Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “relativistic effects”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

A new effective theory for stochastic relativistic hydrodynamics

Thermal fluctuations are a fundamental feature of dissipative systems that are essential for understanding physics near the expected critical point of QCD and in small systems. When such fluctuations are modeled naively in relativistic systems, strange features can appear such as negative self-correlation functions. We construct an effective theory for nonlinear stochastic relativistic hydrodynamics that ensure a well-posed mathematical formulation. Using Crooks fluctuation theorem, we derive a symmetry of the effective action that incorporates fluctuations through a suitable free energy functional. For divergence type theories, the action can then be fully specified using a single vector generating current. The equations of motion obtained using this procedure are guaranteed to be flux conservative and symmetric hyperbolic when the dynamics is causal. This ensures that these equations are well-posed (for suitable initial data) and are in a form that can easily be simulated, including with Metropolis techniques.

Mullins, Nicki [University of Illinois at Urbana-C↗
DOE OSTI2024

Cooper minima in high-Z atoms: effects of correlation and relativity on np photoionization

Abstract Photoionization dipole transition matrix elements pass through a zero or attain a minimum that leaves imprints on photoionization parameters like the cross-section, angular distribution asymmetry parameter, phase shift, and photoionization time delay. This minimum is commonly known as the ‘Cooper minimum’ (CM). The CM, in general, is strongly affected by relativistic and correlation effects. Previous works investigated CM in the 6pand 5psubshell photoionization up toZ= 100 using the single-particle Dirac-Slater (DS) method. The present work extends the earlier work toZup to 120 using more accurate methods; Dirac–Hartree–Fock (DHF) which includes the relativistic effects and exchange correlations, and the relativistic random phase approximation (RRPA) which includes both initial and final state electron-electron correlations along with relativistic effects. In addition to the study of photoionization from the 6pand 5psubshells, the 4psubshell has also been investigated in the present work. To demonstrate the prominent effects in the high-Z atoms, Rn (Z= 86), Ra (Z= 88), No (Z= 102), Cn (Z = 112), Og (Z= 118), and Ubn (Z= 120) are investigated.

Optics↗
NASA NTRS1992

Effects of retardation in relativistic equations with confining interaction

A method has been developed for solving two body relativistic bound state equations in momentum space with a confining interaction. A total of six different three dimensional reductions of the Bethe-Salpeter equations are studied with particular emphasis placed on the competing roles of relativistic kinematics and retardation. The results indicate that these two effects counteract each other and this sheds some light on why nonrelativistic models of meson spectroscopy have been quite successful.

Maung, Khin Maung↗
DOE OSTI2022

Ab initio calculations in atoms, molecules, and solids, treating spin–orbit coupling and electron interaction on an equal footing

We incorporate explicit, non-perturbative treatment of spin–orbit coupling into ab initio auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo (AFQMC) calculations. The approach allows a general computational framework for molecular and bulk systems in which material specificity, electron correlation, and spin–orbit coupling effects can be captured accurately and on an equal footing, with favorable computational scaling vs system size. We adopt relativistic effective-core potentials that have been obtained by fitting to fully relativistic data and that have demonstrated a high degree of reliability and transferability in molecular systems. This results in a two-component spin-coupled Hamiltonian, which is then treated by generalizing the ab initio AFQMC approach. We demonstrate the method by computing the electron affinity in Pb, the bond dissociation energy in Br 2 and I 2 , and solid Bi.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Relativistic and magnetic Breit effects for the reaction Sg + 6CO → Sg(CO)6 and Sg(OC)6: Prediction of the existence and atomization energy of the isomer Sg(OC)6

