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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Implementation of ISO 15118-202 messages within Everest EV Charging Open Source Framework [SWR-25-56]

This software implements the messages defined in the ISO 15118-202 standard within the Everest EV Charging open source framework. The protocol and messages defined in the ISO 15118-202 standard enable the exchange of additional information which is not available for exchange within the currently deployed EV/EVSE communications protocols. This information includes co-identification parameters, error message exchange and more. This fork of the everest-core repository adds a prototype of the Extensible Supply Equipment Communication Controller (SECC) Discovery Protocol (ESDP) implemented based on a draft of the ISO 15118-202 standard. This is achieved through additions and modifications to the EvseV2G module. The implementation provides a demonstration of the ESDP messages, encoding and decoding but does not include a full integration within the Everest framework. Much of the information being sent over ESDP in this implementation is set statically for the sake of demonstrating the protocol itself. This fork of the ext-switchev-iso15118 repository adds a prototype of the Extensible Supply Equipment Communication Controller (SECC) Discovery Protocol (ESDP) implemented based on a draft of the ISO 15118-202 standard. The implementation provides a demonstration of the ESDP messages, encoding and decoding but does not include a full integration within the Everest framework. Much of the information being sent over ESDP in this implementation is set statically for the sake of demonstrating the protocol itself. This fork adds the ESDP features for only the EVCC controller because that is the only portion that is utilized in the everest Software-in-the-Loop.

Watt, Ed [National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NR↗
DOE OSTI2025

Modernization of PLC-Based Control Systems at SNS

When the SNS site was built around 20 years ago, the Conventional Facilities (CF) control systems were de-signed using 2 communication protocols to allow pro-grammable logic controllers (PLCs) to interface with motors, variable frequency drives (VFDs), and remote input and output (I/O) devices. The protocol chosen to control motors and VFDs is DeviceNet, a CANbus-based protocol developed by Allen-Bradley, a subsidiary of Rockwell Automation. The protocol chosen to communi-cate with remote I/O is ControlNet, another protocol developed by Allen-Bradley. Both of these protocols are obsolete and present reliability and maintainability is-sues, particularly DeviceNet. As the Control Systems Section at SNS is working to modernize control systems throughout the machine, a major goal for PLC-based systems is to remove the obsolete communication proto-cols in favor of standard, ubiquitous Ethernet. To this end, any new VFDs installed use Ethernet communica-tion. Many VFDs are currently being replaced in the Central Utilities Building (CUB) and the Central Exhaust Facility (CEF) and are being removed from DeviceNet in favor of Ethernet communication. Planning is underway to retrofit Eaton Intelligent Technology motor control centers (MCCs) in the Target Building to remove particu-larly troublesome DeviceNet adaptors and replace them with Ethernet adaptors for each motor starter. The Con-trolNet network in the CUB has been demolished, with I/O drops integrated into a local Ethernet network, im-proving sustainability and maintainability.

Beaushaw, Isaiah [ORNL]↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Data-Driven Approach to Real-World Degradation of Backsheets

The objectives of this project are as follows: • The population behavior of fielded modules in various conditions of use • Predictions of materials in specific climatic zones • Understanding of a module’s local environment in the field on its degradation It aims to understand how and what backsheet materials of photovoltaic modules degrade in the real world field. • Field Survey Protocol This project is started from the protocol, because all the data, information, domain knowledge are from experience of the real world field surveys, which is based on the protocol. The Protocol is explored from the experience of the field survey observations. With the increasing of the field surveys, it is refined for three versions, which are Task 1.0 (Section 3.1), Task 6.0 (Section 3.6), Task 10.0 (Section 3.10) respectively. It includes a document and a training video, which is able to direct other teams to follow the same procedure with the sites surveyed during this project. The documents include the detailed information but is not limited to the terminology definition, instruments SOP, preparation items for the surveys, form for the data collections, the order of the information collection. The final version of the protocol can be found at Appendix A, see Section 5. Additional, It can also be found at Open Science Framework (OSF), see Section 3.18 for detail. • Written Waiver Request Before staring the field surveys, the request of the waiver for international surveys is completed, because the limitation of climate zone in the United States, see Appendix B in Section 6 for the request documents. Unfortunately, only 1 international site from Taiwan, China can be finished, due to the COVID-19. • Field Survey According to the protocol we built in Section 3.1, 3.6 and 3.10, 41 sites have been surveyed across seven different climate zones (Cfa, Csa, Csb, BSk, Dfa, Dfb, Am). A variety of materials, including Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), Polyvinyl Fluoride (PVF), Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF), Acrylic PVDF, Fluoroethylene Vinyl Ether (FEVE), and Glass, were identified. These sites are located in various states including California, South Carolina, New Mexico, Maryland, Ohio, Tennessee, Florida, Massachusetts, Illinois, Minnesota, Oregon, Colorado, and Taiwan, Republic of China. The ages of the sites ranged from 2 - 38 years in service and the field size varied from 1 MW - 25 MW. All requirements for the modeling have been satisfied. Some observations like ’Edge Effect’ for the rows and Junction box heating will also be a useful knowledge to build the model. Section 3.7 provides detailed information on the sites visited during this reporting period.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Dynamic Assimilation Technique measures photosynthetic CO2 response curves with similar fidelity as steady-state approaches in half the time

