Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “active experiments”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1993

Mitogenic signal transduction in T lymphocytes in microgravity

The activation by concanavalin A Con A of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) in the presence of monocytes as accessory cells was investigated in cultures exposed to microgravity conditions in Spacelab. Activation of T cells was measured as incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA, secretion of interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interferon-gamma, and expression of IL-2 receptors. Whereas, as discovered in earlier experiments, the activation of resuspended T cells is strongly inhibited, activation of cells attached to microcarrier beads is more than doubled in microgravity. The results suggest that the depression of the activation in resuspended cells may be attributed to a malfunction of monocytes acting as accessory cells. In fact, although the ultrastructure of resuspended monocytes is not altered in microgravity, the secretion of IL-1 is strongly inhibited. Our data suggest that (1) IL-2 is produced independently of IL-1, (2) IL-1 production is triggered only when monocytes (and lymphocytes?) adhere to microcarriers, (3) the expression of IL-2 receptors depends on IL-1, and (4) provided sufficient IL-1 is available, activation is enhanced in microgravity. Finally, cultures of resuspended PBLs and monocytes in microgravity constitute a complete and natural system in which monocytes are not operational. This may be useful for studies of the role of accessory cells and cell-cell interactions in T lymphocyte activation.

STS-40 Shuttle Project↗
DOE OSTI2026

FY26 Progress Report on the Operation of the Activated Materials Laboratory at the Advanced Photon Source as a Nuclear Science User Facilities Partner Facility

The Activated Materials Laboratory (AML), located in the Long Beamline Building of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), provides a centralized radiological capability for preparing, handling, and supporting synchrotron experiments on activated materials. As a Nuclear Science User Facilities (NSUF) partner facility, the AML enables the receipt of radioactive shipments, open-form sample handling, encapsulation, transport of specimens to and from APS beamlines, and experimentation with dedicated equipment. The partnership includes the APS 1-ID and 20-ID beamlines, which provide high-energy x-ray scattering, tomography, and diffraction microscopy techniques for ex-situ, in-situ, and grainresolved three-dimensional (3D) characterization. All samples supported through the AML and partner beamlines must meet radiological limits of less than 100 mrem/h at 30 cm. This FY26 progress report summarizes the first full year of AML operations as an NSUF partner facility and highlights progress in both user support and capability development. By the end of FY26, the AML had received a total of 10 NSUF-awarded projects, including 2 Consolidated Innovative Nuclear Research (CINR), 7 Rapid Turnaround Experiment (RTE), and 1 Super RTE projects. Beamtime was fully delivered for 3 RTE projects and partially delivered for 1 CINR project, demonstrating successful workflows for receipt, encapsulation, beamline transfer, and radiological experiment execution. These efforts demonstrated safe radiological experiments at APS beamlines for samples with dose rates above the historical 5 mrem/h threshold and now up to 100 mrem/h at 30 cm, marking an important milestone for neutron-irradiated materials research. During FY26, the AML also expanded its experimental capabilities. A Psylotech xTS load frame with in-grip rotation was deployed for room-temperature mechanical testing with threedimensional x-ray characterization during interrupted loading. A Linkam TS1500V vacuum heater was commissioned for thermally driven studies, and temperature calibration experiments were performed to establish specimen-relevant thermal profiles. In parallel, a customized split-tube furnace for high-temperature mechanical testing entered commissioning, and initial work began on robotic sample handling to reduce worker dose and improve operational efficiency. Data workflow and beamline operations continued to mature. Together, these developments demonstrate that the AML is becoming a unique national resource for safe, efficient, and scientifically advanced characterization of activated materials at the APS.

Zhang, Xuan↗
NASA NTRS1992

STS-47 Post Flight Press Conference

The flight crew of the STS-47 Space Shuttle Orbiter Endeavour Cmdr. Robert L. Gibson, Pilot Curtis L. Brown, Payload Cmdr. Mark C. Lee, Mission Specialists, N. Jan Davis, Jay Apt, Mae C. Jemison, and Payload Specialist, Mamoru Mohri, present an overview of their mission. This the 50th Shuttle flight marks the first NASA mission devoted primarily to Japan. Endeavour carries into Earth orbit Spacelab-J (SL-J), a 23-foot long pressurized laboratory built by the European Space Agency specifically for conducting experiments in a shirt-sleeve environment. SL-J contains 43 experiments, 34 provided by Japan, 7 from the United States and 2 joint experiments. Jemison becomes the first African American woman to fly in space and Mohri first Japanese to fly in space. Video footage includes the following: prelaunch and launch activities; various experiments including protein crystal growth, electronic materials, fluids, glasses and ceramics, metals and alloys, and the effects of microgravity on plants and animals; earth views of Japan, Tokyo Harbor, and Hurricane Bonnie; and the re-entry and landing of the orbiter.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2025

