Verification of Adaptive Protection in Hardware in the Loop for Coordination with Solar Variability
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Summers, Adam Kelly↗
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Hardware-in-the-Loop Validation of Optimal Adaptive Protection for Utility Networked Microgrid Applications
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Kelly, Daniel James [Sandia National Laboratories ↗
Adaptive envelope protection control of wind turbines under varying operational conditions
Not Available
Sahin, Mustafa (ORCID:0000000236705796)↗
Securing the Clean Energy Transition with Cyber-Informed Engineering
The Bipartisan Infrastructure Law kick-started a surge in clean energy investments in the United States. Securing these systems and their supporting infrastructure from the outset is imperative, starting from the conceptual design and continuing through the entire engineering lifecycle. Cyber-Informed Engineering is an ideal approach to seamlessly integrate the necessary advanced control capabilities and adaptive protection systems, especially considering the trend towards cloud-based infrastructure and process controls. Learn more about CIE at https://www.energy.gov/ceser/articles/cyber-informed-engineering-bridge-between-cyber-and-critical-infrastructure-securing.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Ensemble models for circuit topology estimation, fault detection and classification in distribution systems
This paper presents a methodology for simultaneous fault detection, classification, and topology estimation for adaptive protection of distribution systems. The methodology estimates the probability of the occurrence of each one of these events by using a hybrid structure that combines three sub-systems, a convolutional neural network for topology estimation, a fault detection based on predictive residual analysis, and a standard support vector machine with probabilistic output for fault classification. The input to all these sub-systems is the local voltage and current measurements. A convolutional neural network uses these local measurements in the form of sequential data to extract features and estimate the topology conditions. The fault detector is constructed with a Bayesian stage (a multitask Gaussian process) that computes a predictive distribution (assumed to be Gaussian) of the residuals using the input. Since the distribution is known, these residuals can be transformed into a Standard distribution, whose values are then introduced into a one-class support vector machine. The structure allows using a one-class support vector machine without parameter cross-validation, so the fault detector is fully unsupervised. Finally, a support vector machine uses the input to perform the classification of the fault types. All three sub-systems can work in a parallel setup for both performance and computation efficiency. In conclusion, we test all three sub-systems included in the structure on a modified IEEE123 bus system, and we compare and evaluate the results with standard approaches.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
Dynamic Adaptive Relaying for Distribution Grids with High Inverter-Based Generation
The penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) in distribution systems is rapidly increasing. This can lead to large variations in the operating load and the fault current seen by a relay, which can impact the reliability of overcurrent protection. Adaptive overcurrent relaying (AOCR) can address this concern by enabling the relay to adjust its pickup settings based on the system operating conditions. This paper presents a novel dynamic AOCR approach that allows the relays to locally estimate the pickup settings and dynamically modify them. The approach is based on a two-stage estimation algorithm that uses local measurements and system information to estimate the worst-case fault current and the relay pickup settings. The relay pickup settings are then dynamically modified based on the estimated fault current. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated on multiple configurations of the EPRI J1 feeder and the IEEE 13-bus system. The results show that the proposed approach can effectively improve the reliability of overcurrent protection in distribution systems with DERs.
adaptive overcurrent protection↗
Real-Time Model-Adaptive Relaying Applied to Microgrid Protection
In microgrids, the short-circuit current magnitude is significantly limited by more than an order of magnitude due to the relatively small inverter-based resources. Commercially available protective devices for distribution cannot reliably protect a microgrid due to their dependence on the magnitude of the fault current. Moreover, overcurrent relays typically cannot function properly for a microgrid because they are incapable of detecting faults and/or performing the coordination between the relays in inverter-based microgrids operated in the islanded mode. This paper proposes a model-adaptive relay designed to adjust the relay curves based on the available generation and the network topology. The proposed method runs a real-time model of the microgrid, which gathers information from the network to calculate the available short-circuit current in the specified node. The fault current from the model is then used for the adaptive algorithm to calculate the relay settings, considering coordination with the downstream fuses and upstream reclosers. This work presents the validation of the proposed method in Hardware-in-the-Loop, in a hardware testbed as well as field deployed in a real microgrid in East-Tennessee.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
Protection schemes used in North American microgrids
