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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1973

Design and mathematical analysis of a three-mirror X-ray telescope based on ATM S-056 X-ray telescope hardware

The mathematical design of the aspheric third mirror for the three-mirror X-ray telescope (TMXRT) is presented, along with the imaging characteristics of the telescope obtained by a ray trace analysis. The present design effort has been directed entirely toward obtaining an aspheric third mirror which will be compatible with existing S-056 paraboloidal-hyperboloidal mirrors. This compatability will facilitate the construction of a prototype model of the TMXRT, since it will only be necessary to fabricate one new mirror in order to obtain a working model.

Foreman, J. W., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Elastohydrodynamic film thickness formula based on X-ray measurements with a synthetic paraffinic oil

An empirical elastohydrodynamic film thickness formula for heavily loaded contacts based upon X-ray film thickness measurements made with a synthetic paraffinic oil is presented. The deduced relation was found to adequately reflect the high load dependence exhibited by the measured minimum film thickness data at high Hertizian contact stresses, that is, above 1.04 x 10 to the ninth N/sq m (150,000 psi). Comparisons were made with the numerical results from a theoretical isothermal film thickness formula. The effects of changes in contact geometry, material, and lubricant properties on the form of the empirical model are also discussed.

Loewenthal, S. H.↗
NASA NTRS1974

International Cosmic Ray Conference, 13th, University of Denver, Denver, Colo., August 17-30, 1973, Proceedings. Volumes 1 & 2

Topics discussed include diffuse gamma rays, gamma ray sources (in particular, the Crab Nebula and Crab Pulsar), X-ray sources, isotopic and nuclear composition, spectra of nuclei, searches for antinuclei, studies of VH and VVH nuclei, measurements of electrons and positrons, the spectra of high-energy electrons, cosmic gamma rays, cosmic ray sources, interplanetary radial gradients, the theory and observation of electron modulation, short-period cosmic ray intensity variations, atmospheric and coupling effects on neutron monitors and muon telescopes, secondary particles and photons in the atmosphere, harmonics of diurnal variations, geomagnetic effects and cutoffs, planetary and interplanetary effects, solar particle access observations, long-term cosmic ray intensity modulation by solar activity and interplanetary effects, Forbush decreases, modulation and anisotropy of low-energy particles, the theory and models of solar particle propagation, solar flare particle composition, and relativistic solar particles. Individual items are announced in this issue.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1974

Pulsar observations and neutron star models

Information about the physical parameters of neutron stars is obtained from pulsar observations. The energy balance of the Crab Nebula and the Vela X remnant allows one to derive limits for the masses of the Crab and Vela pulsars. Glitch observations provide further clues on the masses of these two pulsars. The degree of confidence with which one should believe the derived numbers is pointed out. The possibility of observing neutron stars in binary systems as pulsating X-ray sources is discussed. Finally, the importance of observing redshifted gamma ray lines from the surface of neutron stars, and thus directly measuring either individual or statistical properties of these objects, is pointed out.

Boerner, G.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Rise time in 20-32 keV impulsive X-radiation

A new property of the X-ray impulsive component observed in solar flares is discussed, giving attention to the relation between the slope of the electron power spectrum and the rise time in the 20-32 keV X-ray spike. This particular energy range was chosen because it offered the greatest number of impulsive events while being sufficiently high to avoid contamination by soft X radiation. It is found for the thin-target model that the electron spectrum tends to be softer when the acceleration rate is smaller.

Vorpahl, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1974

A new measurement of the Her X-1 X-ray pulse profile

A triple peaked 1.24 sec. pulse profile in a 1-minute rocket borne exposure to Her X-1 was measured, in contrast to the doublepeaked profiles expected from models which maximize the X ray emission at the magnetic equator of an accreting neutron star. The profile exhibits statistically significant energy dependence, with the emission approximately greater than 12 keV having narrower peaks which lag (by approximately 5% of the pulse period) the corresponding peaks at lower energies. Approximately one third of the total emission from the source is nonpulsed.

Holt, S. S.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Interpretation of the pulsed gamma ray emission from Vela

A model is proposed for the Vela pulsar in which the radio emission originates near the surface of the neutron star while the pulsed gamma ray emission is produced by synchrotron radiation near the speed of light cylinder. This model can explain the energy flux, double pulse structure, and phase shift with respect to the radio of the gamma ray emission and offers approximate quantitative predictions for other X-ray and gamma-ray fluxes.

Thompson, D. J.↗
NASA NTRS1976

The 35-D X-ray profile of Her X-1

Substantial X-ray emission as reported by Ariel 5 from Her X-l midway through the extended low-state portion of its 35-day cycle is examined. A similar feature during another cycle measured from UHURU satellite is also examined. It is proposed that this feature should occur regularly, consistent with some models for the mass accretion disc which have been reported in the literature. The results of the analysis of 500 days of Ariel-5 All-Sky Monitor data are reported which support the view that the feature occurs regularly in the 35-day cycle.

Holt, S. S.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Coordinated X-ray optical and radio observations of YZ Canis Minoris

Coordinated X ray, optical, and radio observations of the flare star YZ CMi are reported. Twenty-two minor optical flares and twelve radio events were recorded. No major optical flares, greater than 3 magnitudes, were observed. Although no flare related X ray emission was observed, the measured upper limits in this band enable meaningful comparisons with published flare star models. Three of the five models predicting the relative X ray to optical or radio flare luminosities are in serious disagreement with the observations. For the largest optical flare with coincident X ray coverage, the 3 sigma upper limit on X ray emission in the 0.15 to 0.8 keV band is 8.7 x 10 to the 28th power erg/s, corresponding to a ratio of X ray to B-band luminosity of less than 0.3. Based on the present results, the contribution of the flares UV Ceti flare stars to the galactic component of the diffuse soft X ray background is less than 0.2 percent.

