Dynamic Wireless Charging
ORNL successfully demonstrated in-motion wireless charging in the laboratory using a small GEM vehicle and a series of six charging coils.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
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Results for “DYNAMIC WIRELESS CHARGING”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Robust planning of dynamic wireless charging infrastructure for battery electric buses
Battery electric buses with zero tailpipe emissions have great potential in improving environmental sustainability and livability of urban areas. However, the problems of high cost and limited range associated with on-board batteries have substantially limited the popularity of battery electric buses. The technology of dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT), which provides bus operators with the ability to charge buses while in motion, may be able to effectively alleviate the drawbacks of electric buses. In this paper, we address the problem of simultaneously selecting the optimal location of the DWPT facilities and designing the optimal battery sizes of electric buses for a DWPT electric bus system. The problem is first constructed as a deterministic model in which the uncertainty of energy consumption and travel time of electric buses is neglected. The methodology of robust optimization (RO) is then adopted to address the uncertainty of energy consumption and travel time. The affinely adjustable robust counterpart (AARC) of the deterministic model is developed, and its equivalent tractable mathematical programming is derived. Both the deterministic model and the robust model are demonstrated with a real-world bus system. The results of our study demonstrate that the proposed deterministic model can effectively determine the allocation of DWPT facilities and the battery sizes of electric buses for a DWPT electric bus system; and the robust model can further provide optimal designs that are robust against the uncertainty of energy consumption and travel time for electric buses.
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Field-Focused Load-Leveled Dynamic Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicles
Electric vehicles offer much higher well-to-wheel efficiency than gasoline vehicles and can significantly reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil, lower greenhouse gas emissions, improve local air quality, and support continued technological and economic growth. Despite these advantages, widespread adoption remains constrained by limitations in current battery technology, including high cost, limited driving range, and long charging times. One promising approach to address these challenges is to reduce onboard energy storage and instead deliver power wirelessly to vehicles while they are at a traffic stop or in motion.
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A Coil Detection System for Dynamic Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicle
Application of wireless power transfer while EV is in motion can significantly reduce the battery storage capacity. A major challenge in implementation of dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) is automatic detection of EV to avoid loss in efficiency and alleviate any safety concerns. This paper proposes a novel coil detection method for segmented DWPT. Detection of the EV ahead of its arrival will initiate energizing of the transmitter buried inside the road to enable just-in-time transfer of power. At low speeds, communication can be a reliable method to power up the transmitter coil. However, at high speeds on highways, communication latency time for the detection of an EV is long and hence impractical. This paper proposes a low cost and low power EV detection system based on a novel orthogonal coil arrangement to detect EVs traveling at high speeds. Here, the proposed detection system was tested on a laboratory scale prototype for verification purpose. For high speed verification, simulation in PLECS was conducted to test the functionality of the proposed system.
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Speed Variation Based Power Regulation Concept for Dynamic Wireless Charging
On-road wireless charging of electric vehicles (EVs) in-motion could potentially reduce range anxiety or battery size with wide-spread deployment. The planning and implementation of such systems are greatly complicated due to their susceptibility to load variation inherent to traffic flow. Here, this paper proposes a method for derisking the potential for traffic slowdowns by compensating for reduced vehicle speed and investigates how implementation may affect system performance. A load modeling case study is presented at 200kW for a mile of high-speed roadway employing speed-based power regulation with results indicating average power usage and maximum car hosting capability can be reduced by 20% and increased by 30% respectively. An 85kHz power electronics model is developed based on designs and prototypes for an 11kW, 190m airgap static system and a 200kW dynamic wireless track. The simulation is validated in the 11kW experimental prototype and modified for 200kW operation to compare with simulated performance. Sensitivity studies are performed in MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate how parameters influence system performance and confirm the capability to reduce output power and maintain efficiency at 11 and 200kW. The static 11kW experimental system operates at 93.6% efficiency and multiple options exist to reduce power while maintaining efficiency greater than 90%. The capability to dynamically modify power output from WPT coils, in an experimentally validated simulation, enables techniques to significantly mitigate load variability due to reductions in vehicle speed.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Optimal Power Sharing Speed Compensation in On-road Wireless EV Charging Systems
Dynamic wireless charging of electric vehicles (EV) is an emerging technology with the potential to address range anxiety and reduce the size of batteries or provide charge-sustaining operation. Charging demand for dynamic wireless charging systems (DWCS) varies greatly in response to location-specific traffic behaviors including the number and speed of vehicles. This paper highlights the potential reduction of load variation with speed compensation and simulates opportunities to maximize the number of cars charged concurrently through “power sharing” or altering power output to slower cars while maintaining a maximum delivered energy. An improved sub-minute model for synthetic traffic is proposed to effectively model DWCS load on high speed roadways and a power electronics model is created based on an existing prototype developed by ORNL to investigate the potential for power sharing. Reductions in the average speed of traffic can greatly increase instantaneous DWCS load by as much as 26%, complicating capacity sizing. Parametric studies with a LCC-S power electronics model shows feasible power reduction of more than 20%, while maintaining a maximum achievable efficiency greater than 90%. Speed compensation on a roadway with large speed variation can reduce average power expected by 21% and increase the maximum number of cars charged simultaneously by 30%. The application of power sharing may significantly reduce load variability due to speed, allow for increased car hosting capability, and guarantee a maximum energy delivered.
