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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

First constraint on the neutrino-induced phase shift in the spectrum of baryon acoustic oscillations

The existence of the cosmic neutrino background is a robust prediction of the hot big bang model. These neutrinos were a dominant component of the energy density in the early Universe and therefore played an important role in the evolution of cosmological perturbations. The energy density of the cosmic neutrino background has been measured using the abundances of light elements and the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background. A complementary and more robust probe is provided by a distinct shift in the temporal phase of sound waves in the primordial plasma that is produced by fluctuations in the neutrino density. Here, we report on the first constraint on this neutrino-induced phase shift in the spectrum of baryon acoustic oscillations of the BOSS DR12 data. Constraining the acoustic scale using Planck data while marginalizing over the effects of neutrinos in the cosmic microwave background, we find a non-zero phase shift at greater than 95% confidence. Besides providing a new test of the cosmic neutrino background, our work is the first application of the baryon acoustic oscillation signal to early Universe physics.

Baumann, Daniel↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Completed SDSS-IV Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations with Ly$α$ Forests

Here, we present a measurement of baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO) from Lyman-α (Lyα) absorption and quasars at an effective redshift $z = 2.33$ using the complete extended Baryonic Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS). The sixteenth and final eBOSS data release (SDSS DR16) contains all data from eBOSS and its predecessor, the Baryonic Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS), providing 210,005 quasars with $z_q > 2.10$ that are used to measure Lyα absorption. We measure the BAO scale both in the auto-correlation of Ly$α$ absorption and in its cross correlation with 341,468 quasars with redshift $z_q > 1.77$. Apart from the statistical gain from new quasars and deeper observations, the main improvements over previous work come from more accurate modeling of physical and instrumental correlations and the use of new sets of mock data. Combining the BAO measurement from the auto- and cross-correlation yields the constraints of the two ratios $D_H(z = 2.33)/r_d = 8.99 ± 0.19$ and $D_M(z = 2.33)/r_d = 37.5 ± 1.1$, where the error bars are statistical. These results are within $1.5σ$ of the prediction of the flat-ΛCDM cosmology of Planck (2016). The analysis code, picca, the catalog of the flux-transmission field measurements, and the $Δ\chi^2$ surfaces are publicly available.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Bayesian inference of in-medium baryon-baryon scattering cross sections from HADES proton flow data

Within a Bayesian statistical framework using a Gaussian Process emulator for an isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (IBUU) transport model simulator of heavy-ion reactions at intermediate energies, we infer from the HADES proton flow data the posterior probability distribution functions of in-medium baryon-baryon scattering cross section modification factor X with respect to free-space and the corresponding incompressibility K of nuclear matter as well as their correlation function. In conclusion, the mean value of X is found to be $X$ = $1.32_ {+0.28} ^ {-0.40} $ at 68% confidence level assuming the nuclear incompressibility K will not exceed 400 MeV, providing circumstantial evidence for enhanced baryon-braryon scattering cross sections in hot and dense nuclear matter.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Astrophysical constraints on dark-matter Q -balls in the presence of baryon-violating operators

Supersymmetric extensions of the standard model predict the existence of non-topological solitons, Q-balls. Assuming the standard cosmological history preceded by inflation, Q-balls can form in the early universe and can make up the dark matter. The relatively large masses of such dark-matter particles imply a low number density, making direct detection very challenging. The strongest limits come from the existence of neutron stars because, if a baryonic Q-ball is captured by a neutron star, the Q-ball can absorb the baryon number releasing energy and eventually destroying a neutron star. Yet, in the presence of baryon number violating higher-dimension operators, the growth of a Q-ball inside a neutron star is hampered once the Q-ball reaches a certain size. We re-examine the limits and identify some classes of higher-dimensional operators for which supersymmetric Q-balls can account for dark matter. The current limits leave a wide range of parameters available for dark matter in the form of supersymmetric Q-balls.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2016

The SDSS-IV extended baryon oscillation spectroscopic survey: Luminous red galaxy target selection