AGC-4 As-Run Uncertainty Analysis

The concept of measuring neutron flux (or fluence rate) with activation foils has existed since the late 1940s and is a well-used methodology. Activation foils are selected for their unique isotopic cross sections that create reaction products with desirable properties: relatively simple radioactive decay scheme, measurable quantities of gamma-rays or betas, and half-lives appropriate for the irradiation and decay durations of the experiment. The activation materials, deemed flux wires, fluence wires, dosimeters, or flux foils, are fabricated to have a mass appropriate for the irradiation as well so the measurement using a radiation detector following the irradiation is sufficient but not overwhelming in terms of total activity. Activation measurement results are expressed in terms of reaction rate, which can then be used to “adjust” the neutron spectrum. The Advanced Graphite Creep (AGC)-4 experiment contained 26 flux wire packages, each containing an iron and a niobium wire inside a vanadium capsule. For all stackup positions, the value of fast to thermal neutrons is higher than expected, but the total neutron fluence is near the predicted value of ~2 x 1022 n/cm2. As compared to the predicted neutron spectrum, there are four takeaways in the results as compared to the predicted ATR irradiation: 1) Additional fast (fission) neutrons present, 2) Spectrum hardening due to temperature, 3) Spectrum hardening due to container attenuation, 4) Total neutron fluence is close to predicted values. Since the neutron energy spectrum is a key parameter when attributing neutron damage in materials, the adjusted energy-dependent spectrum and the total neutron fluence results from the dosimeters can be incorporated for future calculations.

11 - NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Revisiting heat treatment and surface activation of GaAs photocathodes: In situ studies using scanning tunneling microscopy and photoelectron spectroscopy

The lifetime of GaAs photocathodes in polarized electron guns is limited due to the delicate activation layer. An atomically clean and smooth GaAs surface is needed to deposit a robust activation layer, such as Cs 2 Te, with longer lifetime compared to traditional (Cs,O) activation. A previous experiment with Cs 2 Te activation on GaAs used heat cleaning temperatures around 400°C to avoid an increase in surface roughness [Bae et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 112, 154101 (2018)]. Furthermore, high-temperature heat cleaning around 580°C, which results in a relatively contamination-free surface, could be one possible way to improve quantum efficiency. However, one should be cautious about surface roughness degradation during high-temperature heat cleaning. In this paper, we report results of surface roughness measurements on native, heat cleaned, and (Cs,O) activated GaAs photocathodes under vacuum. The results, measured by ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy, show that the surface roughness improves as the heat cleaning temperature is increased, by at least a factor of three for 580°C heat cleaning, compared to the native sample. Activation with (Cs,O) is shown to increase surface roughness by a factor of four compared to a 580°C heat cleaned sample. This confirms that high-temperature heat cleaning can be useful for depositing good quality robust activation layers on GaAs. Additionally, we also report chemical analysis for each step of preparation for p-doped GaAs photocathodes using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), angle-resolved XPS, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Our results indicate that the (Cs,O) activation layer forms a sandwich structure consists of Cs and oxygen. We found no formation of any specific compound such as Cs 2 O or Cs 11 O 3 .

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS1995

STS-94 Day 08 Highlights

On this eighth day of the STS-94 mission, the flight crew, Cmdr. James D. Halsell, Jr., Pilot Susan L. Still, Payload Cmdr. Janice E. Voss, Mission Specialists Michael L. Gernhardt and Donald A. Thomas, and Payload Specialists Gregory T. Linteris and Roger K. Crouch conduct status checks and perform video documentation of some of the Microgravity Science Laboratory experiments and activities in the Spacelab. The first part of Pilot Susan Still's day involves monitoring orbiter systems and working an in-flight maintenance procedure with the Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment (SAREX).

Source record↗
NASA NTRS2003

STS-107 Flight Day 11 Highlights

This video shows the activities of the STS-107 crew (Rick Husband, Commander; William McCool, Pilot; Kalpana Chawla, David Brown, Michael Anderson, Laurel Clark, Mission Specialists; Ilan Ramon, Payload Specialist) during flight day 11 of the Columbia orbiter's final mission. In the video, crew members from the Blue Team (McCool, Brown, Anderson) and the Red Team (Husband, Chawla, Clark, Ramon) are shown at work on experiments in the SpaceHab RDM (Research Double Module), and performing other tasks. Much of the video is shot and narrated by Commander Husband. Mission Specialist Brown is shown operating the MEIDEX (Mediterranean Israeli Dust Experiment). Crew activities shown include making breakfast, entering sleep stations, and programming shuttle maneuvers necessary for the spaceborne experiments onboard. Earth views shown in the video include one of Egypt, Israel and Jerusalem.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2023

