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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Assessing the Impacts of Recent Crop Expansion on Water Quality in the Missouri River Basin Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool

The Missouri River Basin (MORB) has experienced a resurgence of grassland conversion to crop production, which raised concerns on water quality. We applied the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to address how this conversion would impact water quality. We designed three crop production scenarios representing conversion of grassland to: (a) continuous corn; (b) corn/soybean rotation; and (c) corn/wheat rotation to assess the impact. The SWAT model results showed: (a) the lower MORB produced high total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) load before conversion (baseline) due mainly to high precipitation and high agricultural activity; (b) the greatest percentage increases of TN and TP occurred in the North and South Dakotas, coinciding with the highest amount of grassland conversion to cropland; and (c) grassland conversion to continuous corn resulted in the greatest increase in TN and TP loads, followed by conversion to corn/soybean and then conversion to corn/wheat. Although the greatest percentage increases of TN and TP occurred in the North and South Dakotas, these areas still contributed relatively low TN and TP to total basin loads after conversion. However, watersheds, predominantly in the lower MORB continued to be “hotspots” that contributed the greatest amounts of TN and TP to the total basin loads—driven by a combination of grassland conversion, high precipitation, and loading from pre-existing cropland. At the watershed outlet, the TN and TP loads were increased by 6.4% (13,800 t/yr) and 8.7% (3,400 t/yr), respectively, during the 2008–2016 period for the conversion to continuous corn scenario.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Structure of water-in-salt and water-in-bisalt electrolytes

We report a systematic diffraction study of two “water-in-salt” electrolytes and a “water-in-bisalt” electrolyte combining high-energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD) with polarized and unpolarized neutron diffraction (ND) on both H 2 O and D 2 O solutions. The measurements provide three independent combinations of correlations between the different pairs of atom types that reveal the short- and intermediate-range order in considerable detail. The ND interference functions show pronounced peaks around a scattering vector Q ~ 0.5 Å -1 that change dramatically with composition, indicating significant rearrangements of the water network on a length scale around 12 Å. The experimental results are compared with two sets of Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, one including polarization effects and the other based on a non-polarizable force field. The two simulations reproduce the general shapes of the experimental structure factors and their changes with concentration, but differ in many detailed respects, suggesting ways in which their force fields might be modified to better represent the actual systems.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Structural changes across thermodynamic maxima in supercooled liquid tellurium: a water-like scenario

Liquid polymorphism is an intriguing phenomenon which has been found in a few single-component systems, the most famous being water. By supercooling liquid Te to more than 130 K below its melting point and performing simultaneous small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements, we observe clear maxima in its thermodynamic response functions around 615 K, suggesting the possible existence of liquid polymorphism. A close look at the underlying structural evolution shows the development of intermediate-range order upon cooling, most strongly around the thermodynamic maxima, which we attribute to bond-orientational ordering. The striking similarities between our results and those of water, despite the lack of hydrogen-bonding and tetrahedrality in tellurium, indicate that water-like anomalies may be a general phenomenon among liquid systems with competing bond- and density-ordering.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Resolving the Solvation Structure and Transport Properties of Aqueous Zinc Electrolytes from Salt-in-Water to Water-in-Salt Using Neural Network Potential

Zn Cl 2 solutions are promising electrolytes for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Here, we report a joint computational and experimental study of the structural and dynamic properties of aqueous Zn Cl 2 electrolytes with concentrations ranging from salt-in-water to water-in-salt (WIS). By developing a neural network potential (NNP) model, we perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with accuracy but at much larger lengths and longer timescales. The NNP predicted structures are validated by the structure factors measured by X-ray total scattering experiments. The MD trajectories provide a comprehensive and quantitative picture of the Zn 2 + solvation shell structures. Additionally, we find that the O − H covalent bonds in water are strengthened with increasing salt concentration, thus expanding the electrochemical stability window of aqueous electrolytes. In terms of dynamic properties, the calculated and experimentally measured conductivities are in good agreement. Through the analysis of the calculated cation transference number, we propose a three-stage charge carrier transport mechanism with increasing concentration: independent ion transport, strongly correlated ion transport, and small positive charge carrier diffusion through negatively charged polymeric clusters. Our study provides fundamental atomic scale insights into the structure and transport properties of the Zn Cl 2 electrolyte that can aid the optimization and development of WIS electrolytes. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Advanced Modeling and Simulation to Characterize Advanced Boiling Water Reactor Source Terms to Support a Regulatory Approval Pathway for Right-Sized Emergency Planning Zone. Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (A-BWR) Project Phase 2

The United States Department of Energy (US DOE) is currently supporting the development of various small modular reactor (SMR), microreactor and advanced reactor designs. These reactors have improved safety features as compared to conventional Large Light Water Reactors (LLWRs), which include features that improve potential reduction of radiological source terms in the event of design and beyond-design basis accidents. Specifically, some reactors feature a relatively smaller containment volume with respect to the available surface area for fission product deposition; these include Integrated Pressurized Water Reactors (iPWRs), such as the NuScale SMR and SMR-type Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) such as General Electric-Hitachi’s BWRX-300 design.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2023