Here, we describe the algorithm used to select the luminous red galaxy (LRG) sample for the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV) using photometric data from both the SDSS and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. LRG targets are required to meet a set of color selection criteria and have z-band and i-band MODEL magnitudes z < 19.95 and 19.9 < i < 21.8, respectively. Our algorithm selects roughly 50 LRG targets per square degree, the great majority of which lie in the redshift range 0.6 < z < 1.0 (median redshift 0.71). We also demonstrate that our methods are highly effective at eliminating stellar contamination and lower-redshift galaxies. We perform a number of tests using spectroscopic data from SDSS-III/BOSS ancillary programs to determine the redshift reliability of our target selection and its ability to meet the science requirements of eBOSS. The SDSS spectra are of high enough signal-to-noise ratio that at least ~89% of the target sample yields secure redshift measurements. Finally, we present tests of the uniformity and homogeneity of the sample, demonstrating that it should be clean enough for studies of the large-scale structure of the universe at higher redshifts than SDSS-III/BOSS LRGs reached.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Spectral evolution in high redshift quasars from the final Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey sample

We report on the diversity in quasar spectra from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey. After filtering the spectra to mitigate selection effects and Malmquist bias associated with a nearly flux-limited sample, we create high signal-to-noise ratio composite spectra from 58,656 quasars (2.1⩽z⩽3.5), binned by luminosity, spectral index, and redshift. With these composite spectra, we confirm the traditional Baldwin effect (BE, i.e., the anti-correlation of C iv equivalent width (EW) and luminosity) that follows the relation W{sub λ}∝L{sup β{sub w}} with slope β{sub w}=−0.35±0.004, −0.35 ± 0.005, and −0.41 ± 0.005 for z = 2.25, 2.46, and 2.84, respectively. In addition to the redshift evolution in the slope of the BE, we find redshift evolution in average quasar spectral features at fixed luminosity. The spectroscopic signature of the redshift evolution is correlated at 98% with the signature of varying luminosity, indicating that they arise from the same physical mechanism. At a fixed luminosity, the average C iv FWHM decreases with increasing redshift and is anti-correlated with C iv EW. The spectroscopic signature associated with C iv FWHM suggests that the trends in luminosity and redshift are likely caused by a superposition of effects that are related to black hole mass and Eddington ratio. The redshift evolution is the consequence of a changing balance between these two quantities as quasars evolve toward a population with lower typical accretion rates at a given black hole mass.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Pulsar timing anomalies: a window into baryon number violation

Here, we investigate the influence of a specific class of slow Baryon Number Violation (BNV)—one that induces quasi-equilibrium evolution — on pulsar spin characteristics. This work reveals how BNV can potentially alter observable parameters, including spin-down rates, the second derivative of spin frequency, and braking indices of pulsars. Moreover, we demonstrate that BNV could lead to anomalies in pulsar timing, along with a wide array of braking indices, both positive and negative. In addition, we examine the possibility of pulsar spin-up due to BNV, which may result in a novel mechanism for the revival of “dead” pulsars. We conclude by assessing the sensitivity required for future pulsar timing efforts to detect such BNV effects, thus highlighting the potential for pulsars to serve as laboratories for testing fundamental physics.

cosmology↗
DOE OSTI2021

The clustering of the SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey quasar sample: testing observational systematics on the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation measurement

ABSTRACT Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) are considered to be a very robust standard ruler against various systematics. This premise has been tested against observational systematics, but not to the level required for the next generation of galaxy surveys such as the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) and Euclid. In this paper, we investigate the effect of observational systematics on the BAO measurement of the final sample of quasars from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey Data Release 16 in order to prepare and hone a similar analysis for upcoming surveys. We employ catalogues with various treatments of imaging systematic effects using linear and neural network-based non-linear approaches and consider how the BAO measurement changes. We also test how the variations to the BAO fitting model respond to the observational systematics. As expected, we confirm that the BAO measurements obtained from the DR16 quasar sample are robust against imaging systematics well within the statistical error, while reporting slightly modified constraints that shift the line-of-sight BAO signal by less than 1.1 per cent. We use realistic simulations with similar redshift and angular distributions as the DR16 sample to conduct statistical tests for validating the pipeline, quantifying the significance of differences, and estimating the expected bias on the BAO scale in future high-precision data sets. Although we find a marginal impact for the eBOSS QSO data, the work presented here is of vital importance for constraining the nature of dark energy with the BAO feature in the new era of big data cosmology.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Baryon content of massive galaxy clusters at 0.57 < z < 1.33

