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At least 343 records · Page 19

An experimental investigation of the chopping of helicopter main rotor tip vortices by the tail rotor. Part 2: High speed photographic study

The interaction of a free vortex and a rotor was recorded photographically using oil smoke and stroboscopic illumination. The incident vortex is normal to the plane of the rotor and crosses the rotor plane. This idealized aerodynamic experiment most nearly corresponds to helicopter flight conditions in which a tip vortex from the main rotor is incident upon the tail rotor while hovering. The high speed photographs reveal important features not observed using conventional photography where the image is the time average of varying instantaneous images. Most prominent is the strong interaction between the rotor tip vortex system and the incident vortex, resulting in the roll-up of the incident vortex around the (stronger) tip vortices and the resulting rapid destabilization of the deformed incident vortex. The viscous interaction is clearly shown also. Other forms of instabilities or wave-like behavior may be apparent from further analysis of the photographs.

Cary, Charles M.↗

Aeroelasticity and structural optimization of rotor blades with swept tips

In the present FEM scheme for the aeroelastic modeling of a swept-tip rotor blade, the swept tip of the blade is assumed to undergo moderate deflections in the flap, lag, and torsion degrees-of-freedom. The nonlinear PDEs of motion are discretized by a Galerkin-type FEM. This aeroelastic stability-and-response computational capability is combined with a structural optimization analysis to minimize the n/rev vertical hub shears in forward flight, subject to aeroelastic stability and frequency placement constraints. Tip sweep is used as a design variable to reduce vibration levels in forward flight.

Friedmann, P. P.↗

User's manual for PEPSIG NASA tip vortex version

The tip vortex flowfield plays a significant role in the performance of advanced aircraft propellers. The flowfield in the tip region is complex, three-dimensional and viscous with large secondary velocities. A computer code was developed to predict the tip vortex flowfield of advanced aircraft propellers. This document is the user's manual. The analysis and a series of test cases are presented in NASA-CR-182179.

Tsai, Tommy M.↗

An investigation of counterrotating tip vortex interaction

A tip vortex interaction model originally developed for compressors has been extended and adapted for use with counterrotating open rotors. Comparison of available acoustic data with predictions (made with and without the tip vortex model included) illustrate the importance of this interaction effect. This report documents the analytical modeling, a limited experimental verification, and certain key parametric studies pertaining to the tip vortex as a noise source mechanism for the unsteady loading noise of counterrotating properllers.

Majjigi, R. K.↗

Characterization of the tip field of a discrete dislocation pileup for the development of physically based micromechanics

It is shown, on the basis of calculations by Eshelby et al. (1951), Armstrong et al. (1966), and Chou and Li (1969), that a single parameter, such as the force on the leading dislocation (F), the crack extension force, or the stress intensity factor, is capable of characterizing uniquely the entire tip field of a discrete dislocation pileup, including the positions of mobile dislocations behind the locked leading dislocation at the tip. Conversely, the position of the i-th mobile dislocation X(i) is related to the value of F and is capable of characterizing the entire stress, strain, and displacement fields at the tip of a discrete dislocation pileup. If the interactions between dislocations are linear elastic, the measured positions of the mobile dislocations can be used to determine the value of F, which can then be used as a quantitative measure of the strength of a dislocation barrier resisting the propagation of a microslip or the nucleation of a microfracture.

Gao, Q.↗

Contact Probe With Pivoting Tip

Sensor probe follows curved contours, always keeping sensor in contact with contoured surface. Includes freely pivoting tip, which contains sensor. Spring holds tip in contact with surface being scanned. As user moves probe along surface, force of contact keeps tip oriented along local perpendicular to surface. Slopes of up to 90 degrees from axis of probe accommodated.

Amos, Jay M.↗

Thermal and solutal conditions at the tips of a directional dendritic growth front

The line-of-sight averaged, time-dependent dendrite tip concentrations for the diffusion dominated vertical directional solidification of a metal model (ammonium chloride and water) were obtained by extrapolating exponentially fit diffusion layer profiles measured using a laser interferometer. The tip concentrations were shown to increase linearly with time throughout the diffusion dominated growth process for an initially stagnant dendritic array. The process was terminated for the cases chosen by convective breakdown suffered when the conditionally stable diffusion layer exceeded the critical Rayleigh criteria. The transient tip concentrations were determined to significantly exceed the values predicted for steady state, thus producing much larger constitutional undercoolings. This has ramifications for growth speeds, arm spacings and the dendritic structure itself.