Lewis, Donovin D.↗
Empowering highway network: Optimal deployment and strategy for dynamic wireless charging lanes
Not Available
Pei, Mingyang↗
Comprehensive Review on Power Pulsation in Dynamic Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles
Not Available
Behnamfar, Milad↗
Exploratory Spatial Distribution of Dynamic Wireless Charging Demand for EVs
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Li, Jan-Mou↗
ORNL Experience and Challenges Facing Dynamic Wireless Power Charging of EV's
As visionary as dynamic, or in-motion, wireless charging of electric vehicles appears the concept is well over a century old as this paper will show. This is because the concept of magnetic induction dates back to the pioneering work of physicist Michael Faraday in the early 19th century. Today wireless power transfer (WPT) is being standardized for stationary and quasi-stationary charging of electric vehicles (EV). The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has undertaken the standardization of stationary charging and will make this public during 2016. In addition to this the IEEE-SA (Standards Activities) initiated standards development for EV?s in their EVWPT working group in 2012. This study introduces the many challenges facing EVWPT in not only high power transfer to a moving vehicle and energy management at a utility scale, but communications in a vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) environment and management of high data rates, ultra-low latency, and dealing with communications loss in dense urban areas. Finally, future concepts such as guideway powering of EV?s are presented to illustrate one technical trajectory EVWPT may take.
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Thermal Analysis of Wireless Power Transfer Coils for Dynamic Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging
In this paper, safe operating conditions of a wireless power transfer coil were identified and road infrastructure for a dynamic wireless electric vehicle charging system was studied. Magneto-thermal simulations were used to map the power loss directly into the computed fluid dynamics solver. This method allowed the authors to analyze the heating pattern of the enclosed wireless power transfer coil in the road structure, as well as for the vehicle coil. Thermal heating patterns for three types of rectangular coil structures were analyzed. Heating patterns were analyzed for 200 kW coils and different magnetic field densities in the magnetic core.
Wojda, Rafal↗
Guest Editorial Special Issue on Wireless Charging Systems
Wireless power transfer is a safe and convenient method for electric vehicle (EV) charging. And, if designed properly, it can be highly efficient. Applications cover a wide range of power transfer levels from less than a kilowatt to a few hundreds of kilowatts with transfer distances from a few millimeters to a few hundreds of millimeters. Applications also cover stationary, dynamic (in-motion), or quasi dynamic wireless charging systems. Safety is inherent in wireless power transfer systems due to the large airgap separation between the source and load sides, and users do not have to touch any cables, connectors, or plugs at all. With the recent advancements in automation, parking aid systems can be integrated and the wireless charging process can be a simple “park and go” approach without requiring any input from the driver.When applied in motion, wireless charging can be the ultimate end of game in transportation electrification, providing reduced battery size and cost with unlimited range for EVs. This approach is also known as ”charge-on-the-go” or “roadway powered vehicle” concept. While the connected and automated vehicles can self-drive and self-park, they currently cannot self-charge. Furthermore, wireless charging is a key enabling technology for the widespread development and adoption of connected and automated vehicle technology for the future of smart mobility.
