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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Hydrogen storage in complex hydrides: past activities and new trends

Abstract Intense literature and research efforts have focussed on the exploration of complex hydrides for energy storage applications over the past decades. A focus was dedicated to the determination of their thermodynamic and hydrogen storage properties, due to their high gravimetric and volumetric hydrogen storage capacities, but their application has been limited because of harsh working conditions for reversible hydrogen release and uptake. The present review aims at appraising the recent advances on different complex hydride systems, coming from the proficient collaborative activities in the past years from the research groups led by the experts of the Task 40 ‘Energy Storage and Conversion Based on Hydrogen’ of the Hydrogen Technology Collaboration Programme of the International Energy Agency. An overview of materials design, synthesis, tailoring and modelling approaches, hydrogen release and uptake mechanisms and thermodynamic aspects are reviewed to define new trends and suggest new possible applications for these highly tuneable materials.

Dematteis, Erika Michela (ORCID:0000000236804196)↗
DOE OSTI2023

Static and Fatigue Characterization of Large Composite T-Bolt Connections in Marine Hygrothermal Environments

Fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been highlighted as ideal candidates for structural applications in marine renewable energy devices, such as tidal turbines and wave energy converters. It is well understood that harsh marine environments can cause strength degradation of composite laminates, which has been extensively researched at the coupon scale; however, no research has investigated how this translates into larger-scale composite structures. This paper presents a subcomponent-scale study which investigates the effects of hygrothermal aging and subsequent static and fatigue characterization of thick composite T-bolt connections as part of a large, multilaboratory materials research effort. Of the glass-reinforced epoxy and vinylester-epoxy matrix composites tested, both showed measurable static strength degradation (4–36%) after being hygrothermally aged, even though the composite specimens were only partially saturated with water. Under tension–tension fatigue loading, the epoxy specimens performed very well in their dry states but exhibited significant degradation after hygrothermal aging. In comparison, the vinylester-epoxy specimens had much shorter fatigue lives in their dry states but exhibited no degradation after hygrothermal aging. Overall, this research demonstrates that hygrothermal aging can have significant effects on the ultimate strengths and fatigue lives of even partially saturated thick composite T-bolt connections, indicating that degradation of the outer plies on thick composite laminates can have pronounced effects on the whole structure. It discusses the challenges of building an understanding of the effects of harsh marine environments in large-scale composite structures.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2023

Development of process parameters and post-build conditions for qualification of LPBF 316 SS

To harness the potential of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) 316H stainless steel (SS) for use in advanced nuclear reactors, extensive research efforts are needed to develop optimal laser processing parameters and appropriate heat treatments, taking into account various manufacturing platforms and locations. Furthermore, it is crucial to assess the material properties in environments relevant to reactor operating conditions. In collaboration with Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) is dedicated to gaining insights into how the manufacturing process and post-build treatments impact the performance of LPBF 316H SS. This report provides an overview of ANL's research findings for FY23, focusing on LPBF 316H SS produced using a Renishaw AM400 laser system. Specifically, our research has concentrated on three key areas: 1) Optimum laser processing parameters: Leveraging the high-throughput printing technology, we systematically varied the laser power, exposure time and point distance within the same build. By measuring the as-printed porosity, we identified an optimum printing parameter window that produced materials with near-complete density; 2) Post-built treatment development: Materials printed with the optimum laser parameters underwent treatments including stress relief, solution annealing, and hot isostatic pressing. Subsequently, we fabricated tension, creep, and fatigue specimens from materials subjected to these different conditions. Over the next year, a series of scoping tests will be conducted to facilitate the selection of the most suitable post-build treatment condition; 3) Thermal aging effects on microstructure and properties: thermal aging at 550°C, 650°C and 750°C was conducted on LPBF 316H SS specimens up to 2500 h. Microstructural characterization was performed with electron microscopy, and the evolution of the dislocation cell structures and secondary phases was studied. Microhardness tests and tension tests were conducted to quantify changes in mechanical properties. The results revealed that the aged LPBF 316H SS exhibited a high density of Cr-rich and Mo-rich fine precipitates within grains due to the presence of a high density of dislocations and the globally distributed dislocation cell structures, which served as heterogeneous nucleation sites for secondary phases. Along grain boundaries, a Mo-Cr-rich phase, observed in 750°C-aged conditions, displayed significant thermal coarsening. Throughout the aging process, various mechanisms, including stress relaxation, dislocation cell structure recovery, solution hardening, and precipitation hardening, competed to influence materials strength. These results contribute towards establishing the technical basis for qualifying LPBF 316H SS for advanced nuclear reactor applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

