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All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2018

Crab cavity requirements for the Jefferson Lab Electron-Ion Collider

An Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) has been proposed to be the next large facility to explore the dynamics of quarks and gluons inside nuclei. A conceptual design for a Jefferson Lab Electron-Ion Collider (JLEIC) is being developed. It is based on the CEBAF 12 GeV machine as a full energy electron beam injector. Two crucial requirements of JLEIC are high luminosity in the 10 34 cm -2 s -1 range, and full acceptance detection of particles. The full acceptance requirement relies on having the beams collide at a relatively large crossing angle of 50 mrad. Such a large crossing angle, however, can reduce the luminosity by as much as an order of magnitude. One way to compensate for geometric luminosity loss due to the beam crossing angle is using crab cavities. Crab cavities are superconducting radio-frequency structures optimized to produce a transverse force that 'tilts' the beam bunches in such a way that a head-on collision is restored at the collision point, thus restoring the luminosity. A second set of crab cavities is placed downstream of the collision point and is used to cancel the initial bunch tilt, ideally suppressing any crab-induced effects anywhere else in the rings. In this dissertation, we study the dynamics of JLEIC beams with a bunch crabbing scheme using particle tracking simulations. We first evaluate the beam stability when crab cavities are included in the collider rings and then use this stable model to study effects of crab cavity multipoles and RF noise. We also study the role of crab cavity higher-order modes (HOM) in driving coupled-bunch instability and identify dangerous HOM which need to be damped. A specific crab cavity for JLEIC has not yet been selected. It is the purpose of this dissertation to provide general requirements and tolerances to make future crab cavity designs compatible with JLEIC.

Sosa Guitron, Salvador↗

NASA NTRS1985

The Crab Nebula and related supernova remnants; Proceedings of the Workshop, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, October 11, 12, 1984

Papers are presented on the Crab Nebula's composition, helium distribution, outer structure and jet, and evolution. Attention is given to line emission from supernova remnants and charge transfer reactions, a magnetohydrodynamic model of the Crab Nebula and its radiation, inferences made using data on the pulsed flux from the crab pulsar, a new interpretation of the crab pulsar X-ray interpulse radiation, and evolutionary models of the Crab Nebula's progenitor. Other topics include the evolution of the centimeter flux of 3C58 and the Crab Nebula, a search for a shock wave around the Crab Nebula, high resolution radio studies of the Crab Nebula, supernova shell structure, and the nature of the remnant 0540-693 and its implications for the study of crablike remnants. Papers are also presented on X-ray observations of: Crab-like remnants, the Crab Nebula, the Vela X region, W28, and 3C400.2. Other papers include the 50 millisecond pulsar in the Large Magellanic Cloud and the X-ray pulse emission mechanism, optical emission from the plerionic core of CTB 80, and one-arcminute resolution observations of W50.

Kafatos, M. C.↗

DOE OSTI2014

INVESTIGATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF A NEW COMPACT SUPERCONDUCTING CAVITY FOR DEFLECTING AND CRABBING APPLICATIONS

Deflecting and crabbing structures have many applications in current accelera?tor systems. The primary use of a deflecting cavity is to separate a single beam into multiple beams. A crabbing cavity enables the head-on collision at the inter?action point in particle colliders in order to increase the luminosity. The early uses of the deflecting structures have been in the early 1960s; these structures were disk loaded structures operating at room temperature. The crabbing structure which was installed at the KEK electron-positron collider was the first and only operational superconducting cavity of that kind. The most common design of superconduct?ing deflecting and crabbing cavities is a squashed-elliptical geometry operating in a TM110-like mode; at low frequencies these structures become challenging due to the large geometrical shapes. Recently, compact deflecting and crabbing structures have been studied for numerous accelerator applications not limited to deflecting or crabbing of beams, but also for beam diagnostics, emittance exchange etc. The rf?dipole design, which is presented here, has evolved from the parallel-bar design and is a new compact deflecting and crabbing design with attractive properties at low frequencies and is operating in a TE11-like mode. The parallel-bar design has been optimized into the rf-dipole design primarily to maximize the net deflection with low and balanced peak surface fields and also to maximize the shunt impedance. The geometries have also been modified to increase the separation between the higher or?der modes, suppress multipacting conditions and reduce multipole components. The design geometries have been improved for mechanical stability in order to withstand thermal and pressure fluctuations under operating conditions. Two superconducting rf-dipole deflecting and crabbing cavities have been designed and optimized at 499 MHz for the Jefferson Lab 12 GeV Upgrade and at 400 MHz for a crabbing cavity for the LHC Luminosity Upgrade. The design optimization, fabrication, and test results of the first prototypes of both designs are presented in detail.