We study the stellar, brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) and intracluster medium (ICM) masses of 14 South Pole Telescope (SPT) selected galaxy clusters with median redshift z = 0.9 and mass M-500 = 6 x 10(14) M-circle dot. We estimate stellar masses for each cluster and BCG using six photometric bands, the ICM mass using X-ray observations and the virial masses using the SPT Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect signature. At z = 0.9, the BCG mass M-*(BCG) constitutes 0.12 +/- 0.01 per cent of the halo mass for a 6 x 10(14) M-circle dot cluster, and this fraction falls as M-500(-0.58 +/- 0.07). The cluster stellar mass function has a characteristic mass M-0 = 10(11.0 +/- 0.1) M-circle dot, and the number of galaxies per unit mass in clusters is larger than in the field by a factor of 1.65 +/- 0.20. We combine our SPT sample with previously published samples at low redshift and correct to a common initial mass function and for systematic virial mass differences. We then explore mass and redshift trends in the stellar fraction f(*), the ICM fraction f(ICM), the collapsed baryon fraction f(c) and the baryon fraction f(b). At a pivot mass of 6 x 10(14) M-circle dot and redshift z = 0.9, the characteristic values are f(*) = 1.1 +/- 0.1 per cent, f(ICM) = 9.6 +/- 0.5 per cent, f(c) = 10.7 +/- 1.1 per cent and f(b) = 10.7 +/- 0.6 per cent. These fractions all vary with cluster mass at high significance, with higher mass clusters having lower f(*) and f(c) and higher f(ICM) and f(b). When accounting for a 15 per cent systematic virial mass uncertainty, there is no statistically significant redshift trend at fixed mass. Our results support the scenario where clusters grow through accretion from subclusters (higher f(*), lower f(ICM)) and the field (lower f(*), higher f(ICM)), balancing to keep f(*) and f(ICM) approximately constant since z similar to 0.9.

Chiu, I.↗
DOE OSTI2016

The clustering of galaxies in the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: baryon acoustic oscillations in the correlation function of LOWZ and CMASS galaxies in Data Release 12

In this paper, we present distance scale measurements from the baryon acoustic oscillation signal in the constant stellar mass and low-redshift sample samples from the Data Release 12 of the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey. The total volume probed is 14.5 Gpc 3 , a 10 per cent increment from Data Release 11. From an analysis of the spherically averaged correlation function, we infer a distance to z = 0.57 of D V (z)r$fid\atop{d}$ /r d = 2028 ± 21 Mpc and a distance to z = 0.32 of V (z)r$fid\atop{d}$ /r d = 1264 ± 22 Mpc assuming a cosmology in which r$fid\atop{d}$ = 147.10 Mpc. From the anisotropic analysis, we find an angular diameter distance to z = 0.57 of D A (z)r$fid\atop{d}$ /r d = 1401 ± 21 Mpc and a distance to z = 0.32 of 981 ± 20 Mpc, a 1.5 and 2.0 per cent measurement, respectively. The Hubble parameter at z = 0.57 is H(z)r d /r$fid\atop{d}$ = 100.3 ± 3.7kms -1 Mpc -1 and its value at z=0.32 is 79.2±5.6 kms -1 Mpc -1 , a 3.7 and 7.1 per cent measurement, respectively. In conclusion, these cosmic distance scale constraints are in excellent agreement with aΛcold dark matter model with cosmological parameters released by the recent Planck 2015 results.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

The clustering of galaxies in the completed SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: Observational systematics and baryon acoustic oscillations in the correlation function