An infrared, Raman, and X-ray database of battery interphase components

Further improvements to lithium-ion and emerging battery technologies can be enabled by an improved understanding of the chemistry and working mechanisms of interphases that form at electrochemically active battery interfaces. However, it is difficult to collect and interpret spectra of interphases for several reasons, including the presence of a variety of compounds. To address this challenge, we herein present a vibrational spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction data library of ten compounds that have been identified as interphase constituents in lithium-ion or emerging battery chemistries. The data library includes attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction data, collected in inert atmospheres provided by custom sample chambers. The data library presented in this work (and online repository) simplifies access to reference data that is otherwise either diffusely spread throughout the literature or non-existent, and provides energy storage researchers streamlined access to vital interphase-relevant data that can accelerate battery research efforts.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Cross-Scale Land-Atmosphere Experiment (CSLAEX) (Final Report)

It is now well recognized that land-atmosphere interactions play an important role in both weather and climate. These interactions take place over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Most of the current formulations of the momentum, heat and moisture transport laws are informed by observations with a limited temporal or spatial scale, and hence may have limited applicability. The objective of this work is to improve the multi-scale representation of the near-surface heat transfer in the ground and in the atmosphere using a combination of modeling and field observations. Our knowledge and predictive capacity in land-atmosphere coupling is limited by our capacity to observe the full-scale spectrum at play. In order to bridge this fundamental gap in our observation capacity I will work to: create the first long-term Integrated Cross-Scale land-Atmosphere Experiment (CSLAEX) since I will work to: measure the components of the surface energy balance at a spatial scale relevant to remote sensing and meteorological applications (5km), along with observations of the nested subscale processes with Distributed Temperature Sensors (DTS). This proposal aims to fill the gaps in modeling and observing land-atmosphere interactions across scales via a novel Cross-Scale Land-Atmosphere Experiment (CSLAEX) to be implemented as part of the Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site near Lamont, Oklahoma. The proposed research effort aims at exploring land-atmosphere processes across multiple spatial scales and to investigate the effect of landscape heterogeneity using Distributed Temperature Sensor measurements. The novel instrumentation of the Surface Energy Balance and simultaneous observations of the atmospheric state (boundary layer, cloud, convection) available at the DOE ARM SGP site will be used to create CSLAEX. This dataset will be used to frame and evaluate new transport laws and parameterizations for the boundary layer and the land surface, which can be implemented into the Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) model and Community Atmospheric Model (CAM). The result of this study should impact multiple fields: meteorology, climate, and hydrology.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

PVDeg: Development of a Streamlined Tool for PV Degradation Modeling

The photovoltaic (PV) industry constantly aims for lower costs, higher-efficiency cells, and improved module designs. These trends lead to using new materials, designs, and manufacturing processes, resulting in a continually changing technological landscape. These changes can potentially introduce new, unknown degradation mechanisms and failure modes that are difficult to diagnose, analyze, test, and model. This introduces uncertainty into the expected lifetime of PV modules of 25 to 50 years. research efforts aim to achieve this while keeping performance degradation at a minimum for decades. This puts considerable pressure on improving the accuracy of long-term durability and reliability assessments. There is a need to organize the existing degradation data into an accessible format and to provide industry relevant tools for extrapolation from laboratory to field conditions. Because the core of this type of analysis involves calculations that are complicated but ubiquitous for many degradation processes, an enhanced predictive modeling framework will facilitate the analysis to help researchers keep up with the rapid pace of technological changes. In this work, we present an online tool that can be used to search for and analyze degradation information and extrapolate PV module performance and durability to field exposure. The tool will simplify many of the routine computational operations that are common to many degradation studies. The prediction tool will be built modular and published as open source, enabling users to expand on the existing framework. This repository will contain various degradation models and material parameters suitable for the reliability and durability assessment of materials and components deployed outdoors.

degradation↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Review on the Impact of SO 2 on the Oxidation of NO, Hydrocarbons, and CO in Diesel Emission Control Catalysis