De Silva, Subashini Uddika↗

DOE OSTI2017

Electroless nickel – phosphorus coating on crab shell particles and its characterization

Being hydrophilic material, crab shell particles have only a limited number of applications. It is, therefore, necessary to modify the surface of the crab shell particles. To make them useful ever for the applications, the main theme we proposed in this article is to utilize crab shell particles (CSP) with the core coated with nickel phosphorus (NiP) as a shell using the electroless coating process. For dealing with serious environmental problems, utilization of waste bio-shells is always an important factor to be considered. Chelating ability of crab shell particles eliminates the surface activation in this work proceeding to the coating process. The functional group, phase structure, microstructure, chemical composition and thermal analysis of CSP and NiP/CSP were characterized using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction analyzer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The combination of an amorphous and crystalline structure was exhibited by CSP and NiP/CSP. NiP/CSP has shown a better thermal stability when compared to uncoated CSP. Stability test, adsorption test, and conductivity test were conducted for the study of adsorption behavior and conductivity of the particles. CSP presented a hydrophilic property in contrast to hydrophobic NiP/CSP. NiP/CSP presented a conductivity of about 44% greater compared to the CSP without any fluctuations. - Highlights: • Utilization of crab shell waste is focused on. • NiP coating on crab shell particle is fabricated using electroless process. • Thermal analysis, stability test, adsorption test and conductivity test were done. • Organic matrix of crab shell particle favors the coating process. • Results demonstrate the characterization of CSP core – NiP shell structure.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2024

Advancements in Multiphysics Microdepletion Analysis of an eVinci TM -like Microreactor Leveraging OpenMC-CRAB Workflow

Nuclear microreactors (MRs) are a class of nuclear reactor technology, characterized by reduced dimensions, modular design, and reduced power output in contrast to conventional Light Water Reactors (LWRs). MRs are proposed for supplying electricity and eventual process heat to remote locations, such as military installations and disaster-affected areas. Current research work sponsored by the US Department of Energy Microreactor Program (MRP) is devoted to the development of novel modeling and simulation tools to better support MR vendors and regulatory bodies. Notably, the NRC is projected to utilize the CRAB multiphysics software driver for executing both design and beyond-design-basis accident analyses. Furthermore, the NRC has been utilizing the MELCOR code to calculate mechanistic source terms during accidents. Since MELCOR relies on isotopic inventory and reactor temperature/power profiles under accident conditions, which theoretically can be derived from CRAB, the goal is to establish a comprehensive CRAB-MELCOR computational framework. Past work was focused on testing and demonstrating CRAB's capability to generate results that can be used to inform mechanistic source term calculations in MELCOR. In particular, a computational workflow leveraging OpenMC-generated microscopic cross sections and CRAB was first applied to perform multiphysics microscopic depletion calculation followed by an accident scenario for a stylized microreactor problem. In fiscal year 2024, the research work has been focused on applying the OpenMC-CRAB workflow, which was first tested in fiscal year 2023, to a realistic 3D heat-pipe cooled MR problem representative of the eVinci TM design. The latter computational problem was developed with inputs from WEC to conserve selected neutronic and thermal characteristics of the eVinci TM design without releasing proprietary data. The results of this simulation, encompassing isotopic inventory, power density distribution, and kinetic parameters, will inform both MELCOR and the WEC-developed FATE code for mechanistic source terms calculations. The results from the two codes will then be compared for code verification purposes. This report contains the design characteristics of the realist heat pipe cooled microreactor developed as a use-case for the verification exercise, and the current results for the multiphysics microscopic depletion performed with the OpenMC-CRAB workflow. The results include eigenvalue as a function of time, power distribution at EOL, in addition to nuclides inventory's time evolution and spatial distribution. Finally, we report improvements to the workflow efficiency achieved through a collaboration with the NEAMS programs. Through this collaborative effort, we were able to strongly decrease the computational time for the multiphysics microdepletion calculation (i.e., from 17.4 hours to 5.7 hours on 280 processors) in addition to simplifying the interface to generate isotopics spatial distribution utilizable by FATE and MELCOR. Future work, including the improvement of the current microscopic cross-sections' library and the simulation of an accident scenario at EOL, is also discussed.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

DOE OSTI2015

DESIGN AND PROTOTYPING OF A 400 MHz RF-DIPOLE CRABBING CAVITY FOR THE LHC HIGH-LUMINOSITY UPGRADE

LHC High Luminosity Upgrade is in need of two crabbing systems that deflects the beam in both horizontal and vertical planes. The 400 MHz rf-dipole crabbing cavity system is capable of crabbing the proton beam in both planes. At present we are focusing our efforts on a complete crabbing system in the horizontal plane. Prior to LHC installation the crabbing system will be installed for beam test at SPS. The crabbing system consists of two rf-dipole cavities in the cryomodule. This paper discusses the electromagnetic design and mechanical properties of the rf-dipole crabbing system for SPS beam test.