We present baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) scale measurements determined from the clustering of 1.2 million massive galaxies with redshifts 0.2 < z < 0.75 distributed over 9300 deg 2 , as quantified by their redshift-space correlation function. In order to facilitate these measurements, we define, describe, and motivate the selection function for galaxies in the final data release (DR12) of the SDSS III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). This includes the observational footprint, masks for image quality and Galactic extinction, and weights to account for density relationships intrinsic to the imaging and spectroscopic portions of the survey. We simulate the observed systematic trends in mock galaxy samples and demonstrate that they impart no bias on BAO scale measurements and have a minor impact on the recovered statistical uncertainty. We measure transverse and radial BAO distance measurements in 0.2 < z < 0.5, 0.5 < z < 0.75, and (overlapping) 0.4 < z < 0.6 redshift bins. In each redshift bin, we obtain a precision that is 2.7 per cent or better on the radial distance and 1.6 per cent or better on the transverse distance. The combination of the redshift bins represents 1.8 per cent precision on the radial distance and 1.1 per cent precision on the transverse distance. This paper is part of a set that analyses the final galaxy clustering data set from BOSS. The measurements and likelihoods presented here are combined with others in Alam et al. to produce the final cosmological constraints from BOSS.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2016

The clustering of galaxies in the completed SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations in Fourier-space

Here, we analyse the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) signal of the final Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) data release (DR12). Our analysis is performed in Fourier-space, using the power spectrum monopole and quadrupole. The dataset includes 1 198 006 galaxies over the redshift range 0.2 < z < 0.75. We divide this dataset into three (overlapping) redshift bins with the effective redshifts z eff = 0.38, 0.51 and 0.61. We demonstrate the reliability of our analysis pipeline using N-body simulations as well as 1000 MultiDark-Patchy mock catalogues, which mimic the BOSS-DR12 target selection. We apply density eld reconstruction to enhance the BAO signal-to-noise ratio. By including the power spectrum quadrupole we can sep-arate the line-of-sight and angular modes, which allows us to constrain the angular diameter distance D A (z) and the Hubble parameter H ( z ) separately. We obtain two independent 1 : 6% and 1 : 5% constraints on D A (z) and 2.9% and 2.3% constraints on H(z) for the low (z eff = 0.38) and high (z eff = 0.61) redshift bin, respectively. We obtain two independent 1% and 0.9% constraints on the angular averaged distance D V (z), when ignoring the Alcock-Paczynski e ect. The detection significance of the BAO signal is of the order of 8σ (post-reconstruction) for each of the three redshift bins. Our results are in good agreement with the Planck prediction within CDM. This paper is part of a set that analyses the final galaxy clustering dataset from BOSS. The measurements and likelihoods presented here are combined with others in Alam et al. (2016) to produce the final cosmological constraints from BOSS.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2017

The clustering of the SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey DR14 quasar sample: First measurement of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations between redshift 0.8 and 2.2

Here, we present measurements of the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) scale in redshift-space using the clustering of quasars. We consider a sample of 147,000 quasars from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) distributed over 2044 square degrees with redshifts 0.8 < z < 2.2 and measure their spherically-averaged clustering in both configuration and Fourier space. Our observational dataset and the 1400 simulated realizations of the dataset allow us to detect a preference for BAO that is greater than 2.5σ . We determine the spherically averaged BAO distance to z = 1.52 to 4.4 per cent precision: D V (z = 1:52) = 3855 170 (r d /r d,fid ) Mpc. This is the first time the location of the BAO feature has been measured between redshifts 1 and 2. Our result is fully consistent with the prediction obtained by extrapolating the Planck flat CDM best-fit cosmology. All of our results are consistent with basic large-scale structure (LSS) theory, confirming quasars to be a reliable tracer of LSS, and provide a starting point for numerous cosmological tests to be performed with eBOSS quasar samples. We combine our result with previous, independent, BAO distance measurements to construct an updated BAO distance-ladder. Bu using these BAO data alone and marginalizing over the length of the standard ruler, we find Ω Λ > 0 at 6.5σ significance when testing a CDM model with free curvature.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Constraints on dark energy dynamics and spatial curvature from Hubble parameter and baryon acoustic oscillation data

We use all available baryon acoustic oscillation distance measurements and Hubble parameter data to constrain the cosmological constant Λ, dynamical dark energy, and spatial curvature in simple cosmological models. Here, we find that the consensus spatially flat ΛCDM (Λ cold dark matter) model provides a reasonable fit to the data, but depending on the Hubble constant prior and cosmological model, it can be a little more than 1σ away from the best-fitting model, which can favour mild dark energy dynamics or non-flat spatial hypersurfaces.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

The clustering of theSDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey DR14 quasar sample: measuring the anisotropic baryon acoustic oscillations with redshift weights