This study reviewed existing conventional and nonconventional protection schemes for grid-connected and islanded mode operations in North American microgrid projects. The microgrid projects investigated in this study used different types of distributed energy resources (DERs) and integrated hydropower/diesel generators, gas/steam/wind turbines, and photovoltaic systems with energy storage. In this work, conventional protection schemes were defined as those within the IEEE Standard C37.2-2008, whereas nonconventional schemes were those not defined within this standard. The pros and cons of conventional and nonconventional protection schemes were discussed in detail. The overvoltage, undervoltage, and frequency elements were the most common conventional protection schemes applied in microgrid projects in North America. These protection elements were used to detect the islanded conditions and faults that could not be sensed by overcurrent relays because of small fault currents contributed by low-inertia DERs and power-electronic sources. Directional overcurrent elements were used to distinguish between external (grid) and internal (microgrid) faults. Adaptive protection was the most popular nonconventional protection scheme applied to the microgrid projects. In conclusion, different types of DERs and operational modes must be considered in order to address the protection and control challenges of each microgrid and to obtain the best technical and economical solution.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
Heterogeneous climate change impacts on electricity demand in world cities circa mid-century
Rising ambient temperatures due to climate change will increase urban populations’ exposures to extreme heat. During hot hours, a key protective adaptation is increased air conditioning and associated consumption of electricity for cooling. But during cold hours, milder temperatures have the offsetting effect of reducing consumption of electricity and other fuels for heating. We elucidate the net consequences of these opposing effects in 36 cities in different world regions. We couple reduced-form statistical models of cities’ hourly responses of electric load to temperature with temporally downscaled projections of temperatures simulated by 21 global climate models (GCMs), projecting the effects of warming on the demand for electricity circa 2050. Cities' responses, temperature exposures and impacts are heterogeneous, with changes in total annual consumption ranging from –2.7 to 5.7%, and peak power demand increasing by as much as 9.5% at the multi-GCM median. The largest increases are concentrated in more economically developed mid-latitude cities, with less developed urban areas in the tropics exhibiting relatively small changes. The results highlight the important role of the structure of electricity demand: large temperature increases in tropical cities are offset by their inelastic responses, which can be attributed to lower air-conditioning penetration.
32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
Autogenic-feedback training - A treatment for motion and space sickness
A training method for preventing the occurrence of motion sickness in humans, called autogenic-feedback training (AFT), is described. AFT is based on a combination of biofeedback and autogenic therapy which involves training physiological self-regulation as an alternative to pharmacological management. AFT was used to reliably increase tolerance to motion-sickness-inducing tests in both men and women ranging in age from 18 to 54 years. The effectiveness of AFT is found to be significantly higher than that of protective adaptation training. Data obtained show that there is no apparent effect from AFT on measures of vestibular perception and no side effects.
Cowings, Patricia S.↗
Polyamines in plant physiology
The diamine putrescine, the triamine spermidine, and the tetramine spermine are ubiquitous in plant cells, while other polyamines are of more limited occurrence. Their chemistry and pathways of biosynthesis and metabolism are well characterized. They occur in the free form as cations, but are often conjugated to small molecules like phenolic acids and also to various macromolecules. Their titer varies from approximately micromolar to more than millimolar, and depends greatly on environmental conditions, especially stress. In cereals, the activity of one of the major polyamine biosynthetic enzymes, arginine decarboxylase, is rapidly and dramatically increased by almost every studied external stress, leading to 50-fold or greater increases in putrescine titer within a few hours. The physiological significance of this increase is not yet clear, although most recent work suggests an adaptive, protective role. Polyamines produced through the action of ornithine decarboxylase, by contrast, seem essential for DNA replication and cell division. The application of exogenous polyamines produces effects on patterns of senescence and morphogenesis, suggesting but not proving a regulatory role for polyamines in these processes. The evidence for such a regulatory role is growing.
Review↗
Mouthpiece adapter for pipettes protects mouth from harmful liquids
To prevent the laboratory technicians mouth from contacting harmful liquids, a device with a hermetically sealed elastic bellows is attached to a standard pipette.
Mc Smith, D. G.↗
Modeling Distributed Energy Resources for Analyzing Distribution Systems with High Renewable Penetration: Preprint
Increasing levels of inverter-based distributed energy resources (IBDERs) impact the legacy overcurrent distribution protection systems. The fault current injections of IBDERs are limited to between 1-2 p.u. of the rated current. The combination of the limited fault current and varying system load makes it increasingly difficult to reliably set the overcurrent protection. To address this challenge, researchers are proposing adaptive overcurrent protection mechanisms that can adapt to changing system conditions. Accurate modeling of IBDERs is required to develop reliable protection schemes. This paper presents a photovoltaics-based IBDER model in OpenDSS for adaptive overcurrent protection. The paper presents the validation of the proposed IBDER model against a detailed model in electromagnetic transient programs. Protection analysis of the Electric Power Research Institute J1 feeder with the proposed IBDER model is also presented.
