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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Realizing Steady-State Microbunching with Optical Stochastic Crystallization

Optical Stochastic Cooling (OSC) is a state-of-the-art beam cooling technology first demonstrated in 2021 at the IOTA storage ring at Fermilab's FAST facility. A second phase of the research program is planned to run in 2026 and will incorporate an optical amplifier to enable significantly increased cooling rates and greater operational flexibility. In addition to beam cooling, an OSC system can be configured to enable advanced control over the phase space of the beam. An example operational mode could enable crystallization, where the particles in a bunch are locked into a self-reinforcing, regular microstructure at the OSC fundamental wavelength; we refer to this as Optical Stochastic Crystallization (OSX). OSX represents a new path toward Steady-State Microbunching (SSMB), which may enable light sources combining the high brightness of a free-electron laser with the high repetition rate of a storage ring. Such a source has applications from the terahertz to the extreme ultraviolet (EUV), including high-power EUV generation for semiconductor lithography. This contribution will discuss the integration of OSX development as part of the OSC program at IOTA. The design of an accelerator lattice to enable the mechanism and associated high fidelity simulations will be shown, and a path to realizing an experimental demonstration will be discussed.

Wallbank, Michael James [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2025

Steady-State Microbunching using Optical Stochastic Cooling

Optical Stochastic Cooling (OSC) is a state-of-the-art beam cooling technology first demonstrated in 2021 at the IOTA storage ring at Fermilab's FAST facility. A second phase of the research program is planned to run in 2026 and will incorporate an optical amplifier to enable significantly increased cooling rates and greater operational flexibility. In addition to beam cooling, an OSC system can be configured to enable advanced control over the phase space of the beam. An example operational mode could enable crystallization, where the particles in a bunch are locked into a self-reinforcing, regular microstructure at the OSC fundamental wavelength; we refer to this as Optical Stochastic Crystallization (OSX). OSX represents a new path toward Steady-State Microbunching (SSMB), which may enable light sources combining the high brightness of a free-electron laser with the high repetition rate of a storage ring. Such a source has applications from the terahertz to the extreme ultraviolet (EUV), including high-power EUV generation for semiconductor lithography. This contribution will discuss the integration of OSX development as part of the OSC program at IOTA. The design of an accelerator lattice to enable the mechanism and associated high fidelity simulations demonstrating the beam dynamics will be shown, and a path to realizing an experimental demonstration will be discussed.

Wallbank, Michael James [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2024

Realizing Steady-State Microbunching with Optical Stochastic Crystallization

Optical Stochastic Cooling (OSC) is a state-of-the-art beam cooling technology first demonstrated in 2021 at the IOTA storage ring at Fermilab's FAST facility. A second phase of the research program is planned to run in early 2025 and will incorporate an optical amplifier to enable significantly increased cooling rates and greater operational flexibility. In addition to beam cooling, an OSC system can be configured to enable advanced control over the phase space of the beam. An example operational mode could enable crystallization, where the particles in a bunch are locked into a self-reinforcing, regular microstructure at the OSC fundamental wavelength; we refer to this as Optical Stochastic Crystallization (OSX). OSX represents a new path toward Steady-State Microbunching (SSMB), which may enable light sources combining the high brightness of a free-electron laser with the high repetition rate of a storage ring. Such a source has applications from the terahertz to the extreme ultraviolet (EUV), including high-power EUV generation for semiconductor lithography. This contribution will discuss the status of the OSC experimental program and its potential to achieve the first demonstration of SSMB during the upcoming experimental run.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS1992