A high-efficiency after-treatment technology has been required to meet the increasingly stringent regulations on the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x ), hydrocarbons (HCs), and carbon monoxide (CO) exhausts from diesel engine vehicles throughout the world. The diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) is an indispensable part of a diesel-fueled exhaust system, which mainly functions in the oxidation of unburned HCs and CO to CO 2 and H 2 O (in the case of HCs) and a proportion of NO to NO 2 . However, the DOC will unavoidably be poisoned by trace gaseous SO 2 or accumulated sulfur on the catalyst under real operational conditions and hence impair the overall purification efficiency of the aftertreatment system. There have been significant research efforts from both academia and industry involving sulfur-relevant diesel oxidation chemistry and development of robust sulfur-resistant oxidation catalysts. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the study of SO 2 effects on the catalytic oxidation of NO, HCs, and CO over DOCs, with particular attention to the fundamentals beneath apparent observations of sulfur influence on PGM-based and non-noble metal-based catalysts in the different oxidation reactions. Regeneration methods and design rationale for sulfur-resistant catalysts are also covered. Several challenges in the future research regarding microscopic insights into the SO 2 -influencing mechanism and next-generation sulfur-resistant DOC design are highlighted toward real-world practice.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Industry Facing PV Degradation Prediction Tool and Database to Enable a 50-Year Life Module

The Photovoltaic (PV) industry constantly aims for lower costs, higher-efficiency cells, and improved module designs. These trends lead to using new materials, designs, and manufacturing processes, resulting in a continually changing technological landscape. These changes can potentially introduce new, unknown degradation mechanisms and failure modes that are difficult to diagnose, analyze, test, and model. This introduces uncertainty into the expected lifetime of PV modules of 25 years. Furthermore, research efforts aim for up to 50 years of service life while keeping performance degradation at a minimum for decades of outdoor weathering - putting additional pressure on improving the accuracy of long-term durability and reliability assessments. Here there is a need to organize the existing degradation data into an accessible format and to provide industry relevant tools for extrapolation from laboratory to field conditions. Because the core of this type of analysis involves calculations that are complicated but ubiquitous for many degradation processes, an enhanced predictive modeling framework will facilitate the analysis to help researchers keep up with the rapid pace of technological changes. In this work, we present an online tool that can be used to search for and analyze degradation information and extrapolate PV module performance and durability to field exposure. A graphical user interface will aid in the understanding of the results. The prediction tool will be built modular and published as open source, enabling users to expand on the existing framework. We use an integration pipeline approach that allows us to leverage weather data from the National Solar Radiation Database to perform geospatial degradation analysis in the US and worldwide. Our repository will contain various degradation models and material parameters suitable for the reliability and durability assessment of materials and components deployed outdoors. We hope to become a repository that can be used for weathering and degradation analysis for various applications beyond the PV industry.

degradation↗
DOE OSTI2025

A review of thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling of coupled processes in fractured rock: From continuum to discontinuum perspective

Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) processes in fractured rock are playing a crucial role in geoscience and geoengineering applications. Diverse and conceptually distinct approaches have emerged over the past decades in both continuum and discontinuum perspectives leading to significant progress in their comprehending and modeling. This review paper offers an integrated perspective on existing modeling methodologies providing guidance for model selection based on the initial and boundary conditions. By comparing various models, one can better assess the uncertainties in predictions, particularly those related to the conceptual models. The review explores how these methodologies have significantly enhanced the fundamental understanding of how fractures respond to fluid injection and production, and improved predictive capabilities pertaining to coupled processes within fractured systems. It emphasizes the importance of utilizing advanced computational technologies and thoroughly considering fundamental theories and principles established through past experimental evidence and practical experience. The selection and calibration of model parameters should be based on typical ranges and applied to the specific conditions of applications. The challenges arising from inherent heterogeneity and uncertainties, nonlinear THM coupled processes, scale dependence, and computational limitations in representing field scale fractures are discussed. Realizing potential advances on computational capacity calls for methodical conceptualization, mathematical modeling, selection of numerical solution strategies, implementation, and calibration to foster simulation outcomes that intricately reflect the nuanced complexities of geological phenomena. Future research efforts should focus on innovative approaches to tackle the hurdles and advance the state-of-the-art in this critical field of study.