The net CO2 assimilation (A) response to intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) is a fundamental measurement in photosynthesis and plant physiology research. The conventional A/Ci protocols rely on steady-state measurements and take 15-40 minute per measurement, limiting data resolution or biological replication. Additionally, there are several CO2 protocols employed across the literature, without clear consensus as to the optimal protocol or systematic biases in their estimations. We compared the non-steady state Dynamic Assimilation Technique (DAT) protocol and the three most used CO2 protocols in steady-state measurements, and tested whether different CO2 protocols lead to systematic differences in estimations of the biochemical limitations to photosynthesis.

A/Ci response↗
DOE OSTI2024

Hot Springs and Geysers: Exploring Historical and Modern Impacts of Geothermal Energy Production on Associated Natural Surface Systems and Standardizing Management Practices

Surface thermal features, most notably hot springs and geysers are increasingly being recognized for their importance to ecosystems, indigenous cultures, and in some cases agriculture, recreation, and tourism. Geothermal project development poses a potential risk to these natural features but current regulatory requirements for assessing and managing these risks during exploration, permitting and monitoring are somewhat inconsistent and unpredictable across different geothermal fields. This has resulted in uncertainty and increases in exploration risk for geothermal energy developers that have led to costly project delays, cancellations, or hesitation to commit. Varying regulatory requirements may also influence public perception, fostering confusion, distrust and ultimately opposition to geothermal projects, further contributing to project delays or cancellations. At a time when there is an increasing urgency for reliable baseload clean energy, geothermal is a net-zero, renewable solution that additionally provides access to more equitable and environmentally just clean power. Continued integration of geothermal energy into the national energy roadmap can be facilitated through consistent and predictable permitting, providing regulators the framework they need, developers a clear path forward, and transparency that the public deserves. This project, currently in its beginning phases, seeks to address this important issue by providing a technical basis from which to build a preliminary protocol for assessing and managing potential impacts from new or existing geothermal energy projects to surface thermal features and their associated ecosystems. Development of this preliminary protocol will be informed by (1) a literature review of well-documented case studies in the western U.S. and New Zealand to understand the range of conditions that exemplify geothermal-surface thermal systems; (2) development of generic illustrative conceptual-numerical models to quantify, understand, and predict the first-order controls (e.g., pressure and permeability) on surface flows; and (3) additional independent and scientifically rigorous evaluations of geothermal-surface thermal system case studies from the Basin and Range Province that incorporate publicly available data as well as data provided by industry through data-sharing agreements. Learning from the successes of the process used to develop the Induced Seismicity Management Protocol (ISMP), we ultimately aim to use these initial efforts as a springboard for establishing a surface thermal feature management working group that will work collaboratively to finalize the protocol as well as co-create recommended best practices for implementation. We envision that the working group will primarily be composed of representatives from regulatory entities, government agencies, Tribes, academia, national laboratories, and industry, and will include early and regular engagement with community organizations and environmental groups. This will help ensure broad acceptance and implementation of the protocol, which will facilitate a more consistent, predictable, and standardized regulatory process, and help to ensure that geothermal energy continues to provide a reliable source of clean energy, and a pathway to achieving greater energy equity in the U.S.