Wavefront sensing, control, and pointing

A majority of future NASA astrophysics missions from orbiting interferometers to 16-m telescopes on the Moon have, as a common requirement, the need to bring light from a large entrance aperture to the focal plane in a way that preserves the spatial coherence properties of the starlight. Only by preserving the phase of the incoming wavefront, can many scientific observations be made, observations that range from measuring the red shift of quasi-stellar objects (QSO's) to detecting the IR emission of a planet in orbit around another star. New technologies for wavefront sensing, control, and pointing hold the key to advancing our observatories of the future from those already launched or currently under development. As the size of the optical system increases, either to increase the sensitivity or angular resolution of the instrument, traditional technologies for maintaining optical wavefront accuracy become prohibitively expensive or completely impractical. For space-based instruments, the low mass requirement and the large temperature excursions further challenge existing technologies. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is probably the last large space telescope to rely on passive means to keep its primary optics stable and the optical system aligned. One needs only look to the significant developments in wavefront sensing, control, and pointing that have occurred over the past several years to appreciate the potential of this technology for transforming the capability of future space observatories. Future developments in space-borne telescopes will be based in part on developments in ground-based systems. Telescopes with rigid primary mirrors much larger than 5 m in diameter are impractical because of gravity loading. New technologies are now being introduced, such as active optics, that address the scale problem and that allow very large telescopes to be built. One approach is a segmented design such as that being pioneered by the W.M. Keck telescope now under construction at the Mauna Kea Observatory. It consists of 36 hexagonal mirror segments, supported on a framework structure, which are positioned by actuators located between the structure and the mirrors. The figure of the telescope is initialized by making observations of a bright star using a Shack Hartmann sensor integrated with a white light interferometer. Then, using sensed data from the mirror edges to control these actuators, the figure of the mosaic of 36 segments is maintained as if it were a rigid primary mirror. Another active optics approach is the use of a thin meniscus mirror with actuators. This technique was demonstrated on the European Southern Observatory's New Technology Telescope (NTT) and is planned for use in the Very Large Telescope (consists of four 8-m apertures), which is now entering the design phase.

Pitts, Thomas↗
DOE OSTI2023

Linker Vacancy Engineering of a Robust ftw–type Zr–MOF for Hexane Isomers Separation

Discrimination of physically similar molecules by porous solids represents an important yet challenging task in industrially relevant chemical separations. Precisely controlled pore dimension and/or tailored pore surface functionality are crucial to achieve high-efficiency separation. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising candidates for these challenging separations in light of their structural diversity as well as highly adjustable pore dimension/functionality. We report here a microporous, ftw-type Zr-based MOF structure, HIAM-410 (HIAM=Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials), built on hexanuclear Zr 6 cluster and pyrene-1,3,6,8-tetracarboxylate (ptc 4– ). Its crystallographic structure has been determined using continuous rotation electron diffraction (cRED) technique combined with Rietveld refinement against powder X-ray diffraction data, aided by low-dose high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) imaging. The compound features exceptional framework stability that is comparable to the prototype MOF UiO-66. Interestingly, the linker vacancies in the pristine MOF structure could be partially restored by post-synthetic linker insertion. Its separation capability of hexane isomers is enhanced substantially upon the linker vacancy engineering. As a result, the restored structure exhibits efficient splitting of monobranched and dibranched hexane isomers at both room temperature and industrially relevant temperature.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Transforming energy using quantum dots

Transforming and directing the flow of energy from one form (e.g., sunlight, electricity, etc.) to other useful forms of energy (e.g., electricity, chemical bonds, light, etc.) in an efficient and controllable manner is critical to meet the increasing energy demands and build a sustainable society. In search of such energy mediators, colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals, or quantum dots (QDs) are promising building blocks for building and designing systems that can efficiently capture light and convert and direct that energy into other useful forms of energy. In this work, we summarize recent advances using QDs in energy conversion architectures with the express goal of converting optical energy to other forms of energy, including electricity (i.e., photovoltaics) , photons with different energies (i.e., photo up- or downconversion), and chemical bonds (i.e., photocatalysis). The advantages of employing QDs over molecular chromophores in absorbing and then directing and converting optical energy are highlighted. Finally, we discuss ongoing challenges as well as unique opportunities associated with the use of QDs for transforming energy.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Cross-Cutting Software Solutions in Support of Experimental Analysis Challenges at National Scattering Facilities

Rapid improvements in instrumentation at neutron and light source combined with new capabilities in computing, data analytics, and machine learning offer unprecedented scientific capabilities to address fundamental and applied science questions in a wide area of subjects from quantum materials to biological systems. In order to make these capabilities accessible to the broader scientific community, significant developments are needed related to workflow spanning from experimental control to advanced materials simulations as well as the underpinning scientific software. In this chapter, we explore these needs and recent developments at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. A central part of the workflow at the SNS is the data reduction framework Mantid which is developed as a partnership between European and US neutron-scattering facilities.

