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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Modelling CN Zeeman effect observations of the envelopes of a low-mass protostellar disc and a massive protostar

We use the POLARIS radiative transfer code to produce simulated circular polarization Zeeman emission maps of the cyanide (CN) J = 1–0 molecular line transition for two types of protostellar envelope magnetohydrodynamic simulations. Our first model is a low-mass disc envelope system (box length L = 200 au), and our second model is the envelope of a massive protostar (L = 104 au) with a protostellar wind and a CN-enhanced outflow shell. We compute the velocity-integrated Stokes I and V, as well as the implied V/I polarization percentage, for each detector pixel location in our simulated emission maps. Our results show that both types of protostellar environments are in principle accessible with current circular polarization instruments, with each containing swaths of envelope area that yield percentage polarizations that exceed the 1.8 percent nominal sensitivity limit for circular polarization experiments with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. In both systems, high-polarization (≳1.8 percent) pixels tend to lie at an intermediate distance away from the central star and where the line-centre opacity of the CN emission is moderately optically thin (τLC ~ 0.1–1). Furthermore, our computed V/I values scale roughly with the density-weighted mean line-of-sight magnetic field strength, indicating that Zeeman observations can effectively diagnose the strength of envelope-scale magnetic fields. We also find that pixels with large V/I are preferentially co-located where the absolute value of the velocity-integrated V is also large, suggesting that locations with favourable percentage polarization are also favourable in terms of raw signal.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Test beam study of SiPM-on-tile configurations

Light yield and spatial uniformity for a large variety of configurations of scintillator tiles were studied. The light from each scintillator was collected by a Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) directly viewing the produced scintillation light (SiPM-on-tile technique). The varied parameters included tile transverse size, tile thickness, tile wrapping material, scintillator composition, and SiPM model. Furthermore, these studies were performed using 120 GeV protons at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility. External tracking allowed the position of each proton penetrating a tile to be measured. The results were compared to a GEANT4 simulation of each configuration of scinitillator, wrapping, and SiPM.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Dark matter raining on DUNE and other large volume detectors

Direct detection is a powerful means of searching for particle physics evidence of dark matter (DM) heavier than about a GeV with o(kiloton) volume, low-threshold detectors. In many scenarios, some fraction of the DM may be boosted to large velocities enhancing and generally modifying possible detection signatures. We investigate the scenario where 100% of the DM is boosted at the Earth due to new attractive long-range forces. This leads to two main improvements in detection capabilities: (1) the large boost allows for detectable signatures of DM well below a GeV at large-volume neutrino detectors, such as DUNE, Super-K, Hyper-K, and JUNO, as possible DM detectors, and (2) the flux at the Earth’s surface is enhanced by a focusing effect. In addition, the model leads to a significant anisotropy in the signal with the DM flowing dominantly vertically at the Earth’s surface instead of the typical approximately isotropic DM signal. We develop the theory behind this model and also calculate realistic constraints using a detailed GENIE simulation of the signal inside detectors.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Status of the muon neutrino charged-current zero mesons cross section measurement in the NOvA near detector

NOvA is a long-baseline accelerator neutrino experiment at Fermilab whose physics goals include precision neutrino oscillation as well as cross-section measurements. We present the status of the measurement of muon neutrino charged-current cross section with zero mesons in the final state at the NOvA near detector. This measurement will be made with respect to the kinematics of the final state particles. Our chosen interaction channel is especially sensitive to quasielastic and meson exchange current interactions and will provide a handle for constraining the cross section systematic uncertainties in oscillation analyses in current and future experiments. For particle identification, we use a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on individual particles simulated in the NOvA near detector that allows us to select the desired signal while reducing the potential bias from neutrino interaction modeling. Charged pion background constraining is further improved via Michel electron tagging.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Search for BSM Astroparticles in DUNE Far Detectors for NNN24

Despite the many gravitational pieces of evidence about the existence of Dark Matter (DM), its composition remains unknown. As new approaches were demanded, a well-motivated class of models was proposed in the last decade. In this context, DUNE, currently under construction in the Sanford Underground Research Facility in the US, offers an excellent opportunity to study these models and will be able to make a possible discovery. This work presents the DUNE’s sensitivity for Boosted DM from the Sun, which is the first time of astroparticles searches in DUNE with the full simulation and reconstruction of the detector capabilities. We also discuss an early stage sensitivity analysis for cosmogenic axions in DUNE.

