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At least 343 records · Page 19

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NASA NTRS1970

Current conduction in junction gate field effect transistors

The internal physical mechanism that governs the current conduction in junction-gate field effect transistors is studied. A numerical method of analyzing the devices with different length-to-width ratios and doping profiles is developed. This method takes into account the two dimensional character of the electric field and the field dependent mobility. Application of the method to various device models shows that the channel width and the carrier concentration in the conductive channel decrease with increasing drain-to-source voltage for conventional devices. It also shows larger differential drain conductances for shorter devices when the drift velocity is not saturated. The interaction of the source and the drain gives the carrier accumulation in the channel which leads to the space-charge-limited current flow. The important parameters for the space-charge-limited current flow are found to be the L/L sub DE ratio and the crossover voltage.

Kim, C.↗

NASA NTRS1971

Thin highly conducting layer in the moon - Consistent interpretation of dayside and nightside electromagnetic responses.

The vacuum transient response of the moon to a time-varying spatially uniform magnetic field is determined for a lunar electrical conductivity model that was based on the harmonic analysis of Apollo 12 and Explorer 35 dayside magnetometer data. The transient response of the model is found to provide a plausible explanation of the behavior of the local vertical-surface magnetic field for an Apollo 12 magnetometer darkside transient event. A model containing a conducting core and a highly conducting thin subsurface layer is presented, and its transient behavior is discussed.

Schubert, G.↗

NASA NTRS1971

A thermal conductivity cell for small powdered samples.

A thermal conductivity cell is described for making measurements of the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of small samples of powdered dielectric materials. The principle used is that of the line heat source. A novel way is described for applying this method so that much smaller samples than normal may be tested. This size requirement is necessary for investigations involving limited samples as does the Lunar Science Program. The method is checked by measuring the conductivity of standard samples and comparing the results with those found in the literature.

Cremers, C. J.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Measurement of apparent thermal conductivity of multilayer insulations at low compressive loads.

A description is presented of the test calorimeter, the experimental technique, and the results obtained in an evaluation of four multilayer insulations selected for application on future multilaunch space vehicles utilizing liquid hydrogen and oxygen for orbital operations. Particular attention is paid to techniques for minimizing error in obtaining thermal conductivity data. The effective conductivity for four high-performance insulations was determined at a minimum of four compressive loads in the range from 0.0001 to 0.1 psi. Results show that the thermal conductivity of multilayer insulations is insensitive to small changes in mechanical loading at 1 torr interstitial gas pressure, but becomes increasingly more sensitive to mechanical loading as the interstitial gas pressure is reduced.

Holmes, V. L.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Fluctuation-induced conductivity of superconductors above the transition temperature - Regularization of the Maki diagram.

The Maki contribution to the conductivity above the superconducting transition temperature is regularized within the framework of the BCS theory. This is achieved through the renormalization of the impurity-scattering vertex by inclusion of the effects of pair fluctuations. The conductivity is evaluated for a thin film. It depends only on the reduced temperature and the normal resistance per square. Fair agreement is found with Al films over a wide temperature range. Agreement is not found with experiments on Bi, Pb, and Ga films, which apparently contain a strong additional pair-breaking effect. The temperature range in which interactions among fluctuations become important in the Maki conductivity is generally larger than that given by the Ginzburg criterion.

Keller, J.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Field line motion in the presence of finite conductivity.

The relation of plasma motion to field line motion is determined in the case where the conductivity is imperfect. The imperfect conductivity may result from collisions between plasma particles and neutrals, as in the case of the earth's ionosphere, or from the scattering of charged particles by the enhanced field fluctuations which characterize a turbulent plasma. A magnetic field is assumed which is a given, known function of space and time, and it is further assumed that all field lines intersect an ideally conducting surface and are identified by their points of intersection. It is shown that the relative displacement between drifting particles and moving field lines has significance only when compared with some other pertinent length such as the total particle drift distance. In such a comparison, when the latter quantity is much larger than the first, the particles can be followed by tracing field lines.

Birmingham, T. J.↗

NASA NTRS1972

Theory and design of variable conductance heat pipes: Steady state and transient performance

Heat pipe technology pertinent to the design and application of self-controlled, variable conductance heat pipes for spacecraft thermal control is discussed. Investigations were conducted to: (1) provide additional confidence in existing design tools, (2) to generate new design tools, and (3) to develop superior variable conductance heat pipe designs. A computer program for designing and predicting the performance of the heat pipe systems was developed.

Edwards, D. K.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Measurement of high-temperature thermal conductivity of Lucalox /Al2O3/ using a heat pipe technique.

The thermal conductivity of Lucalox, a high-purity form of aluminum oxide, has been measured over the temperature range from 870 to 1400 C. The technique employed is a novel one using a lithium-filled heat pipe in series with a gas-gap variable-heat-conductance unit as a heat source. The procedure makes it possible to measure heat flux through the sample directly. The measurements indicate that the thermal conductivity of high-purity aluminum oxide has a minimum value of about 0.05 W/cm deg C at 950 C and increases with higher temperatures to values in the range of 0.3 W/cm deg C at 1400 C.

Forman, R.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Contact thermal conductivity in lunar aggregates.

The contribution of the contact conductivity to the thermal conductivity in aggregates is found to depend on pressure with an exponent greater than 1/3 and, for a specific model with an exponent of 3/5, when the particle packing is irregular. A lunar thermal conductivity profile near the surface, including a term involving depth to the 3/5 power, is considered.

Pilbeam, C. C.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Effect of modified thermal conductivity on the temperature distribution in the protonosphere.