Best Practices↗
DOE OSTI2020

A systematic strategy for estimating hERG block potency and its implications in a new cardiac safety paradigm

Introduction: hERG block potency is widely used to calculate a drug's safety margin against its torsadogenic potential. Previous studies are confounded by use of different patch clamp electrophysiology protocols and a lack of statistical quantification of experimental variability. Since the new cardiac safety paradigm being discussed by the International Council for Harmonisation promotes a tighter integration of nonclinical and clinical data for torsadogenic risk assessment, a more systematic approach to estimate the hERG block potency and safety margin is needed. Methods: A cross-industry study was performed to collect hERG data on 28 drugs with known torsadogenic risk using a standardized experimental protocol. A Bayesian hierarchical modeling (BHM) approach was used to assess the hERG block potency of these drugs by quantifying both the inter-site and intra-site variability. A modeling and simulation study was also done to evaluate protocol-dependent changes in hERG potency estimates. Results: A systematic approach to estimate hERG block potency is established. The impact of choosing a safety margin threshold on torsadogenic risk evaluation is explored based on the posterior distributions of hERG potency estimated by this method. The modeling and simulation results suggest any potency estimate is specific to the protocol used. Discussion: This methodology can estimate hERG block potency specific to a given voltage protocol. The relationship between safety margin thresholds and torsadogenic risk predictivity suggests the threshold should be tailored to each specific context of use, and safety margin evaluation may need to be integrated with other information to form a more comprehensive risk assessment.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Ensemble Simulations and Experimental Free Energy Distributions: Evaluation and Characterization of Isoxazole Amides as SMYD3 Inhibitors

Optimization of binding affinities for ligands to their target protein is a primary objective in rational drug discovery. Herein, we report on a collaborative study that evaluates various compounds designed to bind to the SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3). SMYD3 is a histone methyltransferase and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation in cell proliferation, cell cycle, and human carcinogenesis. Experimental measurements using the scintillation proximity assay show that the distributions of binding free energies from a large number of independent measurements exhibit non-normal properties. We use ESMACS (enhanced sampling of molecular dynamics with approximation of continuum solvent) and TIES (thermodynamic integration with enhanced sampling) protocols to predict the binding free energies and to provide a detailed chemical insight into the nature of ligand-protein binding. Our results show that the 1-trajectory ESMACS protocol works well for the set of ligands studied here. Although one unexplained outlier exists, we obtain excellent statistical ranking across the set of compounds from the ESMACS protocol and good agreement between calculations and experiments for the relative binding free energies from the TIES protocol. ESMACS and TIES are again found to be powerful protocols for the accurate comparison of the binding free energies.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Practical Hamiltonian learning with unitary dynamics and Gibbs states

We study the problem of learning the parameters for the Hamiltonian of a quantum many-body system, given limited access to the system. In this work, we build upon recent approaches to Hamiltonian learning via derivative estimation. We propose a protocol that improves the scaling dependence of prior works, particularly with respect to parameters relating to the structure of the Hamiltonian (e.g., its locality k). Furthermore, by deriving exact bounds on the performance of our protocol, we are able to provide a precise numerical prescription for theoretically optimal settings of hyperparameters in our learning protocol, such as the maximum evolution time (when learning with unitary dynamics) or minimum temperature (when learning with Gibbs states). Thanks to these improvements, our protocol has practical scaling for large problems: we demonstrate this with a numerical simulation of our protocol on an 80-qubit system.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Traceable random numbers from a non-local quantum advantage