De Silva, Payagalage Subashini↗

DOE OSTI2021

Design of an RF-Dipole Crabbing Cavity System for the Electron-Ion Collider

The Electron-Ion Collider requires several crabbing systems to facilitate head-on collisions between electron and proton beams in increasing the luminosity at the interaction point. One of the critical rf systems is the 197 MHz crabbing system that will be used in crabbing the proton beam. Many factors such as the low operating frequency, large transverse voltage requirement, tight longitudinal and transverse impedance thresholds, and limited beam line space makes the crabbing cavity design challenging. The rf-dipole cavity design is considered as one of the crabbing cavity options for the 197 MHz crabbing system. The cavity is designed including the HOM couplers, FPC and other ancillaries. This paper presents the detailed electromagnetic design, mechanical analysis, and conceptual cryomodule design of the crabbing system.

De Silva, S. U.↗

DOE OSTI2011

X-Band Crab Cavities for the CLIC Beam Delivery System

The CLIC machine incorporates a 20 mrad crossing angle at the IP to aid the extraction of spent beams. In order to recover the luminosity lost through the crossing angle a crab cavity is proposed to rotate the bunches prior to collision. The crab cavity is chosen to have the same frequency as the main linac (11.9942 GHz) as a compromise between size, phase stability requirements and beam loading. It is proposed to use a HE11 mode travelling wave structure as the CLIC crab cavity in order to minimise beam loading and mode separation. The position of the crab cavity close to the final focus enhances the effect of transverse wake-fields so effective wake-field damping is required. A damped detuned structure is proposed to suppress and de-cohere the wake-field hence reducing their effect. Design considerations for the CLIC crab cavity will be discussed as well as the proposed high power testing of these structures at SLAC. Design of a crab cavity for CLIC is underway at the Cockcroft Institute in collaboration with SLAC. This effort draws on a large degree of synergy with the ILC crab cavity developed at the Cockcroft Institute and other deflecting structure development at SLAC. A study of phase and amplitude variations in the cavity suggests that the tolerances are very tight and require a 'beyond state of the art' LLRF control system. A study of cavity geometry and its effect on the cavity fields has been performed using Microwave studio. This study has suggested that for our cavity an iris radius between 4-5 mm is optimum with an iris thickness of 2-3 mm based on group velocity and peak fields. A study of the cavity wakefields show that the single bunch wakes are unlikely to be a problem but the short bunch spacing may cause the multi-bunch wakefields to be an issue. This will require some of the modes to be damped strongly so that the wake is damped significantly before any following bunch arrives. Various methods of damping have been investigated and suggest that waveguide damping in the cells should provide sufficient damping in the vertical plane, which is the most sensitive.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2015

Modeling Crabbing Dynamics in an Electron-Ion Collider

A local crabbing scheme requires π/2 (mod π) horizontal betatron phase advances from an interaction point (IP) to the crab cavities on each side of it. However, realistic phase advances generated by sets of quadrupoles, or Final Focusing Blocks (FFB), between the crab cavities located in the expanded beam regions and the IP differ slightly from π/2. To understand the effect of crabbing on the beam dynamics in this case, a simple model of the optics of the Medium Energy Electron-Ion Collider (MEIC) including local crabbing was developed using linear matrices and then studied numerically over multiple turns (1000 passes) of both electron and proton bunches. The same model was applied to both local and global crabbing schemes to determine the linear-order dynamical effects of the synchro-betatron coupling induced by crabbing.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Formalism for Local Correction of Vertical Crabbing in Hadron Storage Ring

The Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) incorporates crab cavities in both the Electron Storage Ring (ESR) and the Hadron Storage Ring (HSR) to achieve unprecedented luminosity goals. This technical note presents a formalism for the local correction of vertical crabbing in the HSR, addressing the complexities introduced by the integration of crab cavities and the interplay between betatron coupling and crabbing dispersion. Various strategies, including the use of skew quadrupoles and adjustments of Twiss functions, are explored to compensate vertical crabbing to achieve optimal beam-beam performance. The derived theoretical formulas offer practical guidance for minimizing the required vertical crabbing corrections, and will be implemented in the HSR lattice design.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

