CS2 - Candidate for the 3150-A Venus band
The 3150-A absorption on Venus, found by Barker et al. (1975), may be due to carbon disulfide. The stability and thermodynamics of the carbon chalcogenides are briefly discussed.
Young, A. T.↗
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Estimates of the fluxes of NO, SO2, H2S, CS2 and OCS from Mt. Saint Helens deduced from in situ plume concentration measurements
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Bandy, A. R.↗
Theoretical determination of the X 1Sigma g + potential of Cs2 using relativistic effective core potentials
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Laskowski, B. C.↗
Coaxial measurement of the translational energy distribution of CS produced in the laser photolysis of CS2 at 193 nm
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Mccrary, V. R.↗
An intercomparison of aircraft instrumentation for tropospheric measurements of carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon disulfide
This paper reports results of NASA's Chemical Instrumentation and Test Evaluation (CITE 3) during which airborne measurements for carbonyl sulfide (COS), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and carbon disulfide (CS2) were intercompared. Instrumentation included a gas chromatograph using flame photometric detection (COS, H2S, and CS2), a gas chromatograph using mass spectrometric detection (COS) and CS2), a gas chromatograph using fluorination and subsequent SF6 detection via electron capture (COS and CS2), and the Natusch technique (H2S). The measurements were made over the Atlantic Ocean east of North and South America during flights from NASA's Wallops Flight Center, Virginia, and Natal, Brazil, in August/September 1989. Most of the intercomparisons for H2S and CS2 were at mixing ratios less than 25 pptv and less than 10 pptv, respectively, with a maximum mixing ratio of about 100 pptv and 50 pptv, respectively. Carbonyl sulfide intercomparisons were at mixing ratios between 400 and 600 pptv. Measurements were intercompared from data bases constructed from time periods of simultaneous or overlapping measurements. Agreement among the COS techniques averaged about 5%, and individual measurements were generally within 10%. For H2S and at mixing ratio greater than 25 pptv, the instruments agreed on average to about 15%. At mixing ratios less than 25 pptv the agreement was about 5 pptv. For CS2 (mixing ratios less than 50 pptv), two techniques agreed on average to about 4 pptv, and the third exhibited a bias (relative to the other two) that varied in the range of 3-7 pptv. CS2 mixing ratios over the ocean east of Natal as measured by the gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer technique were only a few pptv and were below the detection limits of the other two techniques. The CITE 3 data are used to estimate the current uncertainty associated with aircraft measurements of COS, H2S, and CS2 in the remote troposphere.
Gregory, Gerald L.↗
Carbon disulfide measurements in the atmosphere of the western North Atlantic and the northwestern South Atlantic Oceans
Carbon disulfide (CS2) measurements were made over the western and equatorial North Atlantic Ocean and the northwestern and equatorial South Atlantic Ocean. Carbon disulfide was in the range 0.4-50 pptrv in the atmosphere of the western North Atlantic Ocean. Emissions from anthropogenic sources and wet lands were found to be important although anthropogenic sources were 4-6 times larger than biogenic sources. The flux of CS2 from eastern North America between 30 and 39 deg latitude was estimated to be 2 x 10(exp 8)g/yr or sulfur. The anthropogenic contribution was 1.8 x 10(exp 8)g/yr of sulfur whereas the contribution of marshes was 0.2 x 10(exp 8)g/yr of sulfur. Sources of CS2 at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere were comparatively weak. Carbon disulfide levels in the western South Atlantic Ocean between -5 and 1 deg latitude were in the range 0.2-6 pptrv. Most of the CS2 appeared to come from biomass burning in Africa. Carbon disulfide was much higher close to shore suggesting that the South American continent was a significant source although too few data were available to quantify it. On ferry lights from Wallops, Virginia to Natal, Brazil, CS2 levels at the ferry altitude of about 6 km averaged 1.2 pptrv. This background CS2 was adequate to account for all the carbonyl sulfide (OCS) in the atmosphere.