National Energy Water Treatment & Speciation (NEWTS): A Water & Critical Minerals Database and Dashboard

The poster, presented at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) 2023 Conference, highlights NETL's National Energy Water Treatment & Speciation (NEWTS) Database & Dashboard. This poster reviews the work done to aggregate disparate water quality data for energy-related wastewater streams, to process and integrate the datasets, and enable easy integration with aqueous chemistry modeling software to support water management and beneficial reuse decision-making.

Wenzlick, Madison↗
NASA NTRS1971

A practical method of determining water current velocities and diffusion coefficients in coastal waters by remote sensing techniques

A simplified procedure is presented for determining water current velocities and diffusion coefficients. Dye drops which form dye patches in the receiving water are made from an aircraft. The changes in position and size of the patches are recorded from two flights over the area. The simplified data processing procedure requires only that the ground coordinates about the dye patches be determined at the time of each flight. With an automatic recording coordinatograph for measuring coordinates and a computer for processing the data, this technique provides a practical method of determining circulation patterns and mixing characteristics of large aquatic systems. This information is useful in assessing the environmental impact of waste water discharges and for industrial plant siting.

James, W. P.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Photometric and polarimetric mapping of water turbidity and water depth

A Digital Photometric Mapper (DPM) was used in the Fall of 1971 in an airborne survey of New York and Boston area waters to acquire photometric, spectral and polarimetric data. The object of this study is to analyze these data with quantitative computer processing techniques to assess the potential of the DPM in the measurement and regional mapping of water turbidity and depth. These techniques have been developed and an operational potential has been demonstrated. More emphasis is placed at this time on the methodology of data acquisition, analysis and display than on the quantity of data. The results illustrate the type, quantity and format of information that could be generated operationally with the DPM-type sensor characterized by high photometric stability and fast, accurate digital output. The prototype, single-channel DPM is suggested as a unique research tool for a number of new applications. For the operational mapping of water turbidity and depth, the merits of a multichannel DPM coupled with a laser system are stressed.

Halajian, J.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Water survey of Canada: Application for use of ERTS-A for retransmission of water resources data

The author has identified the following significant results. The fact that water resources data can be retransmitted from remote areas of Canada by polar orbiting spacecraft to users in population centers on a near real time basis reliably, accurately, and at relative low cost continues to be demonstrated. Over 60,000 transmissions from the nine data collection platforms installed at Water Survey of Canada gauging stations have been received. The stage and ice-out data retransmitted via ERTS-1 have been plotted on a chart record produced by a water stage servo-manometer installed on the Albany River. The stage increased smoothly until shortly after noon on May 19, 1974. During this time the indicator showed that the ice surface was intact. The stage then dropped sharply and the indicator read that the ice was out. The erratic chart trace after that was consistent with the assumption that the ice surface had broken up and that some short duration jams of broken ice were occurring.

Halliday, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Segregation of acid plume pixels from background water pixels, signatures of background water and dispersed acid plumes, and implications for calculation of iron concentration in dense plumes

Two files of data, obtained with a modular multiband scanner, for an acid waste dump into ocean water, were analyzed intensively. Signatures were derived for background water at different levels of effective sunlight intensity, and for different iron concentrations in the dispersed plume from the dump. The effect of increased sunlight intensity on the calculated iron concentration was found to be relatively important at low iron concentrations and relatively unimportant at high values of iron concentration in dispersed plumes. It was concluded that the basic equation for iron concentration is not applicable to dense plumes, particularly because lower values are indicated at the very core of the plume, than in the surrounding sheath, whereas radiances increase consistently from background water to dispersed plume to inner sheath to innermost core. It was likewise concluded that in the dense plume the iron concentration would probably best be measured by the higher wave length radiances, although the suitable relationship remains unknown.

Bahn, G. S.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor, liquid water, and wind speed at the ocean surface by passive microwave techniques from the Nimbus 5 satellite

The microwave brightness temperature measurements for Nimbus 5 electrically scanned microwave radiometer (ESMR) and Nimbus-E microwave spectrometer (NEMS) are used to retrieve the atmospheric water vapor, liquid water, and wind speed by a quasi-statistical retrieval technique. It is shown that the brightness temperature can be utilized to yield these parameters under various weather conditions. Observations at 19.35, 22.235, and 31.4 GHz were input to the regression equations. The retrieved values of these parameters for portions of two Nimbus 5 orbits are presented. Then comparison between the retrieved parameters and the available observations on the total water vapor content and the surface wind speed are made.