NASA NTRS2006

Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Oxygen-rich Supernova Remnants in the Magellanic Clouds. III. WFPC2 Imaging of the Young, Crab-like Supernova Remnant SNRO540-69.3

Hubble Space Telescope images with the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 of the young, oxygen-rich, Crab-like supernova remnant SNR0540-69.3 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) reveal details of the emission distribution and the relationship between the expanding ejecta and synchrotron nebula. The emission distributions appear very similar to those seen in the Crab nebula, with the ejecta located in a thin envelope surrounding the synchrotron nebula. The [O III] emission is more extended than other tracers, forming a faint "skin" around the denser filaments and synchrotron nebula, as also observed in the Crab. The [O III] exhibits somewhat different kinematic structure in long-slit spectra, including a more extended high-velocity emission halo not seen in images. Yet even the fastest expansion speeds in SNR 0540 s halo are slow when compared to most other young supernova remnants, though the Crab nebula has similar slow expansion speeds. We show a striking correspondence between the morphology of the synchrotron nebula observed in an optical continuum filter with that recently resolved in Chandra X-ray images. We argue that the multi-component kinematics and filamentary morphology of the optical emission-line features likely result from magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities that form as the synchrotron nebula expands and sweeps up ejecta, as seen in the Crab nebula. Our images and spectra help to refine our understanding of SNR 0540 in several more detailed respects: they confirm the identification of H(alpha)+[N II] in the red spectrum, they show that the systemic velocity of SNR 0540 is not significantly different from that of the LMC, and they hint at a lower Ne abundance than the Crab (potentially indicating a more massive progenitor star).

Morse, Jon A.↗

DOE OSTI2018

Simulation of beam–beam interaction with crab cavities for $\mathrm{LHC}$ upgrade

The crab cavities are a critical component in the high luminosity LHC upgrade project to compensate the luminosity loss from large crossing angle collision. However, these crab cavities will not be perfect in the real accelerator. In this paper, we studied the effects of crab cavity imperfections on colliding beam luminosity lifetime degradation for the LHC upgrade through detailed numerical simulations. Our simulation results suggest that the white noise jitter in the crab cavity RF phase and voltage rms amplitudes should be kept below a few 10 -5 for a good luminosity lifetime, while with frequency-dependent jitter, the amplitudes should be kept below a few 10 -4 for a good lifetime. As a result, the RF multipole errors in the current crab cavity designs are small enough and would not cause extra luminosity degradation.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2013

DETECTING THE RAPIDLY EXPANDING OUTER SHELL OF THE CRAB NEBULA: WHERE TO LOOK

We present a range of steady-state photoionization simulations, corresponding to different assumed shell geometries and compositions, of the unseen postulated rapidly expanding outer shell to the Crab Nebula. The properties of the shell are constrained by the mass that must lie within it, and by limits to the intensities of hydrogen recombination lines. In all cases the photoionization models predict very strong emissions from high ionization lines that will not be emitted by the Crab's filaments, alleviating problems with detecting these lines in the presence of light scattered from brighter parts of the Crab. The near-NIR [Ne VI] {lambda}7.652 {mu}m line is a particularly good case; it should be dramatically brighter than the optical lines commonly used in searches. The C IV {lambda}1549 doublet is predicted to be the strongest absorption line from the shell, which is in agreement with Hubble Space Telescope observations. We show that the cooling timescale for the outer shell is much longer than the age of the Crab, due to the low density. This means that the temperature of the shell will actually ''remember'' its initial conditions. However, the recombination time is much shorter than the age of the Crab, so the predicted level of ionization should approximate the real ionization. In any case, it is clear that IR observations present the best opportunity to detect the outer shell and so guide future models that will constrain early events in the original explosion.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Detection of polarized gamma-ray emission from the Crab nebula with the Hitomi Soft Gamma-ray Detector

In this study, we present the results from the Hitomi Soft Gamma-ray Detector (SGD) observation of the Crab nebula. The main part of SGD is a Compton camera, which in addition to being a spectrometer, is capable of measuring polarization of gamma-ray photons. The Crab nebula is one of the brightest X-ray/gamma-ray sources on the sky, and the only source from which polarized X-ray photons have been detected. SGD observed the Crab nebula during the initial test observation phase of Hitomi. We performed data analysis of the SGD observation, SGD background estimation, and SGD Monte Carlo simulations, and successfully detected polarized gamma-ray emission from the Crab nebula with only about 5 ks exposure time. The obtained polarization fraction of the phase-integrated Crab emission (sum of pulsar and nebula emissions) is (22.1% ± 10.6%), and the polarization angle is 110°.7 +13°.2/-13°.0 in the energy range of 60–160 keV (the errors correspond to the 1 σ deviation). The confidence level of the polarization detection was 99.3%. The polarization angle measured by SGD is about one sigma deviation with the projected spin axis of the pulsar, 124° .0 ± 0° .1.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2024