Laboratory investigation of hydraulic fracturing in granitic rocks using active and passive seismic monitoring

SUMMARY Knowledge of the fracturing processes can be important for the optimization of pressurized fluid injection operations in the deep underground rock mass. Active and passive seismic monitoring techniques have been used in the field for tracking or mapping the propagating hydraulic fracture. Although both these monitoring techniques provide valuable information about the generated fracture network, it is difficult for either technique to comprehensibly identify the different processes associated with hydraulic fracturing. The combined active and passive monitoring has the potential for better characterization of the complex hydraulic fracturing phenomena. In this study, laboratory hydraulic fracturing experiments with combined active and passive seismic monitoring were conducted on true triaxially loaded Barre granite cubes with different fluid injection rates. The seismic inelastic fracturing was detected by 16 passive acoustic emission sensors, where 3678 and 2370 seismic source events were detected for the high and low injection rate experiments, respectively. For active monitoring, strong variations in the attributes of signals were observed which were transmitted through four source–receiver pairs, placed both perpendicular and parallel to the generated hydraulic fracture. Positive velocity changes were observed for active sensor pairs with ray paths passing through the generated hydraulic fracture indicating fluid permeation, whereas isolated dry deformation was characterized by a slight but permanent velocity decrease. Compared to velocity, the energy of the active signals was 1–2 orders of magnitude more sensitive to different hydraulic fracturing processes. However, the sensitivity and signatures of the active signal attributes were found to be dependent on the frequency range and direction of ray path with respect to the location of the generated fracture network. Using the coupled evaluation of the active and passive signals we were able to systematically identify various hydraulic fracturing processes including: (1) aseismic deformation, (2) fracture initiation and fluid permeation, (3) pressure build-up, (4) fracture propagation and (5) pressure release and leak-off. The results of this study showed that combining the respective advantages of active and passive seismic techniques and using both of them to monitor the failure processes can facilitate a more comprehensive understanding and better control of the hydraulic stimulations in subsurface operations.

Geochemistry & Geophysics↗
NASA NTRS1980

Solar thermal power systems point-focusing thermal and electric applications projects. Volume 1: Executive summary

The activities of the Point-Focusing Thermal and Electric Applications (PETEA) project for the fiscal year 1979 are summarized. The main thrust of the PFTEA Project, the small community solar thermal power experiment, was completed. Concept definition studies included a small central receiver approach, a point-focusing distributed receiver system with central power generation, and a point-focusing distributed receiver concept with distributed power generation. The first experiment in the Isolated Application Series was initiated. Planning for the third engineering experiment series, which addresses the industrial market sector, was also initiated. In addition to the experiment-related activities, several contracts to industry were let and studies were conducted to explore the market potential for point-focusing distributed receiver (PFDR) systems. System analysis studies were completed that looked at PFDR technology relative to other small power system technology candidates for the utility market sector.

Marriott, A.↗
NASA NTRS1981

A new experiment to investigate the origin of optical activity using a low energy positron beam of controlled helicity

Previous experiments undertaken in search of a correlation between the origin of optical activity in biological molecules and the helicity of beta particles emitted in nuclear beta decay have not provided any useful results. A description is presented of an experiment in which a low energy polarized positron beam of controlled helicity interacts with an optically active material to form positronium in vacuum. Advantages of the current study compared to the previous experiments are mainly related to a much greater sensitivity. Initially, it will be possible to detect a helicity-dependent asymmetry in triplet positronium formation of 1 part in 10,000. Improvements to better than 1 part in 100,000 should be attainable.

Gidley, D. W.↗
NASA NTRS1989

PACOSS program status and results

Future large space systems (LSS), both civilian and military, will have performance objectives which require stringent pointing accuracies, relatively fast retargeting times, short settling times, accurate dynamic shape requirements, or combinations thereof. Many of these structures will be large but lightweight and will exhibit a dense, low-frequency modal spectrum with significant content within the control bandwidth. Although it is possible in principle to achieve structural vibration control with purely active means, experience with complex structures has shown that the realities of plant model inaccuracies and real sensor and actuator dynamics frequently combine to produce disappointing results. It was shown that a combination of passive and active control will result in a simpler system which can be expected to be more reliable and less expensive than a corresponding system utilizing active control exclusively. The goals of the Passive and Active Control of Space Structures (PACOSS) program consist of a thorough investigation of the relative roles of passive active vibration control, and the development of validated means of vibration control. The program approach, representative system article, dynamic test article, and test status and results are outlined.