Chang, A. T. C.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Delineation of estuarine fronts in the German Bight using airborne laser-induced water Raman backscatter and fluorescence of water column constituents

The acquisition and application of airborne laser induced emission spectra from German Bight water during the 1979 MARSEN experiment is detailed for the synoptic location of estuarine fronts. The NASA Airborne Oceanographic Lidar (AOL) was operated in the fluorosensing mode. A nitrogen laser transmitter at 337.1 nm was used to stimulate the water column to obtain Gelbstoff or organic material fluorescence spectra together with water Raman backscatter. Maps showing the location and relative strength of estuarine fronts are presented. The distribution of the fronts indicates that mixing within the German Bight takes place across a relatively large area. Reasonable agreement between the patterns observed by the AOL and published results are obtained. The limitations and constraints of this technique are indicated and improvements to the AOL fluorosensor are discussed with respect to future ocean mapping applications.

Hoge, F. E.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Effects of vertical distribution of water vapor and temperature on total column water vapor retrieval error

Results are presented of a test of the physically based total column water vapor retrieval algorithm of Wentz (1992) for sensitivity to realistic vertical distributions of temperature and water vapor. The ECMWF monthly averaged temperature and humidity fields are used to simulate the spatial pattern of systematic retrieval error of total column water vapor due to this sensitivity. The estimated systematic error is within 0.1 g/sq cm over about 70 percent of the global ocean area; systematic errors greater than 0.3 g/sq cm are expected to exist only over a few well-defined regions, about 3 percent of the global oceans, assuming that the global mean value is unbiased.

Sun, Jielun↗
NASA NTRS1992

Technology for Water Treatment (National Water Management)

The buildup of scale and corrosion is the most costly maintenance problem in cooling tower operation. Jet Propulsion Laboratory successfully developed a non-chemical system that not only curbed scale and corrosion, but also offered advantages in water conservation, cost savings and the elimination of toxic chemical discharge. In the system, ozone is produced by an on-site generator and introduced to the cooling tower water. Organic impurities are oxidized, and the dissolved ozone removes bacteria and scale. National Water Management, a NASA licensee, has installed its ozone advantage systems at some 200 cooling towers. Customers have saved money and eliminated chemical storage and discharge.

Source record↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Analysis of Hot-Wire Probe Ice Water Content Measurements in High Ice Water Content Conditions

During the 2022 High Ice Water Content (HIWC) Flight Campaign, ice water content (IWC) measurements were made at various locations on the NASA DC-8 Airborne Science Laboratory using the Isokinetic Probe Version 2 (IKP2), Ice Crystal Detectors (ICD), and Robust Probe. Correlations of a wing mounted ICD to IKP2 were made to determine the collision/retention efficiency of the ICD total water content (TWC) element in glaciated conditions. Similarly, correlations of a nose mounted ICD near the pitot probes were made to the IKP2 and to the wing-mounted ICD to estimate the ice concentration factor near the DC-8 pitot probes. Results from the 2022 flight campaign were compared to results from the HIWC RADAR II flight campaign in 2018. There was an apparent reduction in the ICD TWC collision/retention efficiency during the 2022 flight campaign. Although reasons for this discrepancy were explored, more analyses are needed to fully understand the causes. However, it was concluded that an estimated ice concentration factor at the nose of 2.5 was consistent between the two flight campaigns. Additionally, a correlation model was developed to relate measurements from a Nose ICD to freestream IWC as measured by the IKP2 to support IWC measurements from the 2022 Convective Processes Experiment - Cabo Verde (CPEX-CV) flight campaign.

Icing↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Analysis of Hot-Wire Probe Ice Water Content Measurements in High Ice Water Content Conditions

During the 2022 High Ice Water Content (HIWC) Flight Campaign, ice water content (IWC) measurements were made at various locations on the NASA DC-8 Airborne Science Laboratory using the Isokinetic Probe Version 2 (IKP2), Ice Crystal Detectors (ICD), and Robust Probe. Correlations of a wing mounted ICD to IKP2 were made to determine the collision/retention efficiency of the ICD total water content (TWC) element in glaciated conditions. Similarly, correlations of a nose mounted ICD near the pitot probes were made to the IKP2 and to the wing-mounted ICD to estimate the ice concentration factor near the DC-8 pitot probes. Results from the 2022 flight campaign were compared to results from the HIWC RADAR II flight campaign in 2018. There was an apparent reduction in the ICD TWC collision/retention efficiency during the 2022 flight campaign. Although reasons for this discrepancy were explored, more analyses are needed to fully understand the causes. However, it was concluded that an estimated ice concentration factor at the nose of 2.5 was consistent between the two flight campaigns. Additionally, a correlation model was developed to relate measurements from a Nose ICD to freestream IWC as measured by the IKP2 to support IWC measurements from the 2022 Convective Processes Experiment - Cabo Verde (CPEX-CV) flight campaign.

Icing↗