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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2020

Causes and Effects of AIRS Optics Temperature Cycles

In addition to the expected orbital thermal cycle, geophysical conditions with high thermal and reflected upwelling infrared (IR) drive measurable changes in the AIRS instrument with a period of 24 hours. Especially hot and bright scenes are important, with about 30% of the variability driven by thermal IR and 70% by reflected IR. We show how these cycles manifest in the instrument telemetry for temperatures and gain and with careful analysis can even be detected in spectral shifts.Thermal cycles are an unavoidable feature of instruments observing upwelling radiances from Earth, because the signal inherently carries varying amounts of energy into the instrument. Temperature control of the optical bench, on-board calibrator blackbody, and Focal Plane Array (FPA) in AIRS reduce the impacts of temperature variability to extremely small levels. This combined with good on-board telemetry of the temperatures and including temperature variability in our calibration algorithm has resulted in an instrument that achieves ‘climate quality’ measurements. Careful instrument and algorithm design allows us to characterize and document the impact of temperature variability and limit the effects to negligible levels, helping the instrument meet important climate-quality criteria specified in Ohring 2005

Overoye, Kenneth↗
NASA NTRS2021

The Response of the Ozone Layer Under Abrupt 4xCO2 in CMIP6

Previous studies indicate a possible role of stratospheric ozone chemistry feedbacks in the climate response to 4xCO2, either via a reduction in equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) (Nowack et al.,2015), or via changes in the tropospheric circulation (Chiodo and Polvani, 2017). However, these effects are subject to uncertainty. Part of the uncertainty may stem from the dependency of the feedback on the pattern of the ozone response, as the radiative efficiency of ozone largely depends on its vertical distribution (Lacis et al., 1990). Here, an analysis is presented of the ozone layer response to 4xCO2 in chemistry–climate models (CCMs) which participated to CMIP intercomparisons. In a previous study using CMIP5 models, it has been shown that under 4xCO2, ozone decreases in the tropical lower stratosphere, and increases over the high latitudes and throughout the upper stratosphere. It was also found that a substantial portion of the spread in the tropical column ozone is tied to inter-model spread in tropical upwelling, which is in turn tied to ECS (Chiodo et al., 2018). Here, we revisit this connection using 4xCO2 data from CMIP6, thereby exploiting the larger number of CCMs than in CMIP5. In addition, we explore the linearity of the ozone response, by complementing the analysis with simulations using lower CO 2 forcing levels (2xCO2). We show that the pattern of the ozone response in is similar to CMIP5. In some models (e.g. WACCM), we find larger ozone responses in CMIP6 than in CMIP5, partly because of the larger ECS and thus larger upwelling response in the tropical pipe. In this presentation, we will discuss the relationship between radiative forcing, transport and ozone, as well as further implications for CMIP6 models.

Ozone layer↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Evaluation of TAO Observation System on ENSO Predictions from the GMAO S2S Forecast System

Since the early 1990’s, the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) mooring array has been instrumental for observing Kelvin and Rossby wave propagation which is key for El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction. However, recent funding and programmatical issues have highlighted the need to rigorously assess the impact of the TAO observing system on ENSO predictions. Therefore, we evaluate the TAO using data assimilation observation denial experiments (also known as Observing System Evaluation or OSE experiments). This presentation will evaluate the TAO observing impact on both reanalyses and prediction of the big 2015 El Nino. We have completed reanalyses for July 2014-Dec 2015 for both the CONTROL experiment (that assimilates all available data) and the NOTAO experiment (that is identical to the CONTROL but withholds all TAO observations) using the best available NASA GEOS-S2S V3 seasonal prediction system. Validation of these reanalyses shows that TAO assimilation generally improves comparisons of temperature and salinity versus gridded in situ observations. Temperature is universally improved above the thermocline near the equator, but the biggest improvement is found in the eastern Pacific, just below the thermocline, where the variation of the thermocline defines ENSO events. In addition, a surprising result is that even with relatively few observations, salinity is improved throughout the equatorial region except near 120oW near the surface. ENSO forecasts were performed that were initialized from these CONTROL and NOTAO reanalyses. For the 9-month forecasts which were initialized in January, July, and October 2015, the NINO3.4 SST shows that the CONTROL forecasts are warmer and closer to observations than the NOTAO forecasts. We will show that upwelling and shoaling of the mixed layer amplifies the ENSO signal due to TAO assimilation. Prior to (after) April 2015, this upwelling is caused by relatively stronger Rossby (Kelvin) waves in the CONTROL than in the NOTAO experiments.