Peres, Leonardo S. [Rio de Janeiro Federal U.]↗
DOE OSTI2023

Advanced silicon tracking detector developments for the future Electron-Ion Collider

The proposed Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) will operate high-luminosity high-energy electron+proton and electron+nucleus collisions at the collision energies from 20 GeV to 141 GeV to solve several fundamental questions in the high energy and nuclear physics fields. Its instantaneous luminosity can reach 10 33-34 cm -2 s -1 and the bunching crossing rate is around 10 ns. The EIC project has received CD1 approval from the US DOE in 2021 and moves toward the machine design and preparation for construction. To realize various particle measurements with high precision at the future EIC, a low material-budget and high-granularity silicon vertex and tracking detector with fine spatial and momentum resolutions and nearly 4π solid angle coverage is desired. The Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) and AC Coupled Low Gain Avalanche Diode (AC-LGAD) technologies stand out of several advanced technology options for the EIC silicon vertex and tracking detector subsystems. The MAPS technology has advanced features of low material budget, low power consumption, good radiation resistance and fine spatial resolution. The AC-LGAD technology can achieve fast timing resolution. Latest studies and progress of the EIC silicon vertex and tracking detector conceptual design, performance validations in simulation and ongoing MAPS and AC-LGAD R&D will be shown. Furthermore, schedule and plan of the EIC project detector development will be discussed as well.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

CaloScore v2: single-shot calorimeter shower simulation with diffusion models

Diffusion generative models are promising alternatives for fast surrogate models, producing high-fidelity physics simulations. However, the generation time often requires an expensive denoising process with hundreds of function evaluations, restricting the current applicability of these models in a realistic setting. In this work, we report updates on the CaloScorearchitecture, detailing the changes in the diffusion process, which produces higher quality samples, and the use of progressive distillation, resulting in a diffusion model capable of generating new samples with a single function evaluation. Here we demonstrate these improvements using the Calorimeter Simulation Challenge 2022 dataset.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Centrality determination with a forward detector in the RHIC Beam Energy Scan

Recently, Chatterjee et al [1] used a hadronic transport model to estimate the resolution with which various experimental quantities select the impact parameter of relativistic heavy ion collisions at collision energies relevant to the Beam Energy Scan (BES) program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Measures based on particle multiplicity at forward rapidity were found to be significantly worse than those based on midrapidity multiplicity. Using the same model, we show that a slightly more sophisticated measure greatly improves the resolution based on forward rapidity particles; this improvement persists even when the model is filtered through a realistic simulation of a recent upgrade detector to the STAR experiment. Furthermore, these results highlight the importance of optimizing centrality measures based on particles detected at forward rapidity, especially for experimental studies that search for a critical point in the QCD phase diagram. Such measurements usually focus on proton multiplicity fluctuations at midrapidity, hence selecting events based on multiplicity at midrapidity raises the possibility of nontrivial autocorrelations.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Design of a Cryogenic Scintillation Neutrino Detector at the Spallation Neutron Source

We successfully verified in the following three aspects the feasibility of using a cryogenic scintillating crystal-based neutrino detector at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, for the detection of low-mass dark matter particles and non-standard neutrino interactions (NSIs), as part of the detector R&D effort of the COHERENT experiment. First, we demonstrated the possibility of using silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) at cryogenic temperatures to replace traditional photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) as light sensors. Second, we verified that the high light yield of undoped CsI crystals measured above 13 keVee at 77 K still holds down to 5.9 keVee. Third, we successfully measured nuclear quenching factor of undoped cryogenic CsI at the Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory with the help from our Duke collaborators. The first achievement resulted in a publication in European Physics Journal C. The second resulted in an arXiv pre-print, which is under journal review. The last one indicates that the performance of the proposed detector may be better than what was assumed in the literature. The analysis is in the final stage and will result in another journal publication. In addition, two graduate students involved in this project graduated with master’s degrees during the project period. Both decided to continue their research as PhD students. One open-source data analysis code package was created and is publicly available on GitHub. A set of tutorials about Monte Carlo simulation of radiation interacting with detectors were created on YouTube, receiving more than 100,000 views.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Development of a Fast-Spectrum Self-Powered Neutron Detector for Molten Salt Experiments in the Versatile Test Reactor

The self-powered neutron detector (SPND) is a widely used flux monitor in thermal nuclear reactors. Although this is a mature technology, the current state of the art is tuned for a thermal neutron spectrum, so many of the devices currently in use lack sensitivity to fast neutrons. Because current in SPNDs is produced through nuclear reactions with the neutron flux inside a reactor, sensitivity in SPNDs is determined by the neutron cross section of the neutron-sensitive portion of the detector, termed the emitter. This neutron cross section drops by orders of magnitude between thermal and fast neutron energies for many emitters in currently used SPNDs, with a corresponding drop in current from the detector. This paper discusses efforts to develop a fast-spectrum self-powered neutron detector (FS-SPND) that is sensitive to neutrons with energies ranging from 0.025 eV up to 1 MeV. An in-depth analysis of Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF)/B-VII.1 neutron-capture cross sections was performed, and four new materials were identified that are suitable emitter candidates for use in measuring fast neutrons. All four materials are stable mid-shell nuclei in the region between doubly magic 132Sn and 208Pb. Each candidate was simulated with the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit to optimize overall detector efficiency.