Bandy, Alan R.↗
Picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) study of vibrational dephasing of carbon disulfide and benzene in solution
The vibrational dephasing of the 656/cm mode (nu1, a1g) of CS2 and the 991/cm mode (nu2, a1g) of benzene have been studied as a function of concentration in mixtures with a number of solvents using a ps time-resolved CARS technique. This technique employs two tunable synchronously-pumped mode-locked dye lasers in a stimulated Raman pump, coherent anti-Stokes Raman probe time-resolved experiment. Results are obtained for CS2 in carbon tetrachloride, benzene, nitrobenzene, and ethanol and for benzene nu2 in CS2. The dephasing rates of CS2 nu1 increase on dilution with the polar solvents and decrease or remain constant on dilution with the nonpolar solvents. The CS2/benzene solutions show a contrasting behavior, with the CS2 nu1 dephasing rate being nearly independent of concentration whereas the benzene nu2 dephasing rate decreases on dilution. These results are compared to theoretical models for vibrational dephasing of polyatomic molecules in solution.
Perry, Joseph W.↗
Measurements of atmospheric dimethylsulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon disulfide during GTE/CITE 3
Measurements of atmospheric dimethylsulfide (DMS), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and carbon disulfide (CS2) were made over the North and South Atlantic Ocean as part of the Global Tropospheric Experiment/Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation (GTE/CITE 3) project. DMS and CS2 samples were collected and analyzed using an automated gas chromatography/flame photometric detection system with a sampling frequency of 10 min. H2S samples were collected using silver nitrate impregnated filters and analyzed by fluorescence quenching. The DMS data from both hemispheres have a bimodal distribution. Over the North Atlantic this reflects the difference between marine and continental air masses. Over the South Atlantic it may reflect differences in the sea surface source of DMS, corresponding to different air mass source regions. The median boundary layer H2S and CS2 levels were significantly higher in the northern hemisphere than the southern hemisphere, reflecting the higher frequency of samples influenced by pollutant and/or coastal emissions. Composite vertical profiles of DMS and H2S are similar to each other, are consistent with a sea surface source. Vertical profiles of CS2 have maxima in the free troposphere, implicating a continental source. The low levels of H2S and CS2 found in the southern hemisphere constrain the role of these compounds in global budgets to significantly less than previously estimated.
Cooper, David J.↗
Research on fluorescence from photoionization, photodissociation, and vacuum, along with bending quantrum study
Reports of research concerning the fluorescence of CS2 are presented. Fluorescence from fragments of CS2 vapor produced by vacuum ultraviolet radiation, and fluorescence from photoionization of CS2 vapor are discussed along with fluorescence produced by photodissociation of CS2, and fluorescence from photoionization of OCS.
Judge, D. L.↗
Stratospheric hydroxyl radical concentrations - New limitations suggested by observations of gaseous and particulate sulfur
A one-dimensional aerosol model is employed in investigating the sensitivity of the stratospheric distributions of gaseous sulfur compounds and sulfate aerosol particles to changes in OH and CS2 concentrations, in eddy diffusion coefficients, and in important chemical rate constants. By comparing model predictions with recent observational data for SO2, OCS, and particulates, it is found that, with regard to atmospheric sulfur, CS2 is only a secondary source of sulfur for the stratosphere relative to OCS and that background tropospheric CS2 concentrations by volume are likely to be less than 70 parts per trillion. It is also established that under stratospheric conditions the rate coefficients for the reactions of OH with OCS and CS2 may be substantially smaller than the room temperature laboratory values of Kurylo (1978).