Coupling scheme↗
DOE OSTI2025

Findings on subtask 3.3 – applicability of automated brine chemistry determinations for treatment and recovery processes through facility automation/modularization: engineering design study

Under the Energy & Environmental Research Center’s (EERC’s) ~$\$$22 million Phase II Brine Extraction and Storage Test (BEST) Program, a multimillion-dollar brine treatment technology test bed facility was established in western North Dakota to provide a platform for evaluating developing technologies and approaches for brine treatment and volume reduction. The initial facility, and associated research effort, was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), with in-kind contributions provided by several industry participants and the state of North Dakota. Since its opening, the Brine Technology Test Facility (BTTF) has supported performance evaluations of desalination technologies capable of treating high-salinity produced water (PW) and enabled data collection for multiple approaches of PW management and critical material recovery. As part of the decommissioning process for the original project, facility ownership and liability were transferred to Select Water, which is providing the EERC with a continuing site access option for state or federal research and/or commercial technology development. This report documents the findings from a design study conducted by the EERC and the engineering firm that was originally contracted to design and construct the facility (Advanced Engineering and Environmental Services, LLC [AE2S]) that evaluated the current status of BTTF and its systems and developed a retrofit design to increase the facility’s capabilities through automation and modularization of its PW treatment infrastructure. The proposed retrofit will provide DOE and industry with an expanded range of conditioned PW that can be produced at the facility for evaluating fit-for-purpose water treatment technologies, online instrumentation for brine chemistry determination, and systems that recover critical materials like lithium and magnesium. The current facility consists of an 9600-square-foot facility that includes a 40-foot by 65-foot Class 1, Division 2-rated demonstration area and associated control rooms and lab-ready space capable of sourcing oil and gas PW and wastewater from industrial sources or tailoring brine compositions up to 300,000 mg/L total dissolved solids (TDS) and supplying them at rates up to 25 gpm for extended-duration technology demonstrations. The colocation of the facility with Select Water’s water management facilities allows for access and unloading of more than 10,000 bbl/day of trucked water delivered to site and associated access to on-site Class I and Class II brine disposal wells and nearby hazardous waste landfills operated and/or contracted by Select Water to dispose of concentrate and/or effluents associated with the testing.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Fully Recyclable Advanced Composites with Reduced Cure Times for Improved Manufacturing Efficiency

At Cyclotron Road, the participant team from Mallinda focused its research efforts on developing its Polyimine chemistry for commercial applications. The value-differentiating characteristics of the technology are predicated on the chemical reversibility of the system which opens the door for a number of industrial applications. In short, the company’s technology is a highly crosslinked thermoset polymer network that can exchange covalent bonds within the polymer matrix when the polymer is heated to the glass transition temperature of the material. This leads to a resin system that can alternate between rigid and semi-rigid states; allowing for compression molding, and surface welding of thermosetting composite materials made with polyimine polymers. This research project worked towards improving the thermal properties of its resin from 80 °C to over 260 °C. The improved properties of Mallinda’s resin unlocks development potential within the automotive and aerospace markets where advance composite materials require stringent performance requirements and elevated operating temperatures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Markov Process to Evaluate the Value Proposition of a Risk-Informed Predictive Maintenance Strategy

To achieve high-capacity factors, the nuclear fleet has relied on labor-intensive and time-consuming operation and preventive maintenance programs for plant systems. Manually performed inspection, calibration, testing, and maintenance of plant assets at periodic frequencies, along with time-based replacement of assets irrespective of condition, have resulted in a costly, labor-centric business model. Fortunately, there are technologies that can eliminate unnecessary preventive maintenance activities by deploying risk-informed predictive maintenance, enabling the transition to a technology-centric business model. The technology-centric business model will enable plants to optimize and automate maintenance activities, leading to cost reductions since labor is a rising cost and technology is a declining cost. The implementation of scalable technologies and methodologies across plant systems and across the nuclear fleet is critical for successful deployment of a risk-informed predictive maintenance strategy at commercial nuclear power plants. The work presented in the report is being developed as part of a collaborative research effort between Idaho National Laboratory and Public Service Enterprise Group Nuclear, LLC. This report describes the technical basis using the Markov Process to evaluate the value proposition for the risk-informed predictive maintenance strategy for the circulating water system. The plant process data from the Salem nuclear plant’s circulating water system is utilized to develop a Markov chain risk models and formulation to estimate the loss and gain in revenue based on plant availability. The outcomes presented in this report provides the technical basis for extensive quantitative evaluation of a scalable risk-informed predictive maintenance strategy as part of future research.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Tandem particle-slurry batch reactors for solar water splitting (Final Scientific/Technical Report)