Proffen, Thomas↗
NASA NTRS1993

Micro guidance and control synthesis: New components, architectures, and capabilities

New GN&C (guidance, navigation and control) system capabilities are shown to arise from component innovations that involve the synergistic use of microminiature sensors and actuators, microelectronics, and fiber optics. Micro-GN&C system and component concepts are defined that include micro-actuated adaptive optics, micromachined inertial sensors, fiber-optic data nets and light-power transmission, and VLSI microcomputers. The thesis is advanced that these micro-miniaturization products are capable of having a revolutionary impact on space missions and systems, and that GN&C is the pathfinder micro-technology application that can bring that about.

Mettler, Edward↗
NASA NTRS2008

The Dissipation Mechanism of Magnetic Reconnection

Magnetic reconnection is arguably the most efficient transport and energy conversion mechanism in almost ideal plasmas. Reconnection controls the overall dynamics in space and astrophysics plasmas, as well as in many laboratory plasma systems. Reconnection operates by means of a localized diffusion region, where deviations from the plasma idealness condition generate electric fields and permit plasma transport even far away from the diffusion region itself. Recent advances in analytic theory and computer modeling have begun to shed light on the internal dynamics of the diffusion region. In particular, we begin to understand the delicate nature of the force balance in the inner diffusion region, where particles can become unmagnetized and where electric field forces are important. This presentation will provide a brief introduction of the reconnection process and its applications. This introduction will be followed by a detailed analysis of the current understanding of dissipation region physics, and by an outlook toward future research.

Hesse, Michael↗
NASA NTRS2008

The Dissipation Mechanism of Magnetic Reconnection

Magnetic reconnection is arguably the most efficient transport and energy conversion mechanism in almost ideal plasmas. Reconnection controls the overall dynamics in space and astrophysics plasmas, as well as in many laboratory plasma systems. Reconnection operates by means of a localized diffusion region, where deviations from the plasma idealness condition generate electric fields and permit plasma transport even far away from the diffusion region itself. Recent advances in analytic theory and computer modeling have begun to shed light on the internal dynamics of the diffusion region. In particular, we begin to understand the delicate nature of the force balance in the inner diffusion region, where particles can become unmagnetized and where electric field forces are important. This presentation will provide a brief introduction of the reconnection process and its applications. This introduction will be followed by a detailed analysis of the current understanding of dissipation region physics, and by an outlook toward future research.

Hesse, Michael↗
NASA NTRS2007

The Inner Workings of Magnetic Reconnection

Magnetic reconnection is arguably the most efficient transport and energy conversion mechanism in almost ideal plasmas. Reconnection controls the overall dynamics in space and astrophysics plasmas, as well as in many laboratory plasma systems. Reconnection operates by means of a localized diffusion region, where deviations from the plasma idealness condition generate electric fields and permit plasma transport even far away from the diffusion region itself. Recent advances in analytic theory and computer modeling have begun to shed light on the internal dynamics of the diffusion region. In particular, we begin to understand the delicate nature of the force balance in the inner diffusion region, where particles can become unmagnetized and where electric field forces are important. This presentation will provide a brief introduction of the reconnection process and its applications. This introduction will be followed by a detailed analysis of the current understanding of dissipation region physics, and by an outlook toward future research.