We present an anisotropic analysis of baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) signal from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey Data Release 14 quasar sample. The sample consists of 147 000 quasars distributed over a redshift range of 0.8 < z < 2.2. We apply the redshift weights technique to the clustering of quasars in this sample and achieve a 4.6 per cent measurement of the angular distance measurement DM at z = 2.2 and Hubble parameter H at z = 0.8. We parametrize the distance-redshift relation, relative to a fiducial model, as a Taylor series. The coefficients of this expansion are used to reconstruct the distance-redshift relation and obtain distance and Hubble parameter measurements at all redshifts within the redshift range of the sample. Reporting the result at two characteristic redshifts, we determine DM(z = 1) = 3405 ± 305 (rd/rd, fid) Mpc, H(z=1) = 120.7± 7.3 (r_d,fid / r_d) km s^{-1} Mpc^{-1} and DM(z = 2) = 5325 ± 249 (rd/rd, fid) Mpc, H(z=2) = 189.9± 32.9 (r_d,fid / r_d) km s^{-1} Mpc^{-1}. These measurements are highly correlated. We assess the outlook of BAO analysis from the final quasar sample by testing the method on a set of mocks that mimic the noise level in the final sample. We demonstrate on these mocks that redshift weighting shrinks the measurement error by over 25 per cent on average. We conclude redshift weighting can bring us closer to the cosmological goal of the final quasar sample.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

The clustering of the SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey DR14 quasar sample: anisotropic clustering analysis in configuration space

We explore the cosmological implications of anisotropic clustering measurements of the quasar sample from Data Release 14 (DR14) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) in configuration space. The similar to 147000 quasar sample observed by eBOSS offers a direct tracer of the density field and bridges the gap of previous baryon acoustic oscillation measurements between redshift 0.8 < z < 2.2. By analysing the two-point correlation function characterized by clustering wedges xi(wi)(s) and multipolesi xi(l)(S), we measure the angular diameter distance, Hubble parameter, and cosmic structure growth rate. We define a systematic error budget for our measurements based on the analysis of N-body simulations and mock catalogues. Based on the DR14 large-scale structure quasar sample at the effective redshift z(eff) = 1.52, we find the growth rate of cosmic structure f sigma(8)(z(eff)) = 0.396 +/- 0.079, and the geometric parameters Dv(z)/r(d) = 26.47 +/- 1.23, and F-AP(Z) = 2.53 +/- 0.22, where the uncertainties include both statistical and systematic errors. These values are in excellent agreement with the best-fitting standard A cold dark matter model to the latest cosmic microwave background data from Planck.

cosmology↗
DOE OSTI2018

The clustering of galaxies in the completed SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: theoretical systematics and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations in the galaxy correlation function

We investigate the potential sources of theoretical systematics in the anisotropic Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) distance scale measurements from the clustering of galaxies in configuration space using the final Data Release (DR12) of the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). We perform a detailed study of the impact on BAO measurements from choices in the methodology such as fiducial cosmology, clustering estimators, random catalogues, fitting templates, and covariance matrices. The theoretical systematic uncertainties in BAO parameters are found to be 0.002 in the isotropic dilation α and 0.003 in the quadrupolar dilation ε. The leading source of systematic uncertainty is related to the reconstruction techniques. Theoretical uncertainties are sub-dominant compared with the statistical uncertainties for BOSS survey, accounting 0.2σ stat for α and 0.25σ stat for ε (σ α , stat ~ 0.010 and σ ε , stat ~ 0.012, respectively). We also present BAO-only distance scale constraints from the anisotropic analysis of the correlation function. Our constraints on the angular diameter distance D A (z) and the Hubble parameter H(z), including both statistical and theoretical systematic uncertainties, are 1.5 percent and 2.8 percent at z eff = 0.38, 1.4 percent and 2.4 percent at z eff = 0.51, and 1.7 percent and 2.6 percent at z eff = 0.61. This paper is part of a set that analyses the final galaxy clustering data set from BOSS. The measurements and likelihoods presented here are cross-checked with other BAO analysis in Alam et al. The systematic error budget concerning the methodology on post-reconstruction BAO analysis presented here is used in Alam et al. to produce the final cosmological constraints from BOSS.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