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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Mission Analysis for Marine Renewable Energy to Provide Power for Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal

The mission of this project was to provide a preliminary feasibility assessment of powering different marine carbon dioxide removal (mCDR), marine carbon capture, and marine carbon sequestration strategies with marine energy. In this report, carbon capture refers to methods that can separate or capture carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the air or ocean; carbon sequestration refers to methods that store CO 2 obtained by capture methods out of the atmosphere for long periods of time; and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) refers to methods that do both. The project found that mCDR powered by marine energy and offshore wind energy available in the United States could meet global CDR scales needed by 2040 and 2050 to limit warming to 1.5 degrees C by 2100. Note that this preliminary estimate assumes that it is possible to harvest all the marine and offshore wind resources available in the United States with existing technology options, and it does not account for the power needed for monitoring these methods, as these power needs are not yet well defined and require further research. Additionally, these CDR scales will still require emissions reductions.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2022

Establishing Validation Sites for Field-Level Emissions Quantification from Grain Sorghum in Southern Great Plains

Establish publicly available open-source, high-resolution datasets of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, meteorology, soil, and vegetation to support testing and validation of emerging biofuel production monitoring technologies. The project team deployed latest technologies to collect “Gold Standard” data for field- level fluxes of CO 2 , N 2 O, CH 4 and H 2 O in grain sorghum production systems in Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. The Oklahoma State University led SMARTFARM was initiated on Oct 1, 2020, due to COVID-19 pandemic delay. We installed closed-path dual laser Eddy Covariance (EC) flux measurement system along with a well-established open-path EC system for simultaneously measuring field-level fluxes of CO 2 , N 2 O, CH 4 , and H2O. The eddy flux data are combined with sub-acre soil moisture and temperature measurements, plant and soil analysis data (nutrient, composition, carbon, growth, and phenology), spatial surveys of soil EC, and pH. Grain sorghum crop was managed including planting and harvesting by producers. All teams recruited postdocs and students for the project and submitted purchase orders for field equipment. The team has developed a draft impact sheet and finalized the advisory board for the project.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Sustainable Herbaceous Energy Crop Production in the Southeast United States

This project aims to develop a comprehensive assessment of the economic viability and environment sustainability of energycane and biomass sorghum for bioenergy development in the southeast United States. Data on biomass production, economics, and environmental sustainability of energycane and biomass sorghum were collected across four states (Texas, Louisiana, Georgia, and Florida) in multi-year field experiments. Comprehensive data analyses were conducted to address 13 subject areas

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Northern Region Coal Prospects

This presentation was delivered to the audience attending the U.S. DOE/USEA Northern Regional Coal Workshop in Bismarck, ND on March 11, 2026. The presentation highlights the opportunity for coal plants in the region to provide power to military installations and data centers. There is also an analysis on how coal-fired power stations maintain regional supply during extreme cold weather events. Finally, a summary slide is presented that highlights a recent business case analysis on diverting captured carbon dioxide for use in enhanced oil recovery in the Bakken.

Bakken↗
DOE OSTI2022

Porewater Geochemical Assessment of Seismic Indications for Gas Hydrate Presence and Absence: Mahia Slope, East of New Zealand’s North Island

We compare sediment vertical methane flux off the Mahia Peninsula, on the Hikurangi Margin, east of New Zealand’s North Island, with a combination of geochemical, multichannel seismic and sub-bottom profiler data. Stable carbon isotope data provided an overview of methane contributions to shallow sediment carbon pools. Methane varied considerably in concentration and vertical flux across stations in close proximities. At two Mahia transects, methane profiles correlated well with integrated seismic and TOPAS data for predicting vertical methane migration rates from deep to shallow sediment. However, at our “control site”, where no seismic blanking or indications of vertical gas migration were observed, geochemical data were similar to the two Mahia transect lines. This apparent mismatch between seismic and geochemistry data suggests a potential to underestimate gas hydrate volumes based on standard seismic data interpretations. To accurately assess global gas hydrate deposits, multiple approaches for initial assessment, e.g., seismic data interpretation, heatflow profiling and controlled-source electromagnetics, should be compared to geochemical sediment and porewater profiles. A more thorough data matrix will provide better accuracy in gas hydrate volume for modeling climate change and potential available energy content.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2025