Mccay, T. D.↗

Exploratory investigation of a spanwise blowing concept for tip-stall control on cranked-arrow wings

A novel blowing concept aimed at controlling the tip-panel stall of 'cranked-arrow' type wings was experimentally investigated. A spanwise-directed jet sheet tangential to the upper surface, blown from a chordwise slot located at the crank, interacts obliquely with the external flow to generate a powerful and highly controllable vortex, substantially covering the tip panel. The incremental suction due to this jet vortex, coupled with its flow stabilization effect improves the tip-panel maximum lift and stall characteristics, leading to pitch-up alleviation and lateral control augmentation. Low-speed wind tunnel flow visualizations, pressure measurements and force/moment results are presented validating the flow-control concept and illustrating its potential on a generic crank-arrow wing model.

Rao, Dhanvada M.↗

Oxygen-Free Welding Contact Tips

Contact tips for gas/metal arc welding (GMAW) fabricated from oxygen-free copper. Prototype tips tested in robotic welding, for which application intended. Reduces electrical erosion, increases electrical conductivity, and reduces mechanical wear. Productivity of robotic welding increases while time during welding interrupted for removal and replacement of contact tips minimal. Improves alignment of joints and filler metal, reducing rate of rejection and repair of unacceptable weldments. Utility extends beyond aerospace industry to mass production of various types of hardware, including heavy off-highway construction equipment.

Pike, James F.↗

Capacitance-type blade-tip clearance measurement system using a dual amplifier with ramp/dc inputs and integration

The analysis and prototype results of a dual-amplifier circuit for measuring blade-tip clearance in turbine engines are presented. The capacitance between the blade tip and mounted capacitance electrode within a guard ring of a probe forms one of the feedback elements of an operational amplifier (op amp). The differential equation governing the circuit taking into consideration the nonideal features of the op amp was formulated and solved for two types of inputs (ramp and dc) that are of interest for the application. Under certain time-dependent constraints, it is shown that (1) with a ramp input the circuit has an output voltage proportional to the static tip clearance capacitance, and (2) with a dc input, the output is proportional to the derivative of the clearance capacitance, and subsequent integration recovers the dynamic capacitance. The technique accommodates long cable lengths and environmentally induced changes in cable and probe parameters. System implementation for both static and dynamic measurements having the same high sensitivity is also presented.

Sarma, Garimella R.↗

An Analysis of the Autorotative Performance of a Helicopter Powered by Rotor-Tip Jet Units

The autorotative performance of an assumed helicopter was studied to determine the effect of inoperative jet units located at the rotor-blade tip on the helicopter rate of descent. For a representative ramjet design, the effect of the jet drag is to increase the minimum rate of descent of the helicopter from about 1,OO feet per minute to 3,700 feet per minute when the rotor is operating at a tip speed of approximately 600 feet per second. The effect is less if the rotor operates at lower tip speeds, but the rotor kinetic energy and the stall margin available for the landing maneuver are then reduced. Power-off rates of descent of pulse-jet helicopters would be expected to be less than those of ramjet. helicopters because pulse jets of current design appear to have greater ratios of net power-on thrust to power-off, drag than currently designed rain jets. Iii order to obtain greater accuracy in studies of autorotative performance, calculations in'volving high power-off rates of descent should include the weight-supporting effect of the fuselage parasite-drag force and the fact that the rotor thrust does not equal the weight of the helicopter.

AUTOROTATION↗

The wing with a pointed tip

In airplane construction generally one finds an almost exclusive use of wing tips that are practically square end but occasionally those with large rounded tips. For use as a cantilever wing, however, a wing with pointed tips may contain valuable aerodynamic advantages.

WINGS - DESIGN WING, TAPERED↗

Performance Characteristics of an Axial-flow Transonic Compressor Operating up to Tip Relative Inlet Mach Number of 1.34

Performance data are presented for a transonic axial-flow compressor rotor designed to operate at a tip speed of 1300 ft/sec with maximum relative tip Mach number of 1.37. The compressor had an inlet diameter of 16 inches, a hub-tip diameter ratio of 0.5 and design specific weight flow of 31.1 (lb/sec/(sq ft frontal area). Experimental values of relative total-pressure-loss coefficient were considerably higher than the assumed values. This disparity, hub choking, and application of the simple radial-equilibrium concept are discussed. The data of this report are used to extend previously presented correlation plots of compressor design parameters to higher Mach numbers.