Our ab initio all-electron fully relativistic Dirac–Fock (DF) and Dirac–Fock–Breit–Gaunt (DFBG) and nonrelativistic (NR) Hartree–Fock (HF) calculations for seaborgium hexacarbonyl Sg(CO)6 predict atomization energies (Ae) of 68.81, 69.28, and 67.69 eV, respectively, at the corresponding optimized octahedral geometry. However, our DF, DFBG, and NR HF calculations for the isomer Sg(OC)6 yield atomization energies of 64.30, 64.77, and 62.62 eV, respectively, at the optimized geometry for this species. The optimized Sg–C and C–O bond distances (in Å) for octahedral Sg(CO)6 using our DF (NR) calculations are 2.15 (2.32) and 1.11 (1.11), respectively. However, the optimized Sg–O and O–C bond distances (in Å) for the isomer octahedral Sg(OC)6 obtained with our DF (NR) calculations are 2.80 (2.73) and 1.10 (1.11), respectively. Our prediction of the greater stability of Sg(CO)6 isomer at both the relativistic (DF and DFBG) and the NR HF levels of theory lends further support to the detection of Sg(CO)6 in the state-of-the-art gas-phase experimental studies of the carbonyl complex of seaborgium reported by Even et al. [Science 345(6203), 1491 (2014)].

Materials Science↗
NASA NTRS2006

Effect of EMIC Wave Normal Angle Distribution on Relativistic Electron Scattering

The flux level of outer-zone relativistic electrons (above 1 MeV) is extremely variable during geomagnetic storms, and controlled by a competition between acceleration and loss. Precipitation of these electrons due to resonant pitch-angle scattering by electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves is considered one of the major loss mechanisms. This mechanism was suggested in early theoretical studies more than three decades ago. However, direct experimental evidence of the wave role in relativistic electrons precipitation is difficult to obtain because of lack of concurrent measurements of precipitating electrons at low altitudes and the waves in a magnetically conjugate equatorial region. Recently, the data from balloon-borne X-ray instruments provided indirect but strong evidence on an efficiency of the EMIC wave induced loss for the outer-zone relativistic electrons. These observations stimulated theoretical studies that, particularly, demonstrated that EMIC wave induced pitch-angle diffusion of MeV electrons can operate in the strong diffusion limit and this mechanism can compete with relativistic electron depletion caused by the Dst effect during the initial and main phases of storm. Although an effectiveness of relativistic electron scattering by EMIC waves depends strongly on the wave spectral properties, the most favorable assumptions regarding wave characteristics has been made in all previous theoretical studies. Particularly, only quasi field-aligned EMIC waves have been considered as a driver for relativistic electron loss. At the same time, there is growing experimental and theoretical evidence that these waves can be highly oblique; EMIC wave energy can occupy not only the region of generation, i.e. the region of small wave normal angles, but also the entire wave normal angle region, and even only the region near 90 degrees. The latter can dramatically change he effectiveness of relativistic electron scattering by EMIC waves. In the present study, we calculate the pitch-angle diffusion coefficients using the typical wave normal distributions obtained from our self-consistent ring current-EMIC wave model, and try to quantify the effect of EMIC wave normal angle characteristics on relativistic electron scattering.

Gamayunov, K. V.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Relativistic coupled-cluster calculations of RaOH pertinent to spectroscopic detection and laser cooling

Here a relativistic coupled-cluster study of the low-lying electronic states in the radium monohydroxide molecule (RaOH), a radioactive polyatomic molecule of interest to laser cooling and to the search of new physics beyond the Standard Model, is reported. The level positions of the A 2 Π 1/2 and C 2 Σ states have been computed with an accuracy of around 200 cm –1 to facilitate spectroscopic observation of RaOH using laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy, thereby exploiting the systematic convergence of electron-correlation and basis-set effects in relativistic coupled-cluster calculations. The energy level for the B 2 Δ 3/2 state has also been calculated accurately to conclude that the B 2 Δ 3/2 state lies above the A 2 Π 1/2 state. This confirms X 2 Σ ↔ A 2 Π 1/2 as a promising optical cycling transition for laser cooling RaOH.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1988

Measurement of the de Sitter precession of the moon - A relativistic three-body effect

Lunar laser-ranging data, accumulated between 1970 and 1986, are analyzed to estimate the deviation of the precession of the moon's orbit from the predictions of general relativity. No deviation from this predicted de Sitter precession rate of nearly 2 angular sec per century (sec/cy) is found, to within an estimated standard error of 0.04 sec/cy. This standard error, 2 percent of the predicted effect, incorporates an assessment of the likely contributions of systematic errors, and is about threefold larger than the statistical standard error.