ATOMIC AND MICROSTRUCTURAL ORIGINS OF STORED ENERGY RELEASE IN NEUTRON-IRRADIATED SILICON CARBIDE

Here, we employ a combination of advanced synchrotron-based scattering characterization techniques to understand and unravel the atomic origins of the colossal stored energy release in neutron irradiated silicon carbide. The quantification of the neutron irradiation-induced defects, and their impact on the structureproperty relationship is important for the design and safe operation of advanced fission and fusion reactors. Our experimental results show that the atomic structure in the as irradiated samples is significantly perturbed due to a large fraction of vacancy and interstitial type defects that lead to complex microstructures and additional components in the x-ray diffraction and pair distribution function results. We directly correlate the stored energy release to the recovery of the sub-lattices, with pair distribution function analysis highlighting that the carbon interstitial and vacancy-type defects contribute to stored energy more than those of silicon. We find these results to be striking and believe our discoveries to be timely and noteworthy given the technological importance of silicon carbide to the nuclear fission and fusion communities.

Sprouster, D.J.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Standard Analytical Methods for Pyrolysis Bio-Oils

There has been significant recent interest in the production of renewable fuels and chemicals from biomass and waste feedstocks. Pyrolysis pathways produce a liquid bio-oil product, which must be processed further, or upgraded, to yield fuel or chemical products. Bio-oils are very complex and often unstable samples, and research and development on upgrading processes needs reliable analytical information. In particular, chemical characterization techniques are needed to quantify both functional groups and individual compounds present in bio-oils. Reliable analytics are also needed to enable the bioenergy industry, as industrial facilities often have different analytical needs and capabilities than research facilities. In this presentation, we will discuss the development of a suite of standard analytical methods for pyrolysis bio-oils. Analytical methods to be discussed include: Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen in bio-oils; Accelerated Aging of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oil using Carbonyl Titration; Determination of Water Content in Bio-oils by Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration; Determination of Carbon Functional Groups; Elemental Analysis of Bio-oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) - Na, K, Mg, Ca, S, P, and Fe; Determination of Phenolic Groups in Bio-oils using Revised Folin-Ciocalteu Methods: Single Cuvette and Plate Reader; Corrosivity of Bio-oils: Screening Test using Metal Leaching; Determination of Biogenic Content by 14C Measurement using Liquid Scintillation Counter. These new analytical methods are publicly available as Laboratory Analytical Procedures (https://www.nrel.gov/bioenergy/bio-oil-analysis.html), along with previously developed standard methods: GC-MS, Acid Titration, Carbonyl Titration, and 31P NMR. Additionally, the development of diffusion ordered NMR for characterization of bio-oil molecular weight will be discussed. Collectively, this suite of analytical methods represents the most comprehensive set of standard methods available for pyrolysis bio-oils. These standard methods are commonly used by the bioenergy community, and provide reliable information that enables research, scaleup, and industrial processing of biomass to produce renewable fuels and chemicals.