Turco, R. P.↗
Atmospheric measurements of carbonyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, and carbon disulfide using the electron capture sulfur detector
Measurements of atmospheric dimethyl sulfide (DMS), carbonyl sulfide (COS), and carbon disulfide (CS2) were conducted over the Atlantic Ocean on board the NASA Electra aircraft during the Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation (CITE 3) project using the electron capture sulfur detector (ECD-S). The system employed cryogenic preconcentration of air samples, gas chromatographic separation, catalytic fluorination, and electron capture detection. Samples collected for DMS analysis were scrubbed of oxidants with NaOH impregnated glass fiber filters to preconcentration. The detection limits (DL) of the system for COS, DMS, and CS2 were 5, 5, and 2 ppt, respectively. COS concentrations ranged from 404 to 603 ppt with a mean of 489 ppt for measurements over the North Atlantic Ocean (31 deg N to 41 deg N), and from 395 to 437 ppt with a mean of 419 ppt for measurements over the Tropical Atlantic Ocean (11 deg S to 2 deg N). DMS concentrations in the lower marine boundary layer, below 600-m altitude, ranged from below DL to 150 ppt from flights over the North Atlantic, and from 9 to 104 ppt over the Tropical Atlantic. CS2 concentrations ranged from below DL to 29 ppt over the North Atlantic. Almost all CS2 measurements over the Tropical Atlantic were below DL.
Johnson, James E.↗
Analyzing the Impact of CryoSat-2 Ice Thickness Initialization on Seasonal Arctic Sea Ice Prediction
Twin 5-month seasonal forecast experiments are performed to predict the September 2018 minimum ice extent using the fully coupled Navy Earth System Prediction Capability (ESPC). In the control run, ensemble forecasts are initialized from the operational US Navy Global Ocean Forecasting System (GOFS) 3.1 for the ocean and sea ice but do not assimilate ice thickness data. Another set of forecasts are initialized from the same GOFS 3.1 fields but with sea ice thickness derived from CryoSat-2 (CS2). The Navy ESPC ensemble mean September 2018 minimum sea ice extent initialized with GOFS 3.1 ice thickness was over-predicted by 0.68 M sq.km (5.27 M sq.km) versus the ensemble set of forecasts initialized with CS2 ice thickness that had an error of 0.40 M sq.km (4.99 M sq.km), a 56% reduction in error. The September mean Integrated Ice Edge Error (IIEE) shows a 19% improvement for the entire Arctic with the CS2 data versus the control run. Comparison against Upward Looking Sonar (ULS) ice thickness in the Beaufort Sea reveals a lower bias and RMSE with the CS2 forecasts at all three moorings. Ice concentration at these locations is also improved, but neither set of experiments show ice free conditions as observed at moorings A and D.
time-lagged ensembles↗
The production and sputtering of S2 by keV ion bombardment
The ion bombardment of S-containing molecules in comets is simulated experimentally. Mass-analyzed 30-keV beams of Ar(+) and He(+) are directed at solid S, H2S, and CS2 targets at temperatures 15 K, and the neutral molecular species produced are ionized and analyzed using a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The dominant species detected are S1 and S2 for the S target, H2S and S2 for the H2S target, and S, CS, S2, and CS2 for the CS2 target. In the latter case, it is found that after about 10 to the 14th He(+) ions/sq cm have struck the target, further sputtering is prevented by formation of a dark brown deposit which is stable at room temperature; the residue forms more slowly when Ar(+) ions are used. These results, indicating relatively efficient S2 production by ion bombardment, are applied to theoretical models of S2 production and/or ejection by solar-wind, solar-flare, or cosmic-ray ions striking comets. It is found that direct solar-wind production of S2 by sputtering is unlikely at realistic bombardment rates, but that H2S-S2 conversion by energetic ions could be significant, with less stringent ice-temperature and irradiation-flux constraints than in the case of S2 production by photons.
Boring, J. W.↗
Theoretical studies of the marine sulfur cycle
Several reduced sulfur compounds are produced by marine organisms and then enter the atmosphere, where they are oxidized and ultimately returned to the ocean or the land. The oceanic dimethyl sulfide (DMS) flux, in particular, represents a significant fraction of the annual global sulfur input to the atmosphere. In the atmosphere, this gas is converted to sulfur dioxide (SO2), methane sulfonic acid, and other organic acids which are relatively stable and about which little is known. SO2 is a short lived gas which, in turn, is converted to sulfuric acid and other sulfate compounds which contribute significantly to acid rain. Because of the complexity of the sulfur system, it is not well understood even in the unperturbed atmosphere. However, a number of new observations and experiments have led to a significant increase in the understanding of this system. A number of one dimensional model experiments were conducted on the gas phase part of the marine sulfur cycle. The results indicate the measured concentration of DMS and the amplitude of its diurnal cycle are in agreement with estimates of its global flux. It was also found that DMS can make a large contribution to the background SO2 concentration in the free troposphere. Estimates of CS2 concentrations in the atmosphere are inconsistent with estimated fluxes; however, measured reaction rates are consistent with the observed steep tropospheric gradient in CS2. Observations of CS2 are extremely sparse. Further study is planned.