Richards, K. E., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Precursor SSF utilization: The MODE experiments

The MIT Space Engineering Research Center is the principal investigator for a series of experiments which utilize the Shuttle Middeck as an engineering dynamics laboratory. The first, which flew on STS-48 in Sep. 1991, was the Middeck O-gravity Dynamics Experiment (MODE). This experiment focused on the dynamics of a scaled deployable truss, similar to that of SSF, and contained liquids in tanks. MODE will be reflown in the fall of 1993. In mid-1994, the Middeck Active Control Experiment (MACE) will examine the issues associated with predicting and verifying the closed loop behavior of a controlled structure in zero gravity. The paper will present experiment background, planning, operational experience, results, and lessons learned from these experiments which are pertinent to SSF utilization.

Crawley, Edward F.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Demonstration of an AI-driven workflow for autonomous high-resolution scanning microscopy

Abstract Modern scanning microscopes can image materials with up to sub-atomic spatial and sub-picosecond time resolutions, but these capabilities come with large volumes of data, which can be difficult to store and analyze. We report the Fast Autonomous Scanning Toolkit (FAST) that addresses this challenge by combining a neural network, route optimization, and efficient hardware controls to enable a self-driving experiment that actively identifies and measures a sparse but representative data subset in lieu of the full dataset. FAST requires no prior information about the sample, is computationally efficient, and uses generic hardware controls with minimal experiment-specific wrapping. We test FAST in simulations and a dark-field X-ray microscopy experiment of a WSe 2 film. Our studies show that a FAST scan of <25% is sufficient to accurately image and analyze the sample. FAST is easy to adapt for any scanning microscope; its broad adoption will empower general multi-level studies of materials evolution with respect to time, temperature, or other parameters.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
NASA NTRS1986

PACOSS program overview and status

Many future civilian and military large space structures (LSS) will have as performance objectives stringent pointing accuracies, short settling times, relatively fast response requirements, or combinations thereof. Many of these structures will be large, light weight, and will exhibit high structural modal density at low frequency and within the control bandwidth. Although it is possible in principle to achieve structural vibration control through purely active means, experience with complex structures has shown that the realities of plant model inaccuracies and sensor/actuator dynamics frequently combine to produce substandard performance. A more desirable approach is to apply passive damping technology to reduce the active control burden. Development of the technology to apply this strategy is the objective of the PACOSS (Passive and Active Control OF Space Structures) program. A key element in the PACOSS program is the Representative System Article (RSA). The RSA is a generic paper system that serves as a testbed for damping and controls studies. It also serves as a basis for design of the smaller Dynamic Test Article (DTA), a hardware testbed for the laboratory validation of analysis and design practices developed under PACOSS.

Rogers, L. C.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Vibration Control of Deployable Astromast Boom: Preliminary Experiments

This paper deals with the dynamic characterization of a flexible aerospace solar boom. The modeling issues and sine dwell vibration testing to determine natural frequencies and mode shapes of a continuous-longer on deployable ASTROMAST lattice boom are discussed. The details of the proof-of-concept piezoelectric active vibration experiments on a simple cantilever beam to control its vibrations are presented. The control parameters like voltage to the controller crystal and its location are investigated, to determine the effectiveness of control element to suppress selected resonant vibrations of the test specimen. Details of this experiment and plans for its future adaptation to the prototype structure are also discussed.

Swaminadham, M.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Smectite clays in Mars soil - Evidence for their presence and role in Viking biology experimental results

Evidence for the presence of smectite clays in Martian soils is reviewed and results of experiments with certain active clays simulating the Viking biology experiments are reported. Analyses of Martian soil composition by means of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and dust storm spectroscopy and Martian geological history strongly suggest the presence of a mixture of weathered ferro-silicate minerals, mainly nontronite and montmorillonite, accompanied by soluble sulphate salts, as major constituents. Samples of montmorillonite and nontronite incubated with (C-14)-formate or the radioactive nutrient medium solution used in the Viking Labeled Release experiment, were found to produce patterns of release of radioactive gas very similar to those observed in the Viking experiments, indicating the iron-catalyzed decomposition of formate as the reaction responsible for the Viking results. The experimental results of Hubbard (1979) simulating the results of the Viking Pyrolytic Release experiment using iron montmorillonites are pointed out, and it is concluded that many of the results of the Viking biology experiments can be explained in terms of the surface activity of smectite clays in catalysis and adsorption.

Banin, A.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Final science results: Spacelab J

This report contains a brief summary of the mission science conducted aboard Spacelab J (SL-J), a joint venture between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Space Development Agency (NASDA) of Japan. The scientific objectives of the mission were to conduct a variety of material and life science experiments utilizing the weightlessness and radiation environment of an orbiting Spacelab. All 43 experiments were activated; 24 in microgravity sciences (material processing, crystal growth, fluid physics, and acceleration measurement) and 19 in life sciences (physiology, developmental biology, radiation effects, separation processes, and enzyme crystal growth). In addition, more than a dozen experiments benefited from the extra day through either additional experiment runs or extended growth time.

Leslie, Fred↗