analytical↗
DOE OSTI2023

NETL Direct Air Capture Center

In 2022 Congress authorized the $25M National Energy Technology Laboratory Direct Air Capture Center. The facility will be specifically targeted at accelerating the commercialization of technologies beyond the conceptual stage which have not yet reached full pilot-scale (TRL 3 to 6). The ability to operate over a wide range of conditions will help the developers to understand how their technologies respond in different climates, from summer to winter and arid to tropical. NETL recognizes that DAC technology is still early in its evolution, and a wide variety of highly varied technologies are being explored. The Center will be designed with substantial flexibility to accommodate the rapidly evolving technological landscape. Testing systems at three scales will be included: lab-scale systems designed to examine the long-term stability of DAC materials, bench-scale module testing systems capable of probing flow dynamics, and small pilot-scale skid rooms able to test prototype DAC units under a wide variety of climate conditions. The NETL DAC Center will feature dedicated engineering, technician, scientific and logistical support for experimental system design, installation, operation of experiments, and interpretation of results for projects including but not limited to kinetics of absorption/desorption, thermal duty, and post-mortem elemental characterization to understand degradation. The NETL DAC Center projects will also have access to dedicated process modeling and analysis to evaluate the technoeconomic aspects of new technologies. NETL’s Systems Engineering and Analysis (SEA) team, the Carbon Capture Simulation Initiative (CCSI), and the Institute for the Design of Advanced Energy Systems (IDAES) are all potential collaborators with NETL’s testing partners from industry, academia, and other research institutions. NETL also has world class capabilities in device scale modeling (i.e., MFIX) that will be available to help design more efficient contactors and optimize unique internal configurations that can be realized by advanced manufacturing. The talk will cover the design and capabilities of the center, the planned availability, and feedback will be solicited from the audience on DAC testing needs.

Luebke, David↗
DOE OSTI2023

Accelerating commercialization of direct air capture technology

In 2022 Congress authorized the $25M National Energy Technology Laboratory Direct Air Capture Center. The facility will be specifically targeted at accelerating the commercialization of technologies beyond the conceptual stage which have not yet reached full pilot-scale (TRL 3 to 6). The ability to operate over a wide range of conditions will help the developers to understand how their technologies respond in different climates, from summer to winter and arid to tropical. NETL recognizes that DAC technology is still early in its evolution, and a wide variety of highly varied technologies are being explored. The Center will be designed with substantial flexibility to accommodate the rapidly evolving technological landscape. Testing systems at three scales will be included: lab-scale systems designed to examine the long-term stability of DAC materials, bench-scale module testing systems capable of probing flow dynamics, and small pilot-scale skid rooms able to test prototype DAC units under a wide variety of climate conditions. The NETL DAC Center will feature dedicated engineering, technician, scientific and logistical support for experimental system design, installation, operation of experiments, and interpretation of results for projects including but not limited to kinetics of absorption/desorption, thermal duty, and post-mortem elemental characterization to understand degradation. The NETL DAC Center projects will also have access to dedicated process modeling and analysis to evaluate the technoeconomic aspects of new technologies. NETL’s Systems Engineering and Analysis (SEA) team, the Carbon Capture Simulation Initiative (CCSI), and the Institute for the Design of Advanced Energy Systems (IDAES) are all potential collaborators with NETL’s testing partners from industry, academia, and other research institutions. NETL also has world class capabilities in device scale modeling (i.e., MFIX) that will be available to help design more efficient contactors and optimize unique internal configurations that can be realized by advanced manufacturing. The talk will cover the design and capabilities of the center, the planned availability, and feedback will be solicited from the audience on DAC testing needs.

Luebke, David↗
DOE OSTI2023

A hybrid method to evaluate the life cycle climate performance of heat pumps

Heat pumps have a significant impact on the climate, and numerous studies exist discussing the environmental impact of heat pumps quantitatively. Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) is a widely accepted metric and can evaluate the carbon footprint of heat pumps from cradle to grave. LCCP calculation typically requires inputs like annual energy consumption, the material used, refrigerant type, and charge level, which are usually the intermediate or final results from heat pump simulation tools. Thus, a platform linking the heat pump simulation software, local weather conditions, and LCCP evaluation tool can simplify the heat pump design process, especially for complicated systems. This paper presents an LCCP evaluation tool accessing the outputs from the DOE Heat Pump Design Model and the building loads and temperature bin data from AHRI standard 210/240. As for case studies, this paper investigates the LCCP values and life cycle electricity costs (LCEC) of a given cooling-based heat pump with R410A in five typical US cities. In conclusion, this cooling-based heat pump has the highest LCCP value at Chicago and lowest LCCP value at Seattle. In contrast, the heat pump has the highest LCEC at Seattle and the lowest LCEC at Miami. As a future work, a more comprehensive carbon emission and cost analysis of heat pump systems will be conducted through all major cities around the world.