Shapiro, I. I.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Relativistic dispersion modifications to the cyclotron maser theory of planetary radio emissions

The effects of relativistic dispersion on the electron-cyclotron maser instability are investigated by linear theory, electromagnetic particle simulation, and quasilinear theory. When vsq/csq greater than or = omega pesq/Omega sq for the energetic electrons, the instability is localized just below k c/Omega e = 1, and the growth rate is strongly peaked for emission at 90 deg to the magnetic field. Saturation of the instability is due to perpendicular diffusion in momentum space, and the saturation level increases as omega pe/Omega e is decreased. Applications of the maser instability to the generation of the Earth's auroral kilometric radiation are discussed.

Pritchett, P. L.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Relativistic dispersion modifications to the cyclotron maser theory of planetary radio emissions

The effects of relativistic dispersion on the electron-cyclotron maser instability are investigated by means of linear theory, electromagnetic particle simulation, and quasilinear theory. Saturation of the instability is due to perpendicular diffusion in momentum space, and the saturation level increases as the plasma frequency/electron cyclotron ratio is decreased. Applications of the maser instability to the generation of the the earth's auroral kilometric radiation are discussed.

Pritchett, P. L.↗
NASA NTRS2010

Role of the Russell-McPherron Effect in the Acceleration of Relativistic Electrons

While it is well known that high fluxes of relativistic electrons in the Earth's radiation belts are associated with high-speed solar wind and its heightened geoeffectiveness,less known is the fact that the Russell McPherron(R M) effect strongly controls whether or not a given high-speed stream is geoffective. To test whether it then follows that the R M effect also strongly controls fluxes of relativistic electrons, we perform a superposed epoch analysis across corotating interaction regions (CIR) keyed on the interfaces between slow and fast wind. A total of 394 stream interfaces were identified in the years 1994-2006. Equinoctial interfaces were separated into four classes based on the R-M effect,that is, whether the solar wind on either side of the interface was either(geo)effective (E) or ineffective (I) depending on season and the polarity of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). Four classes of interface identified as II, IE, EI,and EE are possible. The classes IE and EI correspond to CIRs with polarity changes indicating passage through the heliospheric current sheet. To characterize the behavior of solar wind and magnetospheric variables, we produced maps of dynamic cumulative probability distribution functions (cdfs) as a function of time over 10-day intervals centered on the interfaces. These reveal that effective high-speed streams have geomagnetic activity nearly twice as strong as ineffective streams and electron fluxes a factor of 12 higher. In addition they show that an effective low-speed stream increases the flux of relativistic electrons before the interface so that an effective to ineffective transition results in lower fluxes after the interface.We conclude that the R-M effect plays a major role in organizing and sustaining a sequence of physical processes responsible for the acceleration of relativistic electrons.

McPherron, R. L.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Upper limit on the chiral magnetic effect in isobar collisions at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider

The chiral magnetic effect (CME) is a phenomenon that arises from the QCD anomaly in the presence of an external magnetic field. The experimental search for its evidence has been one of the key goals of the physics program of the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider. The STAR Collaboration has previously presented the results of a blind analysis of isobar collisions ( Ru 44 96 + Ru 44 96 , Zr 40 96 + Zr 40 96 ) in the search for the CME. The isobar ratio ( Y ) of CME-sensitive observable, charge separation scaled by elliptic anisotropy, is close to but systematically larger than the inverse multiplicity ratio, the naive background baseline. This indicates the potential existence of a CME signal and the presence of remaining nonflow background due to two- and three-particle correlations, which are different between the isobars. In this postblind analysis, we estimate the contributions from those nonflow correlations as a background baseline to Y , utilizing the isobar data as well as Heavy Ion Jet Interaction Generator simulations. This baseline is found consistent with the isobar ratio measurement, and an upper limit of 10% at 95% confidence level is extracted for the CME fraction in the charge separation measurement in isobar collisions at s NN = 200 GeV. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