Creagh, John W R↗

Full-Scale Tests of Metal Propellers at High Tip Speeds

This report describes tests of 10 full-scale metal propellers of several thickness ratios at various tip speeds up to 1,350 feet per second. The results indicate no loss of efficiency up to tip speeds of approximately 1,000 feet per second. Above this tip speed the loss is at a rate of about 10 per cent per 100 feet per second increase relative to the efficiency at the lower speeds for propellers of pitch diameter ratios 0.3 to 0.4. Propellers having sections of small thickness ratio can be run at slightly higher speeds than thick ones before beginning to lose efficiency.

Wood, Donald H↗

The Influence of Tip Shape on the Wing Load Distribution as Determined by Flight Tests

Pressure measurements were made in flight on the right upper wing of an M-3 airplane. The effects of tip plan form, washout, and transverse camber were investigated with eight tip forms in unyawed conditions through the range of positive lift coefficients from zero lift to the stall. The conclusion is that the tip plan form does not influence the span distribution of the coefficients of normal force and moment. It is shown inferentially that temperature, humidity, and the aging of the wood and fabric wing structure used on the M-3 airplane have an appreciable influence on the load distribution.

Rhode, Richard V↗

Stability derivatives at supersonic speeds of thin rectangular wings with diagonals ahead of tip Mach lines

The investigation includes steady and accelerated vertical and longitudinal motions and steady rolling, yawing, sideslipping, and pitching for Mach numbers and aspect ratios greater than those for which the Mach line from the leading edge of the tip section intersects the trailing edge of the opposite tip section. The stability derivatives are derived with respect to principal body axes and then transformed to a system of stability axes. Theoretical results are obtained, by means of the linearized theory, for the surface-velocity-potential functions, surface-pressure distributions, and stability derivatives for various motions at supersonic speeds of thin flat rectangular wings without dihedral. In the case of yawing, a treatment for the infinitely long wing which takes account of the spanwise variation in the stream Mach number is extended to the finite wing, and a plausible, although not rigorous, solution is obtained for the wing tip effects.

Harmon, Sidney M↗

An Analysis of Pressure Studies and Experimental and Theoretical Downwash and Sidewash Behind Five Pointed-Tip Wings at Supersonic Speeds

Flow-angle and pressure surveys behind five, thin, pointed-tip wings of varying plan form have been made at Mach numbers 1.62 and 2.41. Schlieren studies at a Mach number 1.93 for the same five plan-form wings were made to illustrate the behavior of the vortex sheet. The surveys were conducted at 1.5, 3, and 4 root chords behind three triangular wings of 50 degree, 63 degree, and 72 degree leading-edge sweep angle, and behind the 50 degree triangular wing reversed. The flow behind a pointed-tip wing having a sweptback leading edge and a sweptforward trailing edge (both 50 degrees) was also surveyed. Experiment and one of the theoretical methods are compared for the reversed triangular wing and the pointed-tip wing with the 50 degree sweptback leading edge and sweptforward trailing edge.

Boatright, William B↗

An examination of the aerodynamic moment on rotor blade tips using flight test data and analysis

The analysis CAMRAD/JA is used to model two aircraft, a Puma with a swept-tip blade and a UH-60A Black Hawk. The accuracy of the analysis in predicting the torsion loads is assessed by comparing the predicted loads with measurements from flight tests. The influence of assumptions in the analytical model is examined by varying model parameters and comparing the predicted results to baseline values for the torsion loads. Flight test data from a research Puma are used to identify the source of torsion loads. These data indicate that the aerodynamic section moment in the region of the blade tip dominates torsion loading in high-speed flight. Both the aerodynamic section moment at the blade tip and the pitch-link loads are characterized by large positive (nose-up) moments in the first quadrant with rapid reversal of load so that the moment is negative in the second quadrant. Both the character and magnitude of this loading are missed by the CAMRAD/JA analysis.

Maier, Thomas H.↗