Shen, Bo↗
DOE OSTI2020

Linking the Dynamic Response of the Carbon Dioxide-Concentrating Mechanism to Carbon Assimilation Behavior in Fremyella diplosiphon

ABSTRACT Cyanobacteria use a carbon dioxide (CO 2 )-concentrating mechanism (CCM) that enhances their carbon fixation efficiency and is regulated by many environmental factors that impact photosynthesis, including carbon availability, light levels, and nutrient access. Efforts to connect the regulation of the CCM by these factors to functional effects on carbon assimilation rates have been complicated by the aqueous nature of cyanobacteria. Here, we describe the use of cyanobacteria in a semiwet state on glass fiber filtration discs—cyanobacterial discs—to establish dynamic carbon assimilation behavior using gas exchange analysis. In combination with quantitative PCR (qPCR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses, we linked the regulation of CCM components to corresponding carbon assimilation behavior in the freshwater, filamentous cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon . Inorganic carbon (C i ) levels, light quantity, and light quality have all been shown to influence carbon assimilation behavior in F. diplosiphon . Our results suggest a biphasic model of cyanobacterial carbon fixation. While behavior at low levels of CO 2 is driven mainly by the C i uptake ability of the cyanobacterium, at higher CO 2 levels, carbon assimilation behavior is multifaceted and depends on C i availability, carboxysome morphology, linear electron flow, and cell shape. Carbon response curves (CRCs) generated via gas exchange analysis enable rapid examination of CO 2 assimilation behavior in cyanobacteria and can be used for cells grown under distinct conditions to provide insight into how CO 2 assimilation correlates with the regulation of critical cellular functions, such as the environmental control of the CCM and downstream photosynthetic capacity. IMPORTANCE Environmental regulation of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria enhances organismal fitness, light capture, and associated carbon fixation under dynamic conditions. Concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) near the carbon-fixing enzyme RubisCO occurs via the CO 2 -concentrating mechanism (CCM). The CCM is also tuned in response to carbon availability, light quality or levels, or nutrient access—cues that also impact photosynthesis. We adapted dynamic gas exchange methods generally used with plants to investigate environmental regulation of the CCM and carbon fixation capacity using glass fiber-filtered cells of the cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon . We describe a breakthrough in measuring real-time carbon uptake and associated assimilation capacity for cells grown in distinct conditions (i.e., light quality, light quantity, or carbon status). These measurements demonstrate that the CCM modulates carbon uptake and assimilation under low-C i conditions and that light-dependent regulation of pigmentation, cell shape, and downstream stages of carbon fixation are critical for tuning carbon uptake and assimilation.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

An SECM-Based Spot Analysis for Redoxmer-Electrode Kinetics: Identifying Redox Asymmetries on Model Graphitic Carbon Interfaces

The fundamental process in non-aqueous redox flow battery (NRFB) operation revolves around electron transfer (ET) between a current collector electrode and redox-active organic molecules (redoxmers) in solution. Here, we present an approach utilizing scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to evaluate interfacial ET kinetics between redoxmers and various electrode materials of interest at desired locations. This spot-analysis method relies on the measurement of heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants (k f or k b ) as a function of applied potential (E-E 0 '). As demonstrated by COMSOL simulations, this method enables the quantification of Butler-Volmer kinetic parameters, the standard heterogeneous rate constant, k 0 , and the transfer coefficient, α. Our method enabled the identification of inherent asymmetries in the ET kinetics arising during the reduction of ferrocene-based redoxmers, compared to their oxidation which displayed faster rate constants. Similar behavior was observed on a wide variety of carbon electrodes such as multi-layer graphene, highly ordered pyrolytic graphite, glassy carbon, and chemical vapor deposition-grown graphite films. However, aqueous systems and Pt do not exhibit such kinetic effects. Our analysis suggests that differential adsorption of the redoxmers is insufficient to account for our observations. Displaying a greater versatility than conventional electroanalytical methods, we demonstrate the operation of our spot analysis at concentrations up to 100 mM of redoxmer over graphite films. Looking forward, our method can be used to assess non-idealities in a variety of redoxmer/electrode/solvent systems with quantitative evaluation of kinetics for applications in redox-flow battery research.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Highly silanized cellulose biocomposites for sustainable insulation materials