Toon, Owen B.↗
Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, Jupiter, and Impact Shock Chemistry
Four years ago this month, a hitherto unknown comet in loose orbit around Jupiter passed so near the giant planet that it was torn apart into 20 fragments by tides. One orbit later, two years ago this month, the fragments of doomed comet P/Shoemaker Levy (SL9) fell into Jupiter. The enormous energies of these impacts (the largest fragments were nearly 1 km across and, hitting at 60 km/s, released some 2-4 x 10(exp 27) ergs) produced enormous explosions. Several of the ejecta plumes were imaged towering 3000 km above Jupiter's limb. The heat released when the plumes fell was considerable and easily observed on Earth. The impacts produced strong shocks, both promptly at the impact site and again, later, and over thousands of kilometers, when the ejecta plume reentered the atmosphere. The focus of this talk will be to discuss what the SL9 impacts taught us about impact shock chemistry - the processes, the ingredients, the results - and what inferences we may draw for impacts on early Earth. Shock chemistry generates a suite of molecules not usually seen on Jupiter. The most surprising report was of a huge amount of diatomic sulfur S2 at the site of the G impact. Other unusual products include CS, CS2, OCS, H2S, SO2, HCN, CO, and H2O; although H2S and H2O are doubtless abundant below the visible clouds. Hot or enhanced CH4 and NH3 were also detected. A general rule of shock chemistry is that CO forms until either C or O is exhausted. If O greater than C, the other products are oxidized, and excess O goes to H2O. If C greater than O, the other products are reduced, and excess C goes to HCN, C2H2, and a wide variety of more complicated organics. Ultimately, given time, the carbon would react all the way to graphite, but in practice the reactions are incomplete. The dark ejecta debris were probably composed in part of carbonaceous particles generated by the shocks. In a sense, the SL9 impacts performed the famous Miller-Urey experiment on a grand scale, with one result being the production of a lot of complex brown organic solids (called "tholins"). We use, a straightforward chemical kinetics model for the H, N, C, O, S system to follow the nonequilibrium chemistry behind the shocks. The model traces the evolving chemical composition of a parcel of gas by directly integrating the web of chemical reactions. Pressure and temperature histories of the parcels are patterned after those calculated by numerical hydrodynamic simulations of the ejecta plume. A given plume parcel is generally shocked twice; t.e a parcel shocked near the impact site is ejected at high velocity and is shocked again when it reenters the atmosphere. The final state of the gas depends mostly on the second shock, provided that the latter is hot enough. The chemical evidence is ambiguous, but most indications are that C greater than O in the shocked, reacting gas. Telltale signatures of abundant oxygen - SO2, SO, CO2, O2 - were not seen, while signatures of abundant carbon - CS, CS2, and HCN - were. On the other hand, abundant H2O would appear to require O greater than C, and two other observed sulfur species, S2 and OCS, appear to form more easily in a somewhat oxidized gas, presumable vaporized from the comet itself. Since on general principles one expects the -comet to have had a more-or-less cosmic composition, i.e. O greater than C, the production of CS, CS2, and HCN probably requires C greater than O in the shocked jovian air. This in turn implies that even the largest fragments released the bulk of their energy above the jovian water table, in all likelihood above 5 bars . There is no evidence in favor of the proposition that a significant amount of wet jovian air was shocked strongly enough to coax water to react; i.e. wet jovian air saw only temperatures significantly below 2000 K.