Economically, particle slurry reactors are projected to be one of the most promising technologies for solar photoelectrochemical hydrogen production, according to a 2009 techno-economic analysis commissioned by the US DOE and performed by Directed Technologies, Inc. The Fuel Cell Technologies Office’s Multi-Year Research, Development and Demonstration (MYRD&D) goals and targets are to reduce the cost of H 2 produced from renewable sources at the plant gate (i.e. not including delivery, dispensing, or storage) to < $2.00/gge, equivalent to ~$2.00/kg H 2 . Research results from our techno-economic modeling research suggest that this target could be met using particle slurry reactors assuming STH efficiencies in the range of 5 – 10%, materials lifetimes of < 1 year, and nanoparticles that cost up to 20 times more than projected costs of TiO 2 -coated Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles. Although most large worldwide research efforts directed at solar photoelectrochemical hydrogen production focus on wafer-based designs, the projected lower cost for a particle slurry reactor at these disparate projected STH efficiencies clearly suggests that particle slurry reactors could be a scalable and deployable technology, assuming several challenges are overcome. These major technological challenges include the demonstration of a vertically-stacked-vessel architecture that is capable of operating sustainably while mostly relying on diffusion and natural convection to mix the redox shuttles between the vessels, and the demonstration that photocatalyst particles can operate at an overall 1% STH efficiency or larger when incorporated into this two-vessel design. Our research adds to the understanding of photocatalytic reactors for solar water splitting through numerical modeling results and experimental results. Numerical models were developed to simulate relevant device physics including particle and reactor dimensions which affect optical, transport, and rheological properties, electrocatalytic and photovoltaic properties of particles at various temperatures, and properties of redox shuttles and separators. Moreover, theoretical maximum solar-to-hydrogen efficiencies for ensembles of particles like in photocatalyst reactors were modeled and simulated and shown to equal or exceed those of photoelectrochemical designs under most scenarios. These results help determine constraints on the reactor that will enable more optimal designs for future prototypes. In parallel, experiments were performed to identify the most effective redox shuttles and to empirically validate the numerical models and simulations. Toward the latter, state-of-the-art light-absorbing particles and electrocatalysts were synthesized and characterized physically and photoelectrochemically for water electrolysis and redox chemistry with redox shuttles in the form factor of mesoporous electrodes and free-floating particles. The most promising materials candidates were used in a suspension reactor to evaluate performance toward photocatalytic H 2 production and results from the two measurements were compared. Predominantly, state-of-the-art cocatalyst-modified Rh-doped SrTiO 3 and BiVO 4 particles were further characterized to assess for their ability to perform visible-light-driven H 2 and O 2 evolution, respectively, and results were similar to those reported for the state-of-the-art in the peer-reviewed literature. Outcomes from this work inform the public of the effectiveness and promise of solar photocatalytic water splitting for clean and renewable hydrogen production. This work may also help increase research interest and funding for photocatalysis projects, which will accelerate development of a technology that will benefit the public by generating fuel while emitting few greenhouse gases and pollutants.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2022

Reimagine fire science for the anthropocene

Fire is an integral component of ecosystems globally and a tool that humans have harnessed for millennia. Altered fire regimes are a fundamental cause and consequence of global change, impacting people and the biophysical systems on which they depend. As part of the newly emerging Anthropocene, marked by human-caused climate change and radical changes to ecosystems, fire danger is increasing, and fires are having increasingly devastating impacts on human health, infrastructure, and ecosystem services. Increasing fire danger is a vexing problem that requires deep transdisciplinary, trans-sector, and inclusive partnerships to address. Here, we outline barriers and opportunities in the next generation of fire science and provide guidance for investment in future research. We synthesize insights needed to better address the long-standing challenges of innovation across disciplines to (i) promote coordinated research efforts; (ii) embrace different ways of knowing and knowledge generation; (iii) promote exploration of fundamental science; (iv) capitalize on the “firehose” of data for societal benefit; and (v) integrate human and natural systems into models across multiple scales. Fire science is thus at a critical transitional moment. We need to shift from observation and modeled representations of varying components of climate, people, vegetation, and fire to more integrative and predictive approaches that support pathways toward mitigating and adapting to our increasingly flammable world, including the utilization of fire for human safety and benefit. Only through overcoming institutional silos and accessing knowledge across diverse communities can we effectively undertake research that improves outcomes in our more fiery future.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Salt Hydrate Eutectic Thermal Energy Storage for Building Thermal Regulation (Final Technical Report)