Microfibrillated lignocellulose networks, derived from agricultural byproducts, represent an environmentally friendly biogenic material production due to their abundant availability to circular bioeconomy and inherent carbon sink in life cycle analysis. Yet, its vulnerability to moisture and flammability, coupled with challenges in creating highly reinforced insulation materials, poses challenges for the carbon-zero green building sector. Here we address these challenges with a new concept of in-situ grafting polymerization of nanoporous silica in pre-formed lignocellulosic fiber networks. The seamlessly integrating nanoporous silica with cellulose through hydrogen bonding networks enabled us to prepare highly reinforced biogenic composites for green building insulations. A high reinforcement biocomposite with hierarchal arrangements of nanoporous silica within the cellulose network exhibits remarkable attributes. It boasts a thermal conductivity of 24.2 mW·m –1 ·K –1 , a flexural modulus of 942 MPa, and soundproofing with a 20.8 % noise reduction, as well as the fire resistance characterized by an extended time to ignition and a reduced peak heat release rate of 144 kW·m –2 at 35 kW·m –2 of incident radiant heat flux. Furthermore, it demonstrates a reduced water absorption capacity, dropping from 5.12 g·g –1 to 0.75 g·g –1 . Altogether, this study opens the new pathways towards sustainable carbon-zero building materials in the context of circular bioeconomy.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Innovations in Renewable Energy Technologies, Systems, and Energy Analysis

Costs for renewable energy technologies have declined rapidly in the past decade and their use for residential, commercial, and utility scale electricity has therefore grown exponentially. As the energy mix diversifies, energy analysis becomes increasing important, requiring renewable energy to integrate with other reduced emission energy sources, such as small modular nuclear reactors and carbon capture and utilization. Energy analysis can also explore the expansion of clean energy into new sectors, such as industrial processes and electrification. The U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Joint Institute for Strategic Energy Analysis (JISEA), which is a partnership of NREL and universities, study the integration and application of clean energy technologies into existing and new sectors. This presentation includes an overview of NREL and JISEA and summarizes innovations in renewable energy technologies and energy systems analysis.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Development of Self-Assembly Supports Enabling Transformational Membrane Performance for Cost-Effective Carbon Capture

This final technical report describes work conducted by Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. (MTR) for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Energy Technology Lab (NETL) on the development of membranes with transformational performance for carbon capture under award number DE-FE0031596. The work was performed from June 1, 2018 through May 31, 2024. For more than a decade, MTR has worked in partnership with DOE to develop an innovative membrane-based CO 2 capture process. This effort has included the first test of membrane modules with coal-fired flue gas at the Arizona Public Services (APS) Cholla plant in 2010; the accumulation of >11,000 hours of flue gas operation for Polaris modules on a bench-scale 1 tonne/day (TPD) system at the National Carbon Capture Center (NCCC); scale-up of first-generation (Gen-1) Polaris to a 20 TPD small pilot system, and successful operation of this system on a flue gas slipstream at NCCC and in integrated boiler testing at Babcock & Wilcox (B&W). Through continued development efforts, a second-generation (Gen-2) version of the Polaris membrane has been scaled-up to pilot production. This membrane offers 70% higher CO 2 permeance with similar selectivity to the base case Polaris. MTR also developed planar modules designed specifically for the low-pressure, high-volumetric flow rate process conditions of flue gas operation. These new modules have significantly lower pressure-drop values compared to the type originally used (spiral-wound modules), which results in significant energy savings. The goal of the work described in this report was to improve on the Polaris Gen-2 membrane with the ultimate aim to reduce the cost of carbon capture. The majority of the effort was to develop improved support membranes for the multi-layer composite structure of MTR’s Polaris membrane. Earlier work at MTR had identified the support structure as limiting membrane permeances, not because the support itself represents a permeation resistance, but because the distribution of pores at the surface of the support imposes a geometric restriction to diffusion in the layers above it. Support membranes were prepared from a range of polymers, including commercially available block copolymers and a custom synthesized block copolymer alternative. The best support membranes developed in this project reduced the geometric restriction by a factor of two to three. These supports then were used to produce Polaris composite membranes with improved permeances. The second topic was to create a high-selectivity version of the Polaris membrane. The high-selectivity version uses a novel selective polymeric material and high selectivities were confirmed in experiments at MTR. The material is not easily made into very thin films. Consequently, the permeances are significantly lower than the Polaris Gen-2 membrane. The utility of this membrane is therefore limited to the carbon dioxide purification step that produces liquid CO 2 . A Technical and Economic Analysis (TEA) was performed for a carbon capture system that uses both advanced membrane types. The TEA shows the novel advanced membranes reduce the cost of capture by 10%, from $63.32/tonne CO 2 to $56.90/tonne CO 2 (2022 USD). Most of the development work was carried out with laboratory-scale casting and coating equipment. A number, but not all, of the improvements identified have been implemented on commercial-scale manufacturing equipment. The focus of future work at MTR is to incorporate the advancements made into the Polaris membrane manufacturing process.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2025