Zahnle, Kevin↗
Bluetooth Heart Rate Monitors For Spaceflight
Heart rate monitoring is required for crewmembers during exercise aboard the International Space Station (ISS) and will be for future exploration missions. The cardiovascular system must be sufficiently stressed throughout a mission to maintain the ability to perform nominal and contingency/emergency tasks. High quality heart rate data are required to accurately determine the intensity of exercise performed by the crewmembers and show maintenance of VO2max. The quality of the data collected on ISS is subject to multiple limitations and is insufficient to meet current requirements. PURPOSE: To evaluate the performance of commercially available Bluetooth heart rate monitors (BT_HRM) and their ability to provide high quality heart rate data to monitor crew health aboard the ISS and during future exploration missions. METHODS: Nineteen subjects completed 30 data collection sessions of various intensities on the treadmill and/or cycle. Subjects wore several BT_HRM technologies for each testing session. One electrode-based chest strap (CS) was worn, while one or more optical sensors (OS) were worn. Subjects were instrumented with a 12-lead ECG to compare the heart rate data from the Bluetooth sensors. Each BT_HRM data set was time matched to the ECG data and a +/-5bpm threshold was applied to the difference between the 2 data sets. Percent error was calculated based on the number of data points outside the threshold and the total number of data points. RESULTS: The electrode-based chest straps performed better than the optical sensors. The best performing CS was CS1 (1.6% error), followed by CS4 (3.3% error), CS3 (6.4% error), and CS2 (9.2% error). The OS resulted in 10.4% error for OS1 and 14.9% error for OS2. CONCLUSIONS: The highest quality data came from CS1, but unfortunately it has been discontinued by the manufacturer. The optical sensors have not been ruled out for use, but more investigation is needed to determine how to obtain the best quality data. CS2 will be used in an ISS Bluetooth validation study, because it simultaneously transmits magnetic pulse that is integrated with existing exercise hardware on ISS. The simultaneous data streams allow for beat-to-beat comparison between the current ISS standard and CS2. Upon Bluetooth validation aboard ISS, the research team will down select a new BT_HRM for operational use.
Buxton, R. E.↗
Study of self-focusing and self-phase-modulation in the picosecond-time regime.
Study of the propagation of a single picosecond pulse of a mode-locked Nd-glass laser in CS2 nitrobenzene and toluene by observations of the birefringence and spectral changes in self-focused laser light. Multiple second-harmonic probing beams are used for birefringence measurements in a single IR pulse in various portions of the active cell. The orientational Kerr effect is found to be the prime factor of induced birefringence in nitrobenzene and toluene. The results for CS2 are also consistent with this mechanism and show that the duration of an IR pulse in the focal volume is less than that of the incident pulse. The properties of beams which are focused within the cell by an external lens are also investigated.
Reintjes, J.↗
Precursor gases of aerosols in the Mount St. Helens eruption plumes at stratospheric altitudes
Nineteen stratospheric samples from the eruption plumes of Mount St. Helens were collected in five flight experiments. The plume samples were collected at various altitudes from 13.1 to 20.7 km by using the Ames cryogenic sampling system on board the NASA U-2 aircraft. The enriched, cryogenically collected samples were analyzed by chromatography. The concentrations of aerosols precursor gases (OCS, SO2, and CS2), CH3Cl, N2O, CF2Cl2, and CFCl3 were measured by gas chromatography. Large enhancement of the mixing ratio of SO2 and moderate enhancement of CS2 and OCS were found in the plume samples compared with similar measurement under pre-volcanic conditions. A fast decay rate of the SO2 mixing ratio in the plume was observed. Measurement of Cl(-), SO2(2-), and NO3(-) by ion chromatography was also carried out on water solutions prepared from the plume samples. The results obtained with this technique imply large mixing ratios of HCl, (NO + NO2 + HNO3), and SO2, in which these constituents are the respective sources of the anions. Measurement of the Rn222 concentration in the plume was made. Other stratospheric constituents in the plume samples, such as H2O, CO2, CH4, and CO, were also observed.
Inn, E. C. Y.↗