Thermal energy storage is anticipated to play an important role in developing the power grid of the future - a power grid that meets increasing demands of users, is resistant to disruptions, but also allows for greater penetration of renewable resources. Specifically, thermal energy storage materials can be integrated into HVAC systems and building envelopes, where they can be used to shift power demands for building climate control from periods of peak demand to periods of low demand. Phase change materials (PCMs) are compelling as low-cost, high energy density thermal energy storage materials for building thermal management. However, there is a lack of high performance low-cost PCMs within the specific temperature ranges which would most effectively allow for power load shifting. Inorganic salt hydrates represent a promising class of PCMs, but their inherent limitations cause them to be currently unavailable for reliable building applications. The overarching goals of this research effort are to: 1) Discover low-cost, high volumetric density salt hydrate eutectic PCMs to store low-quality heat (10 to 40 °C); 2) Introduce a high thermal conductivity matrix to reduce the time constant for energy storage to ~0.1 to 1 hr, incorporate nucleation catalysts to decrease undercooling, and utilize microencapsulation and shape stabilization approaches, minimizing moisture loss/gain, mitigating phase separation, and maintaining stable melting behavior over the lifetime of the compounds; 3) Evaluate the impact these systems have on peak load shifting, and the potential for overall energy savings under different climatic scenarios and building configurations. These goals will be achieved by an integrated research program consisting of six cohesive research subtasks: 1) Materials discovery of eutectic salt hydrate PCMs by using computationally predicted thermodynamic equilibria, coupled with high-throughput experimental validation, 2) Rapid experimental screening of nucleation catalysts identified through robust computational databases, 3) Embedding salt hydrate PCM into a low cost and scalable high conductivity matrix, 4) Microencapsulation of salt hydrate microspheres using hybrid inorganic-polymer microencapsulation approach, 5) Shape stabilization by thermoreversible salt hydrate salogels, and 6) Analysis of end-use using thermal simulations, and characterization of mock-up energy storage finished components.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Recommended Practices for Managing Induced Seismicity Risk Associated with Geologic Carbon Storage

The geologic storage of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is one method to help reduce or eliminate atmospheric CO 2 emissions. The sequestered CO 2 is originally captured from the atmosphere or from a stationary industrial source and subsequently injected into a deep subsurface porous rock formation. To facilitate the successful deployment of field scale carbon storage projects, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is developing tools and protocols for defensible, science-based frameworks to quantify and mitigate risks associated with the long-term storage of CO 2 . This protocol specifically addresses the risk of induced seismicity due to injection in a geologic carbon storage (GCS) site. This integrated and risk-based protocol is a product of the U.S. DOE Fossil Energy’s National Risk Assessment Partnership (NRAP), a multi-year collaborative research effort of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). These recommended practices describe a set of 7 steps to evaluate, manage, communicate, and mitigate the risk of induced seismicity at GCS sites. The base methodology of the recommended practices follows a framework similar to the Protocol for Addressing Induced Seismicity Associated with Enhanced Geothermal Systems (Majer et al., 2012), developed for the Geothermal Technology Office of the U.S. DOE. These recommended practices present a framework to systematically assess the induced seismicity risk and quantify the associated uncertainties. These recommendations are based on current research and are sufficiently general to allow for modification and application to a variety of different types of sites. The substance of the recommended practices contained herein includes both technical and non-technical issues, and covers all operational stages of the GCS project lifecycle. They start at the preliminary risk assessment phase, continue through site assessment and characterization, include best practice communication and seismic monitoring plan methodologies, discuss the evaluation and mitigation of seismic hazard and risk, and closes with an exploration of operational management plans, which conclude when the induced seismicity risk abates back to background level. The focus of these recommendations is on actively managing the risks associated with induced seismicity by developing an actionable risk management plan that starts at the project proposal stage and continues through site closure through an iterative assessment and improvement process. The audience of this document is expected to include all interested stakeholders (e.g., operators, project developers, regulators, and the general public) and is expressly written to be accessible to this broad range of partners. This document is intended to disseminate knowledge gained through recent advances in the science of induced seismicity hazard and risk assessments, to provide updates based on recent experience gained by similar corollary injection-induced seismicity cases, and most importantly to establish a uniform framework to carry out a successful induced seismicity risk management plan for carbon storage projects in the future. These recommendations do not directly address any domestic or international regulations or standards. A complementary NRAP report makes recommendations for the assessment and management of environmental subsurface risks associated with unwanted fluid migration at GCS sites (Thomas et al., 2021) and should be referred to in order to address those additional GCS site risks.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Recommended Practices for Managing Induced Seismicity Risk Associated with Geologic Carbon Storage