The unpredictability of random numbers is fundamental to both digital security and applications that fairly distribute resources. However, existing random number generators have limitations—the generation processes cannot be fully traced, audited and certified to be unpredictable. The algorithmic steps used in pseudorandom number generators are auditable, but they cannot guarantee that their outputs were a priori unpredictable given knowledge of the initial seed. Device-independent quantum random number generators can ensure that the source of randomness was unknown beforehand, but the steps used to extract the randomness are vulnerable to tampering. Here we demonstrate a fully traceable random number generation protocol based on device-independent techniques. Our protocol extracts randomness from unpredictable non-local quantum correlations, and uses distributed intertwined hash chains to cryptographically trace and verify the extraction process. This protocol forms the basis for a public traceable and certifiable quantum randomness beacon that we have launched. Over the first 40 days of operation, we completed the protocol 7,434 out of 7,454 attempts—a success rate of 99.7%. Each time the protocol succeeded, the beacon emitted a pulse of 512 bits of traceable randomness. The bits are certified to be uniform with error multiplied by actual success probability bounded by 2−64. Further, the generation of certifiable and traceable randomness represents a public service that operates with an entanglement-derived advantage over comparable classical approaches.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2026

Noise-canceling quantum feedback: Non-Hermitian dynamics with applications to state preparation and magic state distillation

Time-continuous quantum measurement allows for the tracking of a quantum system in real time via sequences of short, and individually weak, measurement intervals. Such measurements are necessarily invasive, imparting backaction to the system, and allowing the observer to update their state estimate based on stochastic measurement outcomes. Feedback control then involves real-time interventions by an observer, conditioned on the time-continuous measurement signal that they receive. Here, we consider here diffusive quantum trajectories and focus on the “noise-canceling” subset of feedback protocols that aim to minimize the degree of stochasticity in the dynamics. We derive such a class of feedback operations, showing that under the idealized assumptions of pure states, unit measurement efficiency, and zero time delay in implementing feedback operations, perfectly noise-canceling feedback always exists. We consider the resulting noise-canceled dynamics generated by an effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonian; while non-Hermitian Hamiltonians from continuous monitoring generally describe rare dynamics (accessible by costly postselection), the use of noise-canceling feedback here leads to non-Hermitian dynamics that occur deterministically. We demonstrate this via examples of entangled state preparation and stabilization. We then illustrate the potential for the application of noise cancellation to boost success rates in magic state distillation protocols. We show that adding feedback based on noise cancellation into a time-continuous five-to-one distillation protocol leads to higher probabilities of successful distillation across a range of input errors and increases the threshold on input errors for which the protocol is effective. Our results highlight the efficacy of noise-canceling feedback-aided protocols for quantum state preparation and stabilization tasks.

Karmakar, Tathagata [University of California, Ber↗
DOE OSTI2022

Quantum advantages for Pauli channel estimation

We show that entangled measurements provide an exponential advantage in sample complexity for Pauli channel estimation, which is both a fundamental problem and a practically important subroutine for benchmarking near-term quantum devices. The specific task we consider is to simultaneously learn all the eigenvalues of an n-qubit Pauli channel to ±ε precision. We give an estimation protocol with an n-qubit ancilla that succeeds with high probability using only O(n/ε 2 ) copies of the Pauli channel, while proving that any ancilla-free protocol (possibly with adaptive control and channel concatenation) would need at least Ω(2 n/3 ) rounds of measurement. We further study the advantages provided by a small number of ancillas. For the case that a k-qubit ancilla (k≤n) is available, we obtain a sample complexity lower bound of Ω(2 (n-k)/3 ) for any nonconcatenating protocol, and a stronger lower bound of Ω(n 2n-k ) for any nonadaptive, nonconcatenating protocol, which is shown to be tight. We also show how to apply the ancilla-assisted estimation protocol to a practical quantum benchmarking task in a noise-resilient and sample-efficient manner, given reasonable noise assumptions. Our results provide a practically interesting example for quantum advantages in learning and also bring insights for quantum benchmarking.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

Toward improved quantum simulations and sensing with trapped two-dimensional ion crystals via parametric amplification