At typical protonospheric electron densities the electron mean free path is sufficiently long so that the coefficient of thermal conductivity is no longer given by Spitzer's expression. The effect on the temperature profile of using the corrected expression for conductivity is investigated. The corrected thermal conduction coefficient is density-dependent and has a more complicated temperature dependence than the coefficient applicable to higher density plasmas. The results indicate that the effect is not negligible even under quiet conditions and at low latitudes.

Mayr, H. G.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Variable conductance heat pipe technology

Research and development programs in variable conductance heat pipe technology were conducted. The treatment has been comprehensive, involving theoretical and/or experimental studies in hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, heat transfer into and out of the pipe, fluid selection, and materials compatibility, in addition to the principal subject of variable conductance control techniques. Efforts were not limited to analytical work and laboratory experimentation, but extended to the development, fabrication and test of spacecraft hardware, culminating in the successful flight of the Ames Heat Pipe Experiment on the OAO-C spacecraft.

Marcus, B. D.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Thermal conductivity and diffusivity of Apollo 15 fines at low density

The thermal conductivity of the Apollo 15 fines, sample 15031,38, was measured under vacuum conditions as a function of temperature. Measurements were made for a sample density of 1300 kg/cu m. The conductivity was found to vary from about .00057 W per m per K at 95 K to about .00136 W per m per K at 406 K. The data are compared with the correlation using a cubic temperature dependence and also with data from samples gathered during prior Apollo missions. The thermal diffusivity is obtained for the sample by calculation using the given density and measured thermal conductivity along with specific heats from the literature.

Cremers, C. J.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Surface brightness temperatures at the Apollo 17 heat flow site - Thermal conductivity of the upper 15 cm of regolith

Lunar surface brightness temperatures derived as part of the Apollo 17 heat flow experiment are reported. Nighttime surface temperatures, calculated from the data provided by two thermocouples suspended about 15 cm above the lunar surface, are used to determine the conductivity profile of the upper 15 cm of regolith at the ALSEP site. The surface reaches a maximum temperature of 384 (plus or minus 6) K at lunar noon and cools to a minimum temperature of 102 (plus or minus 1.5 K) at the end of the lunar night. Conductivities of the order of .000015 W/cm-deg K are postulated for a 2-cm porous surface layer overlying more compact regolith material with conductivities in the range of .0001 to .00015 W/cm-deg K between 2 and 15 cm. A mean surface temperature of 216 (plus or minus 5) K is deduced from the thermocouple data. The 256 K temperature measured by the probe sensors at 130 cm thus indicates that a large mean temperature gradient exists at the Apollo 17 site.

Keihm, S. J.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Conductivities of the ionic complexes of two cyclic polyethers

The conductivities of the solid potassium thiocyanate complex of both dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 and dibenzo-18-crown-6 were measured at 300K (27 C). Saturated aqueous potassium thiocyanate and graphite were used as ion-transporting and ion-blocking electrodes, respectively. The ionic conductivity predominated for both samples, but it was many orders of magnitude smaller than the value previously reported. The ionic conductivity of the dicyclohexyl complex (the better conductor) was 0.000003 ohm/cm. Crown complexes, in general, do not appear promising as potassium ion solid electrolytes contrary to claims in the patent literature.

Fielder, W. L.↗

NASA NTRS1975

The Bulk Lunar Electrical Conductivity

The electrical conductivity structure was studied of a spherically layered moon consistent with the very low frequency magnetic data collected on the lunar surface and by Explorer 35. In order to obtain good agreement with the lunar surface magnetometer observations, the inclusion of a void cavity behind the moon requires a conductivity at shallow depths higher than that of models having the solar wind impinging on all sides. By varying only the source parameters, a conductivity model can be found that yields a good fit to both the tangential response upstream and the radial response downstream. This model also satisfies the dark side tangential response in the frequency range above 0.006 Hz, but the few data points presently available below this range do not seem to agree with the theory.

Leavy, Donald Lucien↗

NASA NTRS1975

High temperature electrically conducting ceramic heating element and control system

Improvements were made in both electrode technology and ceramic conductor quality to increase significantly the lifetime and thermal cycling capability of electrically conducting ceramic heater elements. These elements were operated in vacuum, inert and reducing environments as well as oxidizing atmospheres adding to the versatility of the conducting ceramic as an ohmic heater. Using stabilized zirconia conducting ceramic heater elements, a furnace was fabricated and demonstrated to have excellent thermal response and cycling capability. The furnace was used to melt platinum-20% rhodium alloy (melting point 1904 C) with an isothermal ceramic heating element having a nominal working cavity size of 2.5 cm diameter by 10.0 cm long. The furnace was operated to 1940 C with the isothermal ceramic heating element. The same furnace structure was fitted with a pair of main heater elements to provide axial gradient temperature control over a working cavity length of 17.8 cm.

Halbach, C. R.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Effective electrical conductivity of a nonuniform plasma

A simple nonuniformity model for calculating effective electrical conductivity and Hall parameter is proposed. The model shows that the effective conductivity can be significantly reduced by nonuniformities in the Hall parameter, even if the local conductivity is uniform.

Nichols, L. D.↗

NASA NTRS1975

Error in temperature measurements due to conduction along the sensors

When a sensor is embedded in a solid body to measure its internal temperature, any conduction to or from its sensing element may cause the indicated temperature to be different from the true temperature. This paper describes an analysis of the error caused by conduction when there is an arbitrary temperature distribution in the body along the sensor. The sensor is modeled as a cylindrical fin and the appropriate conduction equation is solved. The solution gives a correction for the error which depends on such parameters as, depth of immersion, thermocouple wire and insulation properties, contact between the sensor and the body, and temperature distribution in the body. The latter may not be known, but the measured temperature distribution can be used as a first approximation. The corrected value can then be used to obtain a better estimate of the error. The results show good agreement with experimental observations.

Singh, B. S.↗