E. Hackert↗
DOE OSTI2013

3D characterization of the Astor Pass geothermal system, Nevada

The Astor Pass geothermal system resides in the northwestern part of the Pyramid Lake Paiute Reservation, on the margins of the Basin and Range and Walker Lane tectonic provinces in northwestern Nevada. Seismic reflection interpretation, detailed analysis of well cuttings, stress field analysis, and construction of a 3D geologic model have been used in the characterization of the stratigraphic and structural framework of the geothermal area. The area is primarily comprised of middle Miocene Pyramid sequence volcanic and sedimentary rocks, nonconformably overlying Mesozoic metamorphic and granitic rocks. Wells drilled at Astor Pass show a ~1 km thick section of highly transmissive Miocene volcanic reservoir with temperatures of ~95°C. Seismic reflection interpretation confirms a high fault density in the geothermal area, with many possible fluid pathways penetrating into the relatively impermeable Mesozoic basement. Stress field analysis using borehole breakout data reveals a complex transtensional faulting regime with a regionally consistent west-northwest-trending least principal stress direction. Considering possible strike-slip and normal stress regimes, the stress data were utilized in a slip and dilation tendency analysis of the fault model, which suggests two promising fault areas controlling upwelling geothermal fluids. Both of these fault intersection areas show positive attributes for controlling geothermal fluids, but hydrologic tests show the ~1 km thick volcanic section is highly transmissive. Thus, focused upwellings along discrete fault conduits may be confined to the Mesozoic basement before fluids diffuse into the Miocene volcanic reservoir above. This large diffuse reservoir in the faulted Miocene volcanic rocks is capable of sustaining high pump rates. Understanding this type of system may be helpful in examining large, permeable reservoirs in deep sedimentary basins of the eastern Basin and Range and the highly fractured volcanic geothermal reservoirs in the Snake River Plain.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Applications of Hyporheic Zone Sampling for Assessing VOC Plume Engineered Remediation and Natural Attenuation Effectiveness - 20414

Determining the efficacy of engineered remedial actions and/or natural attenuation as an acceptable EPA Record of Decision (ROD) must address long-term temporal and spatial variability. Since final plume downslope destinations are aquifers and related surface streams and rivers, hyporheic zone sampling is essential. Comprehensive hyporheic sampling documents plume groundwater remediation prior to upwelling into stream benthic strata and natural attenuation within this dynamic zone itself. Our intensive sampling of the Savannah River Site (SRS) Chemical, Metals, and Pesticides (CMP) Pits VOC plume-fringe from 2005 to 2018 documented PCE natural attenuation and effectiveness of In Situ Thermal Treatment (ISTT). Most plume hyporheic upwelling was delimited to a 20 m inflow reach along Pen Branch. Our study utilized corroborative sampling methodologies: ambient hole-water grab samples: passive diffusion bags (PDB); and hole-core sediment samples to confirm station to station spatial and temporal trends. VOC hot spot detections were confirmed from both groundwater and soil core samples. VOC pathways through the Pen Branch hyporheic zone were assessed at hole-installation using sequential soil samples from augered cores and grab-samples of hole-bottom water. Longer term, composite water samples were collected from PDBs deployed for a minimum two-week equilibration period. Soil samples were collected from the 15 and 65 cm core levels in December 2017 and June 2018 at six stations. Additional core depths of 40 and 85 cm were sampled in June 2018 at the highest VOC station (5DB80). All samples were analyzed in an EPA certified lab by purge and trap GC-MS. Effectiveness of previous ISTT and soil vapor extraction (SVE) for this CMP Pits PCE plume, was clearly documented by significant downward trends in VOC at hyporheic zone stations prior to December 2015. Achieving final stage conversions of PCE daughter products to ethene and CO{sub 2} may be limited depending upon suitable interactions between hyporheic zone sediment morphology, hydrology, and redox conditions. Because declines in VOC daughter products at our hyporheic stations may also be caused by physical actions of dilution and dispersion rather than true biochemical dechlorination, full quantification of natural attenuation requires the use of compound-specific isotope ratio analysis (CSIA) and microbial 16S rRNA with qPCR. To assist these next-phase efforts, a natural attenuation index (NAI) was used to help produce quicker, more cost-effective decision making for locating CSIA and microbial sampling efforts. The NAI used natural logarithm transformed GC-MS results for station VOC degradation compounds versus VOC parent compounds. Wide differences were observed between stations. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2018