Goetz, Callie↗
DOE OSTI2021

Development of a Fast-Spectrum Self-Powered Neutron Detector for Molten Salt Experiments in the Versatile Test Reactor

Abstract—The self-powered neutron detector (SPND) is a widely used flux monitor in thermal nuclear reactors. Although this is a mature technology, the current state of the art is tuned for a thermal neutron spectrum, so many of the devices currently in use lack sensitivity to fast neutrons. Because current in SPNDs is produced through nuclear reactions with the neutron flux inside a reactor, sensitivity in SPNDs is determined by the neutron cross section of the neutron-sensitive portion of the detector, termed the emitter. This neutron cross section drops by orders of magnitude between thermal and fast neutron energies for many emitters in currently used SPNDs, with a corresponding drop in current from the detector. This paper discusses efforts to develop a fast-spectrum self-powered neutron detector (FS-SPND) that is sensitive to neutrons with energies ranging from 0.025 eV up to 1 MeV. An in-depth analysis of Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF)/B-VII.1 neutron-capture cross sections was performed, and four new materials were identified that are suitable emitter candidates for use in measuring fast neutrons. All four materials are stable mid-shell nuclei in the region between doubly magic 132Sn and 208Pb. Each candidate was simulated with the Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation toolkit to optimize overall detector efficiency.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2021

The very forward CASTOR calorimeter of the CMS experiment

The physics motivation, detector design, triggers, calibration, alignment, simulation, and overall performance of the very forward CASTOR calorimeter of the CMS experiment are reviewed. The CASTOR Cherenkov sampling calorimeter is located very close to the LHC beam line, at a radial distance of about 1 cm from the beam pipe, and at 14.4 m from the CMS interaction point, covering the pseudorapidity range of $-$6.6 $\lt\eta\lt$ $-$5.2. It was designed to withstand high ambient radiation and strong magnetic fields. The performance of the detector in measurements of forward energy density, jets, and processes characterized by rapidity gaps, is reviewed using data collected in proton and nuclear collisions at the LHC.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Status of the Muon Neutrino Charged-Current Mesonless Cross Section Measurement in the NOvA Near Detector

NOvA is a long-baseline accelerator neutrino experiment at Fermilab whose physics goals include precision neutrino oscillation as well as cross-section measurements. We present the status of the measurement of a muon neutrino charged-current cross section with zero mesons in the final state at the NOvA near detector. This measurement is being made with respect to the kinematics of the final state muon. The chosen interaction channel is especially sensitive to quasielastic and meson exchange current interactions and aims to provide experimental constraints for the development of models of neutrino interactions. It will also provide a handle for constraining cross section systematic uncertainties in oscillation analyses in current and future experiments. For particle identification, we use a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on individual particles simulated in the NOvA near detector that allows us to select the desired signal while reducing the potential bias from neutrino interaction modeling. Charged pion background constraining is further improved via Michel electron tagging.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Status of the Muon Neutrino Charged-Current Zero Mesons Cross Section at the NOvA Near Detector

NOvA is a long-baseline accelerator neutrino experiment at Fermilab whose physics goals include precision neutrino oscillation as well as cross-section measurements. We present the status of the measurement of a muon neutrino charged-current cross section with zero mesons in the final state at the NOvA near detector. This measurement is being made with respect to the kinematics of the final state muon. The chosen interaction channel is especially sensitive to quasielastic and meson exchange current interactions and aims to provide experimental constraints for the development of models of neutrino interactions. It will also provide a handle for constraining cross section systematic uncertainties in oscillation analyses in current and future experiments. For particle identification, we use a convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on individual particles simulated in the NOvA near detector that allows us to select the desired signal while reducing the potential bias from neutrino interaction modeling. Charged pion background constraining is further improved via Michel electron tagging.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Evolution of DUNE’s Production System