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The Sensitivity Analysis of Coil Misalignment for a 200-kW Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer System with an LCC-S and LCC-P Compensation
The dynamic wireless power transfer systems may reduce the battery size of electric vehicles while maintaining the travel range. Similar to the stationary wireless power transfer systems, the compensation networks are desired in dynamic wireless charging systems at the primary and secondary sides to reduce the reactive power requirement from the source and improve the efficiency. Consequently, it is essential to understand the behavior of the compensation networks, especially the sensitivity to misalignments. This paper presents a sensitivity analysis of LCC-S and LCC-P compensation networks for a 200-kW power transfer with variations in the coupling coefficient due to the electric vehicle travel and misalignments between the pads. The sensitivity study combines the electromagnetic finite element analysis and circuit analysis to determine the impact of misalignments on the wireless power transfer system characteristics. The theoretical analysis is verified by conducting circuit simulations at discrete points to verify the accuracy of the mathematical model.
Kavimandan, Utkarsh↗
Optimum Planning for Inductively Charged On-Demand Automated Electric Shuttles at Greenville, South Carolina
Wireless charging technology presents perfect fits for autonomous electric vehicles for realizing a fully automated system (vehicle and charger). This paper presents a planning optimization analysis for a pilot project of in-route wireless charging infrastructure serving fixed-route on-demand shared automated electric shuttles (SAESs) at Greenville, South Carolina, USA. A single-objective non-linear integer planning optimization problem is formulated. A comprehensive cost function representing the inductively charged SAESs is developed, considering road construction, power electronics and materials, traction battery, and installation costs. The optimization problem is solved to determine the best combination of the system key design parameters (number and allocations of wireless chargers, charging power level, track length and on-board battery capacity) that show the most cost-effective solution and allow the SAESs realizing charge sustaining operation. The planning platform incorporates representative simulated traffic data (drive cycles and routes) for four SAESs at Greenville project using the Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) tool. These data are fed to a vehicle powertrain model and a wireless charger power model to predict the battery power, energy and state-of-charge (SOC) profiles, which are provided to the search algorithm to assess the design objectives under specific constraints. The results indicated that implementing wireless charging at a few designated stops for fixed-route SAESs with proper design allows the vehicles realizing charge sustaining operation, infinite range and zero recharge downtime, with a significant reduction in the on-board battery (36 % ) and road coverage (69%), at minimum cost.
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Planning Optimization for Inductively Charged On-demand Automated Electric Shuttles Project at Greenville, South Carolina
Wireless charging technology presents an ideal fit for autonomous electric vehicles for realizing a fully automated system (vehicle and charger). This paper presents a planning optimization analysis for a pilot project of in-route wireless charging infrastructure serving fixed-route on-demand shared automated electric shuttles (SAESs) at Greenville, South Carolina, USA. A single-objective non-linear mixed integer system planning optimization problem is formulated. A comprehensive cost model representing the overall inductively charged SAESs system is developed, considering road construction, power electronics and materials, traction battery, and installation costs. The optimization problem is solved to determine the best combination of the system key design parameters (number and allocations of wireless chargers, charging power level, track length and on-board battery capacity) that show the most cost-effective solution and allow the SAESs to achieve charge-sustaining operation. The planning platform incorporates representative simulated traffic data (driving speed and routes) for four SAESs in the Greenville using the Simulation of Urban Mobility tool. These data are fed to a vehicle powertrain model and a wireless charger power model to predict the battery power, energy and state-of-charge profiles, which are provided to the search algorithm to assess the design objectives under specific constraints. Finally, the results indicate that implementing high-power (100 kW) wireless charger at a few designated stops for fixed-route SAESs with the proper track length allows the vehicles to realize charge-sustaining operation, infinite range, and zero recharge downtime, with a significant reduction in the on-board battery (36%) and road coverage (69%), at minimum cost.
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Impact of Wireless Power Transfer in Transportation: Future Transportation Enabler, or Near Term Distraction
While the total liquid fuels consumed in the U.S. for transportation of goods and people is expected to hold steady, or decline slightly over the next few decades, the world wide consumption is projected to increase of over 30% according to the Annual Energy Outlook 2014 [1]. The balance of energy consumption for transportation between petroleum fuels and electric energy, and the related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced consuming either, is of particular interest to government administrations, vehicle OEMs, and energy suppliers. The market adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) appears to be inhibited by many factors relating to the energy storage system (ESS) and charging infrastructure. Wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies have been identified as a key enabling technology to increase the acceptance of EVs. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has been involved in many research areas related to understanding the impacts, opportunities, challenges and costs related to various deployments of WPT technology for transportation use. Though the initial outlook for WPT deployment looks promising, many other emerging technologies have met unfavorable market launches due to unforeseen technology limitations, sometimes due to the complex system in which the new technology was placed. This paper will summarize research and development (R&D) performed at ORNL in the area of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT). ORNL s advanced transportation technology R&D activities provide a unique set of experienced researchers to assist in the creation of a transportation system level view. These activities range from fundamental technology development at the component level to subsystem controls and interactions to applicable system level analysis of impending market and industry responses and beyond.