Hydrochemical constraints between the karst Tabular Middle Atlas Causses and the Saïs basin (Morocco): implications of groundwater circulation

The karst Tabular Middle Atlas Causses reservoir is the main drinking-water supply of Fez-Meknes region (Saïs Basin) in Morocco. Recent analyses showed a decline in associated groundwater chemical quality and increased turbidity. To understand this hydrosystem, four surveys were undertaken during fall and spring, 2009–2011. Hydrogeochemical studies coupled with isotopic analyses (δ{sup 18}O, δD and {sup 222}Rn) showed that the aquifers between the causses (mountains) and the Saïs Basin are of Liassic origin and at the southern extremities are of Triassic origin. Five recharge zones of different altitudes have been defined, including two main mixing zones in the south. Deuterium excess results suggest local recharge, while a plot of δ{sup 18}O versus δD characterizes a confined aquifer in the eastern sector. {sup 222}Rn results reveal areas of rapid exchanges with an upwelling time of less than 2 weeks. A schematic conceptual model is presented to explain the groundwater circulation system and the behavior of this karst system.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Geochemical and isotopic evidence on the recharge and circulation of geothermal water in the Tangshan Geothermal System near Nanjing, China: implications for sustainable development

Geothermal resources are practical and competitive clean-energy alternatives to fossil fuels, and study on the recharge sources of geothermal water supports its sustainable exploitation. In order to provide evidence on the recharge source of water and circulation dynamics of the Tangshan Geothermal System (TGS) near Nanjing (China), a comprehensive investigation was carried out using multiple chemical and isotopic tracers (δ{sup 2}H, δ{sup 18}O, δ{sup 34}S, {sup 87}Sr/{sup 86}Sr, δ{sup 13}C, {sup 14}C and {sup 3}H). The results confirm that a local (rather than regional) recharge source feeds the system from the exposed Cambrian and Ordovician carbonate rocks area on the upper part of Tangshan Mountain. The reservoir temperature up to 87 °C, obtained using empirical as well as theoretical chemical geothermometers, requires a groundwater circulation depth of around 2.5 km. The temperature of the geothermal water is lowered during upwelling as a consequence of mixing with shallow cold water up to a 63% dilution. The corrected {sup 14}C age shows that the geothermal water travels at a very slow pace (millennial scale) and has a low circulation rate, allowing sufficient time for the water to become heated in the system. This study has provided key information on the genesis of TGS and the results are instructive to the effective management of the geothermal resources. Further confirmation and even prediction associated with the sustainability of the system could be achieved through continuous monitoring and modeling of the responses of the karstic geothermal reservoir to hot-water mining.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2011