Karpen, J. T.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Backscatter of hard X-rays in the solar atmosphere

The solar photosphere backscatters a substantial fraction of the hard X rays from solar flares incident upon it. This reflection was studied using a Monte Carlo simulation which takes into account Compton scattering and photo-electric absorption. Both isotropic and anisotropic X ray sources are considered. The bremsstrahlung from an anisotropic distribution of electrons are evaluated. By taking the reflection into account, the inconsistency is removed between recent observational data regarding the center-to-limb variation of solar X ray emission and the predictions of models in which accelerated electrons are moving down toward the photosphere.

Bai, T.↗
NASA NTRS1977

X-ray spectra of Hercules X-1. 1: Iron line fluorescence from a subrelativistic shell

The X-ray spectrum of Hercules X-1 was observed in the energy range 2-24 keV from August 29 to September 3, 1975. A broad iron line feature is observed in the normal high state spectrum. The line equivalent width is given along with its full-width-half-maximum energy. Iron line fluorescence from an opaque, cool shell of material at the Alfven surface provides the necessary luminosity in this feature. The line energy width can be due to Doppler broadening if the shell is forced to corotate with the pulsar at a radius 800 million cm. Implications of this model regarding physical conditions near Her X-1 are discussed.

Pravdo, S. H.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Uhuru observations of Hercules X-1 during the low state of the 35-day cycle

X-ray emission from Her X-1 has been observed during the 23-day low state of the 35-day cycle. During this time, all the activity normally present during the high state was seen, including regular eclipses, absorption 'dips,' and 1.24-s pulsations. The present observations are compared with the models of Her X-1 derived by Roberts (1974), Gerend and Boynton (1976), Katz (1973), and Petterson (1975). It is suggested that a hot optically thin corona along both faces of the accretion disk can produce the unpulsed component of emission observed during both the high- and low-intensity states.

Jones, C.↗
NASA NTRS1977

X-ray spectra of Hercules X-1. I - Iron line fluorescence from a subrelativistic shell

The X-ray spectrum of Her X-1 was observed in the energy range from 2 to 24 keV from August 29 to September 3, 1975. Emission features are observed near the K-alpha iron-line energy which exhibit both broadening and a double line structure. The total luminosity in these features is about 4 by 10 to the 35th power ergs/s. Iron line fluorescence from an opaque cool (not exceeding 1 million K) shell of material at the Alfven surface provides the necessary luminosity in this feature. The double line structure and the line energy width can be due to Doppler shifts if the shell is forced to corotate with the pulsar at a radius of at least 800 million cm. Implications of this model regarding physical conditions near Her X-1 are discussed.

Pravdo, S. H.↗
NASA NTRS1978

X-ray spectra of Hercules X-1. 3: Pulse phase dependence in high energy continuum

Pulse phase-dependent spectral changes in the high energy (less than 20 keV) continuum of Hercules X-1 were observed. Cyclotron absorption of underlying continua can reproduce the observed angular dependence in the high energy cutoff. Implications of this model, which include the possibility of determining the angular separation between the line of sight and the neutron star magnetic field if the absorbing electron spectrum is known are discussed.

Pravdo, S. H.↗
NASA NTRS1978

The case for a burst from 3U 0614+09

A single flare event with a rise time of about 7 s and a decay time of approximately 40 s was observed by the Goddard cosmic X-ray spectroscopy experiment on OSO-8 during observations of 3U 0614+09 in September 1975. The possibility is discussed that the source was 3U 0614+09, which has been compared with the low-mass binary Sco X-1. The spectra during the event could be fitted with blackbody (kT = 0.8-1.1 keV) or thermal bremsstrahlung (kT = 1.1-2.5 keV) models with absorption by cool material. In the blackbody model the source was of the order of 1 million cm in size.

Swank, J. H.↗
NASA NTRS1978

An upper limit to the linear X-ray polarization of Scorpius X-1

A measurement of Sco X-1 with the graphite-crystal polarimeters on the OSO 8 satellite yields upper limits (3 sigmas) to the linear polarization of 2.7% and 4.9% at 2.6 keV and 5.2 keV, respectively. The results are discussed in terms of an accretion-disk model.

Weisskopf, M. C.↗
NASA NTRS1978

The thermal phase of a large solar flare

EUV and X-ray observations are used to derive the differential emission measures, temperatures, densities, radiative and conductive cooling rates, and thermal energy content of a class 2B flare that occurred on September 7, 1973. The results of the analysis indicate that (1) most of the flare plasma was at temperatures between 3 and 10 million degrees; (2) the peak temperature decreased with time from about 8 million K to 5 million K over a period of 3.5 hours; (3) the differential emission measure steadily decreased with time at nearly all temperatures; (4) both radiation and conduction were important cooling mechanisms for the plasma at temperatures above 100,000 K; and (5) a substantial amount of energy, of the order of 3 x 10 to the 31st power ergs, was deposited in the flare loops after flare maximum. The empirically determined flare parameters are compared with similar parameters derived from a simple theoretical loop model.

Withbroe, G. L.↗