Hesse, Michael↗
NASA NTRS2010

Visible Nulling Coronagraphy Testbed Development for Exoplanet Detection

Three of the recently completed NASA Astrophysics Strategic Mission Concept (ASMC) studies addressed the feasibility of using a Visible Nulling Coronagraph (VNC) as the prime instrument for exoplanet science. The VNC approach is one of the few approaches that works with filled, segmented and sparse or diluted aperture telescope systems and thus spans the space of potential ASMC exoplanet missions. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) has a well-established effort to develop VNC technologies and has developed an incremental sequence of VNC testbeds to advance the this approach and the technologies associated with it. Herein we report on the continued development of the vacuum Visible Nulling Coronagraph testbed (VNT). The VNT is an ultra-stable vibration isolated testbed that operates under high bandwidth closed-loop control within a vacuum chamber. It will be used to achieve an incremental sequence of three visible light nulling milestones of sequentially higher contrasts of 10(exp 8) , 10(exp 9) and 10(exp 10) at an inner working angle of 2*lambda/D and ultimately culminate in spectrally broadband (>20%) high contrast imaging. Each of the milestones, one per year, is traceable to one or more of the ASMC studies. The VNT uses a modified Mach-Zehnder nulling interferometer, modified with a modified "W" configuration to accommodate a hex-packed MEMS based deformable mirror, a coherent fiber bundle and achromatic phase shifters. Discussed will be the optical configuration laboratory results, critical technologies and the null sensing and control approach.

Lyon, Richard G.↗
NASA NTRS2016

Light Microscopy Module: International Space Station Premier Automated Microscope

The Light Microscopy Module (LMM) was launched to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2009 and began hardware operations in 2010. It continues to support Physical and Biological scientific research on ISS. During 2016, if all goes as planned, three experiments will be completed: [1] Advanced Colloids Experiments with Heated base-2 (ACE-H2) and [2] Advanced Colloids Experiments with Temperature control (ACE-T1). Preliminary results, along with an overview of present and future LMM capabilities will be presented; this includes details on the planned data imaging processing and storage system, along with the confocal upgrade to the core microscope. [1] a consortium of universities from the State of Kentucky working through the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR): Stuart Williams, Gerold Willing, Hemali Rathnayake, et al. and [2] from Chungnam National University, Daejeon, S. Korea: Chang-Soo Lee, et al.

Microgravity Biology Research↗
NASA NTRS2016

Using the Light Microscopy Module (LMM) on the International Space Station (ISS), The Advanced Colloids Experiment (ACE) and MacroMolecular Biophysics (MMB)

The Light Microscopy Module (LMM) was launched to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2009 and began science operations in 2010. It continues to support Physical and Biological scientific research on ISS. During 2016, if all goes as planned, three experiments will be completed: [1] Advanced Colloids Experiments with Heated base-2 (ACE-H2) and [2] Advanced Colloids Experiments with Temperature control (ACE-T1). Preliminary results, along with an overview of present and future LMM capabilities will be presented; this includes details on the planned data imaging processing and storage system, along with the confocal upgrade to the core microscope. [1] a consortium of universities from the State of Kentucky working through the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR): Stuart Williams, Gerold Willing, Hemali Rathnayake, et al. and [2] from Chungnam National University, Daejeon, S. Korea: Chang-Soo Lee, et al.

Microgravity Biology Research↗
NASA NTRS2011

Advancing Aeronautics: A Decision Framework for Selecting Research Agendas

Publicly funded research has long played a role in the development of aeronautics, ranging from foundational research on airfoils to development of the air-traffic control system. Yet more than a century after the research and development of successful controlled, sustained, heavier-than-air flight vehicles, there are questions over the future of aeronautics research. The field of aeronautics is relatively mature, technological developments within it have become more evolutionary, and funding decisions are sometimes motivated by the continued pursuit of these evolutionary research tracks rather than by larger factors. These developments raise questions over whether public funding of aeronautics research continues to be appropriate or necessary and at what levels. Tightened federal budgets and increasing calls to address other public demands make these questions sharper still. To help it address the questions of appropriate directions for publicly funded aeronautics research, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate (ARMD) asked the RAND Corporation to assess the elements required to develop a strategic view of aeronautics research opportunities; identify candidate aeronautic grand challenges, paradigms, and concepts; outline a framework for evaluating them; and exercise the framework as an example of how to use it. Accordingly, this research seeks to address these questions: What aeronautics research should be supported by the U.S. government? What compelling and desirable benefits drive government-supported research? How should the government--especially NASA--make decisions about which research to support? Advancing aeronautics involves broad policy and decisionmaking challenges. Decisions involve tradeoffs among competing perspectives, uncertainties, and informed judgment.

AERONAUTICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

What can neutron stars reveal about the equation of state of dense matter?

Neutron stars are astrophysical objects of extremes, reaching the highest densities we can observe in the cosmos, and probing matter under conditions that cannot be recreated in terrestrial experiments. In August 2017, the first neutron-star merger has been observed, which provided compelling evidence that these events are an important site for r-process nucleosynthesis. Furthermore, the gravitational-wave signal of such events might shed light upon the nature of strongly interacting matter in the neutron-star core. To understand these remarkable events, reliable nuclear physics input is essential. In this contribution, I explain how to use chiral effective field theory and advanced many-body methods to provide a consistent and systematic approach to strongly inter- acting systems from nuclei to neutron stars with controlled theoretical uncertainties. I will discuss recent results for the equation of state relevant for the nuclear astrophysics of neutron stars and neutron-star mergers.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Dynamically patterning x-ray beam by a femtosecond optical laser

Modern science and technology have greatly benefitted from our ability to precisely manipulate light waves, in both their spatial and temporal degrees of freedom. In the x-ray region, however, spatial control has been virtually static mainly due to stringent requirements for realizing high-performance optical elements. The lack of dynamic spatial control of x-ray beam has prevented researchers from realizing more sophisticated use of the wave field, which has rapidly advanced in the optical region in the past decades. In this study, we propose a practical scheme to dynamically control local x-ray reflectivity of a perfect silicon crystal by a femtosecond optical laser and demonstrate a programmable spatial x-ray modulator. Our modulator aims for spatial manipulation of the x-ray amplitude and is shown to produce arbitrary grayscale patterns with spatial frequencies up to 25 per millimeter. The proposed modulation scheme opens up a platform to enable advanced x-ray sensing and imaging techniques that can fully harness the wave nature of x-rays.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
NASA NTRS2000

Gas Exchange, Transpiration and Yield of Sweetpotato Grown in a Controlled Environment

Sweetpotato was grown to harvest maturity within NASA Johnson Space Center's Variable Pressure Growth Chamber (VPGC) to characterize crop performance for potential use in advanced life support systems as a contributor to food production, air revitalization and resource recovery. Stem cuttings of breeding clone "TU-82-155" were grown hydroponically at a density of 17 plants m(sup -2) using a modified pressure-plate growing system (Patent No. 4860-490, Tuskegee University). Lighting was provided by HPS lamps at a photoperiod of 12h light: 12h dark. The photosynthetic photon flux was maintained at 500, 750 and 1000 micro mol m(sup -2) s(sub -1) during days 1-15, 16-28, 29-119, respectively. Canopy temperatures were maintained at 28 C: light: 22 C:dark. During the light period, relative humidity and carbon dioxide were maintained at 70% and 1200 micro liters l(sup -1), respectively. Nutrient solution was manually adjusted 2 to 4 times per week by addition of 10X concentrated modified half-strength Hoagland nutrient salts and NaOH to return the electrical conductivity and pH to 1.2 mS cm(sup -1) and 6.0, respectively. At 17 weeks (119 days) from transplanting, a total of 56.5 kilograms fresh mass of storage roots (84.1% moisture) were harvested from the 11.2 m(sup 2) chamber, resulting in a yield 5.0 kilograms m(sup -2). Harvest index, based on fresh mass, was 38.6%. Rates of net photosynthesis, dark respiration, transpiration, and ethylene production will be reported.

Barta, Daniel J.↗