The Community Climate System Model Version 4

The fourth version of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) was recently completed and released to the climate community. This paper describes developments to all the CCSM components, and documents fully coupled pre-industrial control runs compared to the previous version, CCSM3. Using the standard atmosphere and land resolution of 1{sup o} results in the sea surface temperature biases in the major upwelling regions being comparable to the 1.4{sup o} resolution CCSM3. Two changes to the deep convection scheme in the atmosphere component result in the CCSM4 producing El Nino/Southern Oscillation variability with a much more realistic frequency distribution than the CCSM3, although the amplitude is too large compared to observations. They also improve the representation of the Madden-Julian Oscillation, and the frequency distribution of tropical precipitation. A new overflow parameterization in the ocean component leads to an improved simulation of the deep ocean density structure, especially in the North Atlantic. Changes to the CCSM4 land component lead to a much improved annual cycle of water storage, especially in the tropics. The CCSM4 sea ice component uses much more realistic albedos than the CCSM3, and the Arctic sea ice concentration is improved in the CCSM4. An ensemble of 20th century simulations runs produce an excellent match to the observed September Arctic sea ice extent from 1979 to 2005. The CCSM4 ensemble mean increase in globally-averaged surface temperature between 1850 and 2005 is larger than the observed increase by about 0.4 C. This is consistent with the fact that the CCSM4 does not include a representation of the indirect effects of aerosols, although other factors may come into play. The CCSM4 still has significant biases, such as the mean precipitation distribution in the tropical Pacific Ocean, too much low cloud in the Arctic, and the latitudinal distributions of short-wave and long-wave cloud forcings.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Evaluation of a Wave Powered Water Pump Performance by Ocean Field Testing and WEC-Sim Modeling

This submission from AMEC (the Atlantic Marine Energy Center) includes data from an ocean field deployment of a wave powered water pump in March 2023. The wave pump is an upweller device, designed to enhance macroalgal aquaculture. The wave pump device was deployed off the coast of Isles of Shoals Appledore Island in Maine, USA. The data were collected using a custom-built DAQ module comprised of Arduino Unos. GPS time stamp accompanies the data. The data are volumetric flow rate from the wave pump, and relative motion of the device between float and spar buoys. Flow rate is measured by flow meter, and relative motion is measured by lidar. Calibration data for the lidar and flow meter sensors are included. This data set also includes synchronous Sofar Spotter buoy data from a mooring approximately 300 feet away from the wave pump mooring. Video data from the deployment are included from both on-board the device sporadically throughout the deployment, and from a webcam for a short duration of the deployment. Hydrophone data were also taken co-currently, and are available by contacting Martin Wosnik at the University of New Hampshire. The Matlab code used to process the field data is incorporated. A biological assessment is included which aided the NEPA consultation process, prior to conducting the field deployment. A WEC-Sim numerical model of the wave pump, and a re-design effort are part of this work. Code used to validate the WEC-Sim model from the field data are also included.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2025

Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) Instrument Handbook

A Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) has been installed collocated with each deployed ECOR system at the Southern Great Plains (SGP), North Slope of Alaska (NSA), Tropical Western Pacific (TWP), ARM Mobile Facility 1 (AMF1), and ARM Mobile Facility 2 (AMF2). The surface energy balance system consists of upwelling and downwelling solar and infrared radiometers within one net radiometer, a wetness sensor, and soil measurements. The SEBS measurements allow the comparison of ECOR sensible and latent heat fluxes with the energy balance determined from the SEBS and provide information on wetting of the sensors for data quality purposes.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

Contribution to the development of DOE ARM Climate Modeling Best Estimate Data (CMBE) products: Satellite data over the ARM permanent and AMF sites (Final Report)

To support the LLNL ARM infrastructure team Climate Modeling Best Estimate (CMBE) data development, the University of North Dakota (UND)'s group will provide the LLNL team the NASA CERES and ISCCP satellite retrieved cloud and radiative properties for the periods when they are available over the ARM permanent research sites. The current available datasets, to date, are as follows: the CERES/TERRA during 200003-200812; the CERES/AQUA during 200207-200712; and the ISCCP during 199601-200806. The detailed parameters list below: (1) CERES Shortwave radiative fluxes (net and downwelling); (2) CERES Longwave radiative fluxes (upwelling) - (items 1 & 2 include both all-sky and clear-sky fluxes); (3) CERES Layered clouds (total, high, middle, and low); (4) CERES Cloud thickness; (5) CERES Effective cloud height; (6) CERES cloud microphysical/optical properties; (7) ISCCP optical depth cloud top pressure matrix; (8) ISCCP derived cloud types (r.g., cirrus, stratus, etc.); and (9) ISCCP infrared derived cloud top pressures. (10) The UND group shall apply necessary quality checks to the original CERES and ISCCP data to remove suspicious data points. The temporal resolution for CERES data should be all available satellite overpasses over the ARM sites; for ISCCP data, it should be 3-hourly. The spatial resolution is the closest satellite field of view observations to the ARM surface sites. All the provided satellite data should be in a format that is consistent with the current ARM CMBE dataset so that the satellite data can be easily merged into the CMBE dataset.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