Improving coherence is a fundamental challenge in quantum simulation and sensing experiments with trapped ions. Here we discuss, experimentally demonstrate, and estimate the potential impacts of two different protocols that enhance, through motional parametric excitation, the coherent spin-motion coupling of ions obtained with a spin-dependent force. The experiments are performed on two-dimensional crystal arrays of approximately 100 9 ⁢Be + ions confined in a Penning trap. By modulating the trapping potential at close to twice the center-of-mass mode frequency, we squeeze the motional mode and enhance the spin-motion coupling while maintaining spin coherence. With a stroboscopic protocol, we measure 5.4 ± 0.9 dB of motional squeezing below the ground-state motion, from which theory predicts a 10-dB enhancement in the sensitivity for measuring small displacements using a recently demonstrated protocol [K. A. Gilmore et al., Science 373, 673 (2021)]. With a continuous squeezing protocol, we measure and accurately calibrate the parametric coupling strength. Theory suggests this protocol can be used to improve quantum spin squeezing, limited in our system by off-resonant light scatter. Finally, we illustrate numerically the trade-offs between strong parametric amplification and motional dephasing in the form of center-of-mass frequency fluctuations for improving quantum spin squeezing in our setup.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2020

Remote Entanglement via Adiabatic Passage Using a Tunably Dissipative Quantum Communication System

Effective quantum communication between remote quantum nodes requires high fidelity quantum state transfer and remote entanglement generation. Recent experiments have demonstrated that microwave photons, as well as phonons, can be used to couple superconducting qubits, with a fidelity limited primarily by loss in the communication channel. Adiabatic protocols can overcome channel loss by transferring quantum states without populating the lossy communication channel. In this work, we present a unique superconducting quantum communication system, comprising two superconducting qubits connected by a 0.73 m-long communication channel. Significantly, we can introduce large tunable loss to the channel, allowing exploration of different entanglement protocols in the presence of dissipation. When set for minimum loss in the channel, we demonstrate an adiabatic quantum state transfer protocol that achieves 99% transfer efficiency as well as the deterministic generation of entangled Bell states with a fidelity of 96%, all without populating the intervening communication channel, and competitive with a qubit-resonant mode-qubit relay method. We also explore the performance of the adiabatic protocol in the presence of significant channel loss, and show that the adiabatic protocol protects against loss in the channel, achieving higher state transfer and entanglement fidelities than the relay method.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

Quantum Criticality Under Imperfect Teleportation

Entanglement, measurement, and classical communication together enable teleportation of quantum states between distant parties, in principle, with perfect fidelity. To what extent do correlations and entanglement of a many-body wave function transfer under teleportation protocols? We address this question for the case of an imperfectly teleported quantum critical wave function, focusing on the ground state of a critical Ising chain. We demonstrate that imperfections, e.g., in the entangling gate adopted for a given protocol, effectively manifest as weak measurements acting on the otherwise pristinely teleported critical state. Armed with this perspective, we leverage and further develop the theory of measurement-altered quantum criticality to quantify the resilience of critical-state teleportation. We identify classes of teleportation protocols for which imperfection (i) preserves both the universal long-range entanglement and correlations of the original quantum critical state, (ii) weakly modifies these quantities away from their universal values, and (iii) obliterates long-range entanglement altogether while preserving power-law correlations, albeit with a new set of exponents. We also show that mixed states describing the average over a series of sequential imperfect teleportation events retain pristine power-law correlations due to a “built-in” decoding algorithm, though their entanglement structure measured by the negativity depends on errors similarly to individual protocol runs. These results may allow one to design teleportation protocols that optimize against errors—highlighting a potential practical application of measurement-altered criticality. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Physics↗
DOE OSTI2020

Open-Source Framework for Data Storage and Visualization of Real-Time Experiments

Digital real time simulators (DRTS) are increasingly being used for the evaluation of power hardware and controller hardware in the laboratory prior to field deployment. Although DRTS are capable of simulating large models in real-time, it is challenging to visualize the results of large models without overdrawing or confounding the viewer. This paper provides an open-source framework for users to visualize their DRTS-based hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experimental results in real-time. This proposed framework can be used by experimental test beds that can push data through an internet protocol based network. The proposed framework includes three main components. First, it includes the DRTS that generates and pushes the data to a relay. Second, it includes an application that serves multiple purposes, from data storage, testing, and translation of the data to a publisher/subscriber protocol. Finally, it includes libraries and applications that can be used to visualize the data by subscribing to the relay. This framework is available in open source, and it is tested using the HIL platform developed for testing advanced distribution management systems.