dynamic wireless charging↗
USU Alternative and Unconventional Energy Research and Development
The purpose and rationale of this project has been to develop enduring research capabilities at Utah State University (USU) and the Utah State University Research Foundation (USURF) in a number of energy efficient and renewable energy areas including primarily a) algae energy systems, b) solar lighting, c) intuitive buildings, d) electric transportation, 3) unconventional energy environmental monitoring and beneficial reuse technologies (water and CO 2 ), f) wind energy profiling, and g) land use impacts. The long-term goal of this initiative has been to create high-wage jobs in Utah and a platform for sustained faculty and student engagement in energy research. The program’s objective has been to provide a balanced portfolio of R&D conducted by faculty, students, and permanent staff. This objective has been met. While some of the project’s tasks met with more success than others, as with any research project of this scope, overall the research has contributed valuable technical insight and broader understanding in key energy related areas. The algae energy systems research resulted in a highly productive workforce development enterprise as it graduated a large number of well prepared students entering alternative energy development fields and scholarship. Moreover, research in this area has demonstrated both the technological and economic limitations and tremendous potential of algae feedstock-based energy and co-products. Research conducted in electric transportation, specifically in both stationary and dynamic wireless inductive coupling charging technologies, has resulted in impactful advances. The project initiated the annual Conference on Electric Roads and Vehicles (http://www.cervconference.org/), which is growing and attracts more than 100 industry experts and scholars. As a direct result of the research, the USU/USURF spin-out startup, WAVE (Wireless Advanced Vehicle Electrification), continues work in wirelessly charged bus transit systems and is poised to quickly become a multi-million dollar company with clients around the globe. Moreover, USU students and researchers alike are now on the leading edge of the electrified transportation workforce. Finally, the legacy of this DOE investment in electric transportation is continuing at USU with the formation in progress of an industry sponsored research center built around the Electric Roadway and Vehicle (EVR) research facility and test track (http://evr.usu.edu). The research conducted in unconventional energy environmental monitoring and beneficial reuse technologies experienced broad success developing experimental and modeling tools and implementing those tools to better understand environmental impacts of industrial processes used in unconventional energy development in the Utah’s Uintah Basin. Before this project began the USU Uintah Basin branch campus had minimal capability to perform this regionally critical environmental research. This research investment enabled monitoring and modeling equipment and expertise to assess impacts of energy development to all aspects of environmental quality. Laboratory capability for environmental analysis has been developed and engaged along with field testing at multiple locations. Successful campaigns to measure greenhouse gas and hydrocarbon emissions from produced water surface impoundments and leakage from subsurface oil and gas infrastructure were executed. A computer model of meteorological conditions during winter inversion episodes was created, and commercialization efforts are underway for those models. Finally, in the past 24 months, nearly $2 million in non- DOE external funding from state, local, federal and private entities has been awarded to USU Uintah Basin to continue and add to work and capability established by this task. The preceding examples represent a few highlights resulting from the USU Alternative and Unconventional Energy Research and Development project. The following report provides further detail.
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Advances in High-Power Wireless Charging Systems: Overview and Design Considerations
Wireless charging systems are foreseen as an effective solution to improve the convenience and safety of conventional conductive chargers. As this technology has matured, recent broad applications of wireless chargers to electrified transportation have indicated a trend toward higher power, power density, modularity, and scalability of designs. In this article, commercial systems and laboratory prototypes are reviewed, focusing mostly on the advances in high-power wireless charging systems. The recent endeavors in magnetic pad designs, compensation networks, power electronics converters, control strategies, and communication protocols are illustrated. Both stationary and dynamic (in-motion) wireless charging systems are discussed, and critical differences in their designs and applications are emphasized. On that basis, the comparisons among different solutions and design considerations are summarized to present the essential elements and technology roadmap that will be necessary to support large-scale deployment of high-power wireless charging systems. The review is concluded with the discussion of several fundamental challenges and prospects of high-power wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. Foreseen challenges include utilization of advanced materials, electric and electromagnetic field measurement and mitigation, customization, communications, power metering, and cybersecurity.
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