Assessment of Geothermal Resource Potential at a High-Priority Area on the Utah Testing and Training Range–South (UTTR–S)

Field investigations conducted during 2011 support and expand the conclusion of the original Preliminary Report that discovery of a viable geothermal system is possible in the northwestern part of the Utah Testing and Training Range-South (UTTR-S), referred to henceforth as Focus Area 1. The investigations defined the southward extent of the Wendover graben into and near Focus Area 1, enhanced the understanding of subsurface conditions, and focused further geothermal exploration efforts towards the northwestern-most part of Focus Area 1. Specifically, the detailed gravity survey shows that the Wendover graben, first defined by Cook et al. (1964) for areas north of Interstate Highway 80, extends and deepens southwest-ward to the northwest corner of Focus Area 1. At its deepest point, the intersection with a northwest-trending graben there is favorable for enhanced permeability associated with intersecting faults. Processing and modeling of the gravity data collected during 2011 provide a good understanding of graben depth and distribution of faults bounding the graben and has focused the interest area of the study. Down-hole logging of temperatures in wells made available near the Intrepid, Inc., evaporation ponds, just north of Focus Area 1, provide a good understanding of the variability of thermal gradients in that area and corroborate the more extensive temperature data reported by Turk (1973) for the depth range of 300-500 m. Moderate temperature gradients in the northern part of the Intrepid area increase to much higher gradients and bottom-hole temperatures southeastward, towards graben-bounding faults, suggesting upwelling geothermal waters along those faults. Water sampling, analysis, and temperature measurements of Blue Lakes and Mosquito Willey's springs, on the western boundary of Focus Area 1, also show elevated temperatures along the graben-bounding fault system. In addition, water chemistry suggests origin of those waters in limestone rocks beneath the graben in areas with temperatures as high as 140 C (284 F). In conclusion, all of the field data collected during 2011 and documented in the Appendices of this report indicate that there is reasonable potential for a viable geothermal resource along faults that bound the Wendover graben. Prospects for a system capable of binary electrical generation are especially good, and the possibility of a flash steam system is also within reason. The next steps should focus on securing the necessary funding for detailed geophysical surveys and for drilling a set of temperature gradient wells to further evaluate the resource, and to focus deep exploration efforts in the most promising areas.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Do Coupled Climate Models Correctly Simulate the Upward Branch of the Deep Ocean Global Conveyor?

The large-scale meridional overturning circulation (MOC) connects the deep ocean, a major reservoir of carbon, to the other components of the climate system and must therefore be accurately represented in Earth System Models. Our project aims to address the specific question of the pathways and mechanisms controlling the upwelling branch of the MOC, a subject of significant disagreement between models and observational syntheses, and among general circulation models. Observations of these pathways are limited, particularly in regions of complex hydrography such as the Southern Ocean. As such, we rely on models to examine theories of the overturning circulation, both physically and biogeochemically. This grant focused on a particular aspect of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) where there is currently significant disagreement between models and observationally based analyses of the MOC, and amongst general circulation models. In particular, the research focused on addressing the following questions: 1. Where does the deep water that sinks in the polar regions rise to the surface? 2. What processes are responsible for this rise? 3. Do state-of-the-art coupled GCMs capture these processes? Our research had three key components: observational synthesis, model development and model analysis. In this final report we outline the key results from these areas of research for the 2007 to 2012 grant period. The research described here was carried out primarily by graduate student, Daniele Bianchi (now a Postdoc at McGill University, Canada), and Postdoc Stephanie Downes (now a Research Fellow at The Australian national University, Australia). Additional support was provided for programmers Jennifer Simeon as well as Rick Slater.