Impact of beam coupling impedance on crab cavity noise induced emittance growth

Crab cavities will be deployed as a part of the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) upgrade to mitigate the luminosity reduction induced by the crossing angle at the main experiments (ATLAS and CMS). Two prototype crab cavities have been installed in the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) in 2018 for studies with proton beams. An issue of concern is the transverse emittance growth induced by noise in the crab cavity radio frequency (rf) system, which is anticipated to limit the performance of the HL-LHC. In measurements conducted in the SPS in 2018, the crab cavity noise-induced emittance growth was measured to be a factor of 4 lower than predicted from the existing analytical models. In this paper, it is shown that the observed discrepancy is explained by damping effects from the beam coupling impedance, which were not included in the models up to now. Using the van Kampen mode approach, a new theory is developed, suggesting that the impedance can separate the coherent tune from the incoherent spectrum leading to an effective reduction of the crab cavity rf noise-induced emittance growth. This mechanism is validated in tracking simulations using the SPS impedance model as well as in dedicated experimental measurements conducted in the SPS in 2022. The implications for the HL-LHC project are discussed. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Physics↗

DOE OSTI2019

BEAM-BEAM EFFECT: CRAB DYNAMICS CALCULATION IN JLEIC

The electron and ion beams of a future Electron Ion Collider (EIC) must collide at an angle for detection, machine and engineering design reasons. To avoid associated luminosity reduction, a local crabbing scheme is used where each beam is crabbed before collision and de-crabbed after collision. The crab crossing scheme then provides a head-on collision for beams with a non-zero crossing angle. We develop a framework for accurate simulation of crabbing dynamics with beam-beam effects by combining symplectic particle tracking codes with a beam-beam model based on the Bassetti-Erskine analytic solution. We present simulation results using our implementation of such a framework where the beam dynamics around the ring is tracked using Elegant and the beam-beam kick is modeled in Python.

Morozov, V. S.↗

DOE OSTI2019

Luminosity Studies of Asymmetric Crab crossing in JLEIC

The proposed Jefferson Lab Electron Ion Collider (JLEIC) currently plans to use a crab crossing scheme to maximize the available luminosity. It had been suggested by that space and cost savings, as well as hadron beam quality improvements could be realized by leaving the ion beam un-crabbed and increasing the crabbing angle of the electron beam. We also examine the two bunches crabbed at different angles, as well as at different crabbing frequencies to determine the maximum achievable luminosity for both JLEIC and LHC parameters.

Nissen, Edith↗

DOE OSTI2017

Crabbing system for an electron-ion collider

As high energy and nuclear physicists continue to push further the boundaries of knowledge using colliders, there is an imperative need, not only to increase the colliding beams' energies, but also to improve the accuracy of the experiments, and to collect a large quantity of events with good statistical sensitivity. To achieve the latter, it is necessary to collect more data by increasing the rate at which these processes are being produced and detected in the machine. This rate of events depends directly on the machine's luminosity. The luminosity itself is proportional to the frequency at which the beams are being delivered, the number of particles in each beam, and inversely proportional to the cross-sectional size of the colliding beams. There are several approaches that can be considered to increase the events statistics in a collider other than increasing the luminosity, such as running the experiments for a longer time. However, this also elevates the operation expenses, while increasing the frequency at which the beams are delivered implies strong physical changes along the accelerator and the detectors. Therefore, it is preferred to increase the beam intensities and reduce the beams cross-sectional areas to achieve these higher luminosities. In the case where the goal is to push the limits, sometimes even beyond the machines design parameters, one must develop a detailed High Luminosity Scheme. Any high luminosity scheme on a modern collider considers|in one of their versions|the use of crab cavities to correct the geometrical reduction of the luminosity due to the beams crossing angle. In this dissertation, we present the design and testing of a proof-of-principle compact superconducting crab cavity, at 750 MHz, for the future electron-ion collider, currently under design at Jefferson Lab. In addition to the design and validation of the cavity prototype, we present the analysis of the first order beam dynamics and the integration of the crabbing systems to the interaction region. Following this, we propose the concept of twin crabs to allow machines with variable beam transverse coupling in the interaction region to have full crabbing in only the desired plane. Finally, we present recommendations to extend this work to other frequencies.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