adaptive↗
Methodologies for Adaptive Flight Envelope Estimation and Protection
This paper reports the latest development of several techniques for adaptive flight envelope estimation and protection system for aircraft under damage upset conditions. Through the integration of advanced fault detection algorithms, real-time system identification of the damage/faulted aircraft and flight envelop estimation, real-time decision support can be executed autonomously for improving damage tolerance and flight recoverability. Particularly, a bank of adaptive nonlinear fault detection and isolation estimators were developed for flight control actuator faults; a real-time system identification method was developed for assessing the dynamics and performance limitation of impaired aircraft; online learning neural networks were used to approximate selected aircraft dynamics which were then inverted to estimate command margins. As off-line training of network weights is not required, the method has the advantage of adapting to varying flight conditions and different vehicle configurations. The key benefit of the envelope estimation and protection system is that it allows the aircraft to fly close to its limit boundary by constantly updating the controller command limits during flight. The developed techniques were demonstrated on NASA s Generic Transport Model (GTM) simulation environments with simulated actuator faults. Simulation results and remarks on future work are presented.
Tang, Liang↗
Adaptive Management Methods to Protect the California Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta Water Resource
The California Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta is the hub for California's water supply, conveying water from Northern to Southern California agriculture and communities while supporting important ecosystem services, agriculture, and communities in the Delta. Changes in climate, long-term drought, water quality changes, and expansion of invasive aquatic plants threatens ecosystems, impedes ecosystem restoration, and is economically, environmentally, and sociologically detrimental to the San Francisco Bay/California Delta complex. NASA Ames Research Center and the USDA-ARS partnered with the State of California and local governments to develop science-based, adaptive-management strategies for the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. The project combines science, operations, and economics related to integrated management scenarios for aquatic weeds to help land and waterway managers make science-informed decisions regarding management and outcomes. The team provides a comprehensive understanding of agricultural and urban land use in the Delta and the major water sheds (San Joaquin/Sacramento) supplying the Delta and interaction with drought and climate impacts on the environment, water quality, and weed growth. The team recommends conservation and modified land-use practices and aids local Delta stakeholders in developing management strategies. New remote sensing tools have been developed to enhance ability to assess conditions, inform decision support tools, and monitor management practices. Science gaps in understanding how native and invasive plants respond to altered environmental conditions are being filled and provide critical biological response parameters for Delta-SWAT simulation modeling. Operational agencies such as the California Department of Boating and Waterways provide testing and act as initial adopter of decision support tools. Methods developed by the project can become routine land and water management tools in complex river delta systems.
Agriculture↗
Autonomously Responsive Membranes for Chemical Warfare Protection
Stimuli-responsive materials offer new opportunities to resolve long-standing material challenges and are rapidly gaining pivotal roles in diverse applications. For example, smart protective garments that rapidly transport water vapor and autonomously block chemical threats are expected to enable an effective new paradigm of adaptive personal protection. However, the incorporation of these seemingly incompatible properties into a single responsive system remains elusive. Herein, a bistable membrane that can rapidly, selectively, and reversibly transition from a highly breathable state in a safe environment to a chemically protective state when exposed to organophosphate threats such as sarin is demonstrated. Dynamic response to chemical stimuli is achieved through the physical collapse of an ultrathin copolymer layer on the membrane surface, which efficiently gates transport through membrane pores composed of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The adoption of nanometer-wide SWNTs for ultrafast moisture conduction enables a simultaneous boost in size-sieving selectivity and water-vapor permeability by decreasing nanotube diameter, thereby overcoming the breathability/protection trade-off that limits conventional membrane materials. Adaptive multifunctional membranes based on this platform greatly extend the active use of a protective garment and present exciting opportunities in many other areas including separation processes, sensing, and smart delivery.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Functional requirements for an intelligent RPC
An intelligent remote power controller (RPC) based on microcomputer technology can implement advanced functions for the accurate and secure detection of all types of faults on a spaceborne electrical distribution system. The intelligent RPC will implement conventional protection functions such as overcurrent, under-voltage, and ground fault protection. Advanced functions for the detection of soft faults, which cannot presently be detected, can also be implemented. Adaptive overcurrent protection changes overcurrent settings based on connected load. Incipient and high-impedance fault detection provides early detection of arcing conditions to prevent fires, and to clear and reconfigure circuits before soft faults progress to a hard-fault condition. Power electronics techniques can be used to implement fault current limiting to prevent voltage dips during hard faults. It is concluded that these techniques will enhance the overall safety and reliability of the distribution system.
Aucoin, B. M.↗