The geologic storage of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is one method to help reduce or eliminate atmospheric CO 2 emissions. The sequestered CO 2 is originally captured from the atmosphere or from a stationary industrial source and subsequently injected into a deep subsurface porous rock formation. To facilitate the successful deployment of field scale carbon storage projects, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is developing tools and protocols for defensible, science-based frameworks to quantify and mitigate risks associated with the long-term storage of CO 2 . This protocol specifically addresses the risk of induced seismicity due to injection in a geologic carbon storage (GCS) site. This integrated and risk-based protocol is a product of the U.S. DOE Fossil Energy’s National Risk Assessment Partnership (NRAP), a multi-year collaborative research effort of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). These recommended practices describe a set of 7 steps to evaluate, manage, communicate, and mitigate the risk of induced seismicity at GCS sites. The base methodology of the recommended practices follows a framework similar to the $\textit{Protocol for Addressing Induced Seismicity Associated with Enhanced Geothermal Systems}$ (Majer et al., 2012), developed for the Geothermal Technology Office of the U.S. DOE. These recommended practices present a framework to systematically assess the induced seismicity risk and quantify the associated uncertainties. These recommendations are based on current research and are sufficiently general to allow for modification and application to a variety of different types of sites. The substance of the recommended practices contained herein includes both technical and non-technical issues, and covers all operational stages of the GCS project lifecycle. They start at the preliminary risk assessment phase, continue through site assessment and characterization, include best practice communication and seismic monitoring plan methodologies, discuss the evaluation and mitigation of seismic hazard and risk, and closes with an exploration of operational management plans, which conclude when the induced seismicity risk abates back to background level. The focus of these recommendations is on actively managing the risks associated with induced seismicity by developing an actionable risk management plan that starts at the project proposal stage and continues through site closure through an iterative assessment and improvement process. The audience of this document is expected to include all interested stakeholders (e.g., operators, project developers, regulators, and the general public) and is expressly written to be accessible to this broad range of partners. This document is intended to disseminate knowledge gained through recent advances in the science of induced seismicity hazard and risk assessments, to provide updates based on recent experience gained by similar corollary injection-induced seismicity cases, and most importantly to establish a uniform framework to carry out a successful induced seismicity risk management plan for carbon storage projects in the future. These recommendations do not directly address any domestic or international regulations or standards. A complementary NRAP report makes recommendations for the assessment and management of environmental subsurface risks associated with unwanted fluid migration at GCS sites (Thomas et al., 2021) and should be referred to in order to address those additional GCS site risks

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Anti-Icing Coatings using Ionomer Film Layer Structuring

This research effort examined the application of Nafion polymers in alcohol solvents as an anti-ice surface coating, as a mixture with hydrophilic polymers and freezing point depressant salt systems. Co-soluble systems of Nafion, polymer and salt were applied using dip coating methods to create smooth films for frost observation over a Peltier plate thermal system in ambient laboratory conditions. Cryo-DSC was applied to examine freezing events of the Nafion-surfactant mixtures, but the sensitivity of the measurement was insufficient to determine frost behavior. Collaborations with the Fog Chamber at Sandia-Albuquerque, and in environmental SAXS measurements with CINT-LANL were requested but were not able to be performed under the research duration. Since experimental characterization of these factors is difficult to achieve directly, computational modeling was used to guide the scientific basis for property improvement. Computational modeling was performed to improve understanding of the dynamic association between ionomer side groups and added molecules and deicing salts. The polyacrylic acid in water system was identified at the start of the project as a relevant system for exploring the effect of varying counterions on the properties of fully deprotonated polyacrylic acid (PAA) in the presence of water. Simulations were modeled with four different counterions, two monovalent counterions (K+ and Na+) and two divalent counterions (Ca2+ and Mg2+). The wt% of PAA in these systems was varied from ~10 to 80 wt% PAA for temperatures from 250K to 400K. In the second set of simulations, the interpenetration of water into a dry PAA film was studied for Na+ or Ca2+ counterions for temperatures between 300K and 400K. The result of this project is a sprayable Nafion film composite which resists ice nucleation at -20 °C for periods of greater than three hours. It is composed of Nafion polymer, hydrophilic polyethylene oxide polymer and CaCl2 anti-ice crosslinker. Durability and field performance properties remain to be determined.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