advanced distribution management systems↗
DOE OSTI2021

Reliable Power Rating of Perovskite PV Modules

As the perovskite technology is ramping up into commercialization, reliable and accurate power rating of large-size perovskite modules becomes a prominent aspect for its future deployment in the PV market. It is known that the performance calibration of perovskite PV devices is very challenging due to its complex dynamic response during a conventional current-voltage (IV) measurement. PV researchers have previously proposed several steady-state performance calibration methods to reliably extract PV efficiencies, but mostly focus on small area research-type cells. In this paper, we emphasize the importance of reliable performance calibration on large-size perovskite modules. Extending the NREL Cell and Module Performance (CMP) group's steady-state performance calibration protocol (i.e., Asymptotic P MAX Scan) for perovskite cells to modules, we justify the necessity of reporting steady-state efficiencies for perovskite cells and discuss the challenges of applying this protocol to modules. We also present our protocol for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), which is a technique often used for performance calibration of perovskite cells and modules, and show a comparison between MPPT and Asymptotic P MAX . Using MPPT we demonstrate the interplay between metastability and degradation in perovskite modules, and emphasize the necessity to develop preconditioning protocols for stabilizing these devices. Our aim is to promote development of consensus protocols for performance calibration of perovskite modules, and to advance their credible power ratings, which will be beneficial to the growth of perovskite technology in the PV market.

perovskite↗
DOE OSTI2022

Organic matter concentration and composition of experimentally burned open air and muffle furnace vegetation chars across differing burn severity and feedstock types from Pacific Northwest, USA (v4).

This dataset represents results from an experimental study designed to compare how the chemical composition of organic matter changes across different burn conditions and feedstock materials. The dataset provides both solid and dissolved phase bulk concentration and organic matter characterization data from experimentally generated chars. Chars were created in a closed muffle furnace or on an open burn table from four different feedstock species representing vegetation commonly impacted by fire regimes across the Pacific Northwest, USA. This data can be used to compare how different burn conditions may influence resultant organic matter chemistry and help further our understanding of potential biogeochemical impacts on river corridors post-fire. This dataset is comprised of one data package readme, one data dictionary (dd), one file level metadata (flmd), fourteen burn table videos, burn table video metadata and three folders containing (A) data; (B) metadata and protocols; and (C) photos. The folder names and the file name of the data package readme include a version number which will be updated with future iterations of this data package. The data folder includes (1) solid carbon and solid nitrogen; (2) dissolved organic carbon (DOC, measured as non-purgeable organic carbon, NPOC) and total dissolved nitrogen (TN); (3) pH; (4) thermocouple time series temperature; (5) methods codes; (6) installation methods; (7) excitation emissions matrix (EEM) methods information; (8) a folder of excitation emissions matrix (EEM) fluorescence and absorbance spectra in dissolved organic matter and EEMs processing instructions; (9) solid state carbon-13 and solution state phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (13-C NMR and 31-P NMR) data and methods; (10) benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) concentration and stable isotope data; (11) FTICR-MS methods; (12) Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) data for total calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminum, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, and sulfur along with sodium hydroxide-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (sodium hydroxide-EDTA) extractable calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminum, potassium, phosphorus, and sulfur; (13) a folder of phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen X-ray absorption near edge structure (P-XANES, N-XANES, C-XANES) data for samples and standards; (14) P-XANES, N-XANES, C-XANES methods; (15) molybdate reactive phosphorus; and (16) folder of high resolution characterization of organic matter via 21 Tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) generated through the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL; https://www.pnnl.gov/environmental-molecular-sciences-laboratory). The FTICR folder contains .txt data files and a subfolder containing instruments for using Formularity (https://omics.pnl.gov/software/formularity) and an R script to process the data based on the user's specific needs. The metadata and protocols folder includes (1) international geo-sample number (IGSN) mapping file (2) burn and laboratory metadata; (3) burn protocol; (4) laboratory protocol; (5) vegetation collection metadata; and (6) vegetation collection protocol. The folder contains photos of the solid chars. All files are .csv, .txt, .pdf, .jpg, .jpeg, .R, .ref, or .mp4. The data package was originally published October 2022 (v1). It was updated April 2023 (v2; new data files), September 2023 (v3; new and corrected data files), and September 2024 (v4; new and added/updated files). Metadata files were also updated to reflect these changes. See the change history section in the readme for more details.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