusion experiments to heat a plasma or to generate currents in the plasma. The propagation of electromagnetic waves is described by Maxwell equations with an appropriate description of the plasma as a dielectric medium. Before advancing to the tensor dielectric of a magnetized plasma, this paper considers electromagnetic wave propagation in a one-dimensional inhomogeneous scalar dielectric. The classic theory of scattering of plane electromagnetic waves at a planar interface, separating two different dielectric media, leads to Fresnel equations for reflection and transmission coefficients. In contrast to plane waves, this paper is on the reflection and transmission of a spatially confined electromagnetic pulse. Following an analytical formulation for the scattering of a Gaussian pulse, it is deduced that the maximum transmission coefficient for a pulse is $\sqrt{n_2/n_1}$ times that for a plane wave; the incident and transmitted pulses propagating in dielectric media with refractive indices $n_1$ and $n_2$, respectively. The analytical theory is complemented by numerical simulations using a quantum lattice algorithm for Maxwell equations. The algorithm, based on the Riemann-Silberstein-Weber representation of the electromagnetic fields and expressed in term of qubits, is an interleaved sequence of entangling operators at each lattice site and unitary streaming operators which transmit information from one site to an adjacent lattice site. Besides substantiating results from the theory for Gaussian pulses, numerical simulations show their validity for non-Gaussian pulses. Apart from their time-asymptotic forms, the simulations display an interplay between the incident, reflected, and transmitted pulses in the vicinity of the transition region between two dielectric media.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Pulsed electromagnetic field induces Ca2+-dependent osteoblastogenesis in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells through the Wnt-Ca2+/Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway

Highlights: • C3H10T1/2 cell proliferation can be greatly promoted by PEMF exposure. • C3H10T1/2 cell differentiation into osteoblast can be induced upon the stimulation of PEMF. • Intracellular [Ca2+]i up-regulation was observed during the process of PEMF-induced C3H10T1/2 cell differentiation. • PEMF-induced C3H10T1/2 cell differentiation was Ca2+-dependent. • PEMF-induced [Ca2+]i elevation suggested a combination of Wnt/Ca2+ and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) are effective in healing fractures and improving osteoporosis. However, their effect on mesenchymal cells remains largely unknown. In this study, the effects of PEMF on osteoblastogenesis and its underlying molecular signaling mechanisms were systematically investigated in C3H10T1/2 cells. C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells were exposed to 30-Hz PEMF bursts at various intensities for 3 consecutive days. The optimal PEMF exposure (30 Hz, 1 mT, 2 h/day) was applied in subsequent experiments. Our results suggest that intracellular [Ca{sup 2+}]i in C3H10T1/2 cells can be upregulated upon exposure to PEMF and that PEMF-induced C3H10T1/2 cell differentiation was Ca{sup 2+}-dependent. The pro-osteogenic effect of PEMF on Ca{sup 2+}-dependent osteoblast differentiation was then verified by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and von Kossa staining. Furthermore, PEMF promoted the gene expression and protein synthesis of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Increased [Ca{sup 2+}]i in the nucleoplasm was followed by the mobilization and translocation of β-catenin into the nucleus in C3H10T1/2 cells. A model of Wnt/β-catenin signaling and the Wnt/Ca2+ signaling network is proposed. Taken together, these findings indicated for the first time that PEMF induces osteoblastogenesis through increased intracellular [Ca{sup 2+}]i and the Wnt-Ca2+/Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal cells.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Energy density and spectrum of single-cycle and sub-cycle electromagnetic pulses

Based on the exact solution of the Maxwell equations in the form of a collapsing spherical vector wave specified by an arbitrary function of time, we have calculated the maximum energy density that can be achieved when focusing extremely short pulses of various shapes. It is shown that our earlier formula expressing the maximum energy density in terms of the spectrum parameters for Gaussian quasi-monochromatic pulses is approximately (with an accuracy of ±40 %) valid for the main types of extremely short pulses. (extremely short laser pulses)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