The DUNE experiment will start running in 2029 and record 30 PB/year of raw waveforms from Liquid Argon TPCs and photon detectors. The size of individual readouts can range from 100 MB to a typical 8 GB full readout of the detector, and even 100 TB for extended readouts from supernova candidates. These data then need to be cataloged, stored and distributed for processing worldwide. This massive amount of data and a heterogeneous computing environment necessitates a powerful and robust distributed computing infrastructure. In the process of building up that infrastructure, DUNE’s production system has recently undergone an overhaul, in which it has integrated 1) a new workflow management system (justIN) 2) a new data catalog (MetaCat) and 3) a state-of-the-art data management system (Rucio). Simulations of DUNE’s Far Detector and its prototypes ProtoDUNE Horizontal Drift (ProtoDUNE-HD) and ProtoDUNE Vertical Drift (ProtoDUNE-VD), as well as data from ProtoDUNE-HD serve as the first tests of this infrastructure.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Measurement of the fractional radiation length of a pixel module for the CMS Phase-2 upgrade via the multiple scattering of positrons

High-luminosity particle collider experiments such as theones planned at the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider requireever-greater vertexing precision of the tracking detectors,necessitating reductions in the material budget of the detectors.Traditionally, the fractional radiation length (x/X$_{0}$) ofdetectors is either estimated using known properties of theconstituent materials, or measured in dedicated runs of the finaldetector. In this paper, we present a method of direct measurementof the material budget of a CMS prototype module designed for thePhase-2 upgrade of the CMS detector using a 40–65 MeV positronbeam. A total of 630 million events were collected at the PaulScherrer Institut PiE1 experimental area using a three-planetelescope consisting of the prototype module as the central plane,surrounded by two MALTA monolithic pixel detectors. Fractionalradiation lengths were extracted from scattering angle distributionsusing the Highland approximation for multiple scattering. Astatistical technique recovered runs suffering from triggerdesynchronisation, and several corrections were introduced tocompensate for local inefficiencies related to geometric and beamshape constraints. Two regions of the module were surveyed andyielded average x/X$_{0}$ values of (0.72 ± 0.05)% and(0.95 ± 0.09)%, which are compatible with empirical estimatesfor these regions computed from known material properties of 0.753%and 0.892%, respectively. Two types of higher-granularity maps ofthe fractional radiation length were produced, subdivided eitherinto rectangular regions of uniform size, or polygonal-shapedregions of uniform material composition. The results bode well forthe CMS Phase-2 upgrade modules, which will play a key role in theminimisation of the material of the upgraded detector.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Start-to-end self-consistent simulation of the UEM beamline

Addressing the preliminary design review report of the ultrafast electron microscope (UEM), start-to-end self-consistent simulations were carried out to explore fundamental aspects affecting the resolution (space-charge effects, energy spread, shot-to-shot energy jitter, contrast formation, etc.). The electron beam energy spread in the single-shot mode and the effective energy spread in the accumulation mode, equivalent to the convolution of the single-shot energy spread and shot-to-shot energy jitter, have been identified as the ultimate limits of the instrument resolution. A full self-consistent simulation from the photocathode to the detector is being performed using the GPT code to find out what resolution can be achieved. Preliminary results of the start-to-end simulations are reported in this note and the plan of further simulations is presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

MIP dQ/dx Calibration in DUNE ND-LAr Prototypes with Pixelated Charge Readout

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will be a next-generation long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment that will employ LArTPC technology in a near detector placed at Fermilab and a far detector at the Sanford Underground Research Facility, at a baseline of 1300 km. The DUNE Liquid Argon Near Detector (ND-LAr) design takes into account the high neutrino intensity expected from the beam at the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF): 35 modules, each containing two optically separated time projection chambers, are instrumented with a pixel-based, true 3D charge readout alongside scintillation light traps to disentangle the O(100) interactions expected per 10us beam spill. A robust prototyping program supports ND-LAr’s design: the 2x2 Demonstrator consists of four scaled-down ND-LAr modules exposed to the NuMI beam at Fermilab, and the Full Scale Demonstrator (FSD) is a single ND-LAr module tested with cosmic rays at the University of Bern. We present here an analysis of minimum ionizing particle (MIP) tracks selected from 2x2 beam data and FSD cosmic ray data used to benchmark the pixel-based charge readout simulation and calibration in both detectors, with the ultimate goal of validating the design of DUNE ND-LAr as well as informing future calibration methods. This poster will showcase the dependence of the charge response on track inclination as well as a per-pixel dQ/dX extraction.

Mandujano, Roberto [UC, Irvine]↗