Statistical Analysis of Intertube Tunneling Contacts in the Macroscopic Electrical Conductivity of Carbon Nanotube Fibers

Here, this study investigates the influence of tunneling contact resistances between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on electron transport and electrical conductivity of macroscopic carbon nanofibers (CNFs), which profoundly impacts the performance of CNT thin film electronics, CNF electron emitters and cathodes, and energy conversion and storage devices. Utilizing a self-consistent electrical contact model coupling a transmission line model with tunneling current, we calculate the contact resistances of a plethora of CNT-CNT contacts within a CNF fiber, which consists of aligned, densely packed CNTs. A statistical analysis is conducted, using Gaussian distributions to account for variations in contact lengths, tunneling gap distances, and single CNT aspect ratios, to calculate the CNT-CNT contact resistance and the overall resistance of CNT fiber. By scaling our model to a macroscopic level, our results are in good agreement with experimental measurements. Our calculation suggests that while increasing the contact overlap length diminishes individual CNT-CNT contact resistance, it could paradoxically increase macroscopic CNT fiber resistance for a given constant CNF mass density, which is due to that fact that a larger overlap length allows more CNTs to pack along an electrical conduction path per unit length, leading to more tunneling contact junctions connected in series and thus less number of parallel conduction paths within the fiber cross section. Increasing tunneling gap distance increases both individual contact and overall fiber resistance. This research provides a simple design tool for tailoring CNT fiber electrical properties to promote real-world applications using CNTs or similar low-dimensional materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Spatially and Temporally Detailed Water and Carbon Footprints of U.S. Electricity Generation and Use

Electricity generation in the United States entails significant water usage and greenhouse gas emissions. However, accurately estimating these impacts is complex due to the intricate nature of the electric grid and the dynamic electricity mix. Existing methods to estimate the environmental consequences of electricity use often generalize across large regions, neglecting spatial and temporal variations in water usage and emissions. Consequently, electric grid dynamics, such as temporal fluctuations in renewable energy resources, are often overlooked in efforts to mitigate environmental impacts. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has initiated the development of resilient energyshed management systems, requiring detailed information on the local electricity mix and its environmental impacts. This study supports DOE's goal by incorporating geographic and temporal variations in the electricity mix of the local electric grid to better understand the environmental impacts of electricity end users. We offer hourly estimates of the U.S. electricity mix, detailing fuel types, water withdrawal intensity, and water consumption intensity for each grid balancing authority through our publicly accessible tool, the Water Integrated Mapping of Power and Carbon Tracker (Water IMPACT). While our primary focus is on evaluating water intensity factors, our dataset and programming scripts for historical and real-time analysis also include evaluations of carbon dioxide (equivalence) intensity within the same modeling framework. This integrated approach offers a comprehensive understanding of the environmental footprint associated with electricity generation and use, enabling informed decision-making to effectively reduce Scope 2 water usage and emissions.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