3He data Synthesis↗
DOE OSTI2018

Infrared Thermometer (IRT) Instrument Handbook

The Infrared Thermometer (IRT) is a ground-based radiation pyrometer that provides measurements of the equivalent blackbody brightness temperature of the scene in its field of view. The downwelling version has a narrow field of view for measuring sky temperature and for detecting clouds. The upwelling version has a wide field of view for measuring the narrowband radiating temperature of the ground surface.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
NASA NTRS1998

The Climatological Annual Cycle of Satellite-derived Phytoplankton Pigments in the Alboran Sea: A Physical Interpretation

The circulation and upwelling processes (coastal and gyre-induced) that control the phytoplankton distribution in the Alboran sea are examined by analyzing monthly climatological patterns of Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) pigment concentrations, sea surface temperatures, winds, and seasonal geostrophic fields.

Alboran sea phytoplankton distribution coastal upw↗
NASA NTRS2008

A Three-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation Scheme for the Regional Ocean Modeling System: Implementation and Basic Experiments

A three-dimensional variational data assimilation scheme for the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS), named ROMS3DVAR, has been described in the work of Li et al. (2008). In this paper, ROMS3DVAR is applied to the central California coastal region, an area characterized by inhomogeneity and anisotropy, as well as by dynamically unbalanced flows. A method for estimating the model error variances from limited observations is presented, and the construction of the inhomogeneous and anisotropic error correlations based on the Kronecker product is demonstrated. A set of single observation experiments illustrates the inhomogeneous and anisotropic error correlations and weak dynamic constraints used. Results are presented from the assimilation of data gathered during the Autonomous Ocean Sampling Network (AOSN) experiment during August 2003. The results show that ROMS3DVAR is capable of reproducing complex flows associated with upwelling and relaxation, as well as the rapid transitions between them. Some difficulties encountered during the experiment are also discussed.

California coastal ocean↗
DOE OSTI2020

Impact of UV-light and pH on the Fate of Tc, I, and U in Wetlands at Savannah River Site - 20230

The Savannah River Site (SRS) is one of the major nuclear facilities owned by the U.S Department of Energy. During the Cold War, these facilities produced large amounts of radioactive and hazardous waste. On site, three unlined seepage basins in the F-Area received approximately 1.8 billion gallons of low-level waste containing nitric acid, radionuclides, and dissolved metals due to plutonium and tritium production operations. The acidic nature of the waste created a source of relatively mobile radionuclides below the basins. Radionuclides previously disposed of within the F-Area, including uranium isotopes (U), technetium-99 (Tc-99), and iodine-129 (I-129), are moving with groundwater towards Four Mile Branch Wetland, where they are subsequently upwelling and interacting with natural organic matter (NOM). Many environmental factors including redox conditions, porewater composition, pH, light, and temperature affect the degradation of organic matter as well as interactions with Tc-99, U, and I-129. In particular, the high concentrations of nitrate from the acidic waste may increase the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that impact both degradation of NOM and behavior of contaminants. In the presence of sunlight, I-129, Tc-99, and U speciation and complexation behavior may be affected by ROS and NOM degradation products in addition to the factors generally considered in subsurface systems in the absence of light. This research aims to determine whether the interactions between radionuclides, NOM, and nitrate affect the fate of I-129, Tc-99, and U and which processes are controlling their behavior. Experiments were conducted at variable pH in the presence of NaNO{sub 3} in order to determine the impact of light and pH on NOM degradation and to evaluate the impact on the fate of contaminants of concern. Soil samples high in NOM collected from two sites in the Southeastern United States (Savannah River Site and the Everglades) were studied. Batch experiments were conducted with NOM and the following aqueous contaminants, U, I-129, Tc-99 with exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light in an environmental chamber. This study was conducted in a sterile environment in order to exclude the potential for microbial degradation of organic matter. Results indicated photodegradation of NOM and significant interaction of radionuclides with NOM. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