Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “TEM data”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2008

TEM Cell Testing of Cable Noise Reduction Techniques From 2 MHz to 200 MHz - Part 1

This paper presents empirical results of cable noise reduction techniques as demonstrated in a TEM cell operating with radiated fields from 2 - 200 MHz. It is the first part of a two-paper series. This first paper discusses cable types and shield connections. In the second paper, the effects of load and source resistances and chassis connections are examined. For each topic, well established theories are compared to data from a real-world physical system. Finally, recommendations for minimizing cable susceptibility (and thus cable emissions) are presented. There are numerous papers and textbooks that present theoretical analyses of cable noise reduction techniques. However, empirical data is often targeted to low frequencies (e.g. <50 KHz) or high frequencies (>100 MHz). Additionally, a comprehensive study showing the relative effects of various noise reduction techniques is needed. These include the use of dedicated return wires, twisted wiring, cable shielding, shield connections, changing load or source impedances, and implementing load- or source-to-chassis isolation. We have created an experimental setup that emulates a real-world electrical system, while still allowing us to independently vary a host of parameters. The goal of the experiment was to determine the relative effectiveness of various noise reduction techniques when the cable is in the presence of radiated emissions from 2 MHz to 200 MHz. The electronic system (Fig. 1) consisted of two Hammond shielded electrical enclosures, one containing the source resistance, and the other containing the load resistance. The boxes were mounted on a large aluminium plate acting as the chassis. Cables connecting the two boxes measured 81 cm in length and were attached to the boxes using standard D38999 military-style connectors. The test setup is shown in Fig. 2. Electromagnetic fields were created using an HP8657B signal generator, MiniCircuits ZHL-42W-SMA amplifier, and an EMCO 5103 TEM cell. Measurements were taken using an Agilent E4401B spectrum analyzer and HP1141a differential probes.

Bradley, Arthur T.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Correlating microstructure and mechanical properties of harvested high dose Zorita light water reactor internals

Here, in this study, microstructural studies and micro-mechanical testing of an ex-plant material harvested from the decommissioned pressurized water reactor (PWR) is carried out. Irradiated 304 stainless steel (SS) components were harvested by the Electric Power Research Institute, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and members of the José Cabrera Nuclear Power Station (Zorita) in Spain. The bi-crystalline micro-tensile specimens, atom probe tomography (APT) tips, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) lamellae were fabricated from the baffle plate materials irradiated to 0.05, 15 and 50 dpa to elucidate microstructural, microchemical, and local mechanical properties changes as a function of dose. TEM and APT studies reveal radiation induced Ni, Cr, and Si rich precipitates in the 15 dpa sample that become smaller and partially redissolve into the matrix of the 50 dpa sample (decreasing size and number density). Dislocation loop and cavity number density and size were quantified as a function of dose as well as swelling. Intergranular Ni and Si enrichments with concomitant Fe and Cr depletion were observed in the 15 dpa sample and were more pronounced in the 50 dpa sample. Micro-tensile testing performed in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) at room temperature and 300 °C shows that the material's local yield strength and ultimate tensile strength decreases with increased dose and elevated test temperature and provides further insights via localized strain mapping. Current and previous mechanical data was compared with calculated values using the dispersed barrier hardening model with inputs of dislocation loops, precipitates, and cavities from microstructural characterization.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Corrosion resistance of ZrO{sub 2}–TiO{sub 2} nanocomposite multilayer thin films coated on carbon steel in hydrochloric acid solution

This work reports the achievement of preparing of x% zirconia (ZrO{sub 2})–titania (TiO{sub 2}) composite coatings with different ZrO{sub 2} percent on the carbon steel by dipping substrates in sol–gel solutions. The prepared coated samples were investigated by various surface techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). Open-circuit potential (OCP), potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods were employed to investigate the corrosion resistance of the coated carbon steel substrates in 1.0 M HCl solution at 50 °C. The data showed that, the corrosion protection property is not always proportional to the percent of ZrO{sub 2}. It can be inferred that there is an optimum percent (10%ZrO{sub 2}) for beneficial effects of loading ZrO{sub 2} on the protection efficiency (98.70%), while higher loading percent of ZrO{sub 2} in the sol–gel coating leads to the formation of a fragile film with poor barrier properties. EDAX/SEM suggests that the metal surface was protected through coating with ZrO{sub 2}–TiO{sub 2} composite films. - Highlights: • Sol–gel TiO{sub 2} doped with ZrO{sub 2} films deposited on carbon steel substrate • XRD measurements of x wt.% ZrO{sub 2}–TiO{sub 2} showed the (101) peaks broader than that of TiO{sub 2}. • SEM results proved that, the cracking decreases with the number of layers. • The prepared films can improve the corrosion resistance of the carbon steel substrate. • 10%ZrO{sub 2} loading is the optimal percent for useful effects on the corrosion resistance.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

3D reconstruction of the magnetic vector potential using model based iterative reconstruction

Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations of magnetic nanoparticles contain information on the magnetic and electrostatic potentials. Vector field electron tomography (VFET) can be used to reconstruct electromagnetic potentials of the nanoparticles from their corresponding LTEM images. The VFET approach is based on the conventional filtered back projection approach to tomographic reconstructions and the availability of an incomplete set of measurements due to experimental limitations means that the reconstructed vector fields exhibit significant artifacts. In this paper, we outline a model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) algorithm to reconstruct the magnetic vector potential of magnetic nanoparticles. We combine a forward model for image formation in TEM experiments with a prior model to formulate the tomographic problem as a maximum a-posteriori probability estimation problem (MAP). The MAP cost function is minimized iteratively to determine the vector potential. Here, a comparative reconstruction study of simulated as well as experimental data sets show that the MBIR approach yields quantifiably better reconstructions than the VFET approach.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Structural and morphological characterization of Mg{sub 0.8}Al{sub 0.2}(OH){sub 2}Cl{sub 0.2} hydrotalcite produced by mechanochemistry method

Chlorine intercalated Mg–Al layered double hydroxides (Mg–Al–Cl–LDH) with a chemical formula Mg{sub 0.8}Al{sub 0.2}(OH){sub 2}Cl{sub 0.2} were successfully produced by the one-step mechanochemistry method and subsequent water washing followed by drying in oven for 1 h at 80 °C. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), elemental mapping analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and the differential thermogravimetric analysis (DTGA). Results revealed that the structural characteristics of Mg–Al–Cl–LDH were affected strongly by milling time. At the beginning of milling (up to 1 h), Hydrotalcite (HT) and Brucite were the dominant phases, while the progressive mechanical activation was completed as milling time increased, which resulted in the formation of nanostructured Mg–Al–Cl–LDH. Based on XRD and FTIR data, Mg{sub 0.8}Al{sub 0.2}(OH){sub 2}Cl{sub 0.2} with high purity was obtained at 5 h milling. The interlayer spacing of LDH is also strongly influenced by milling time so that it escalated from 7.737±0.001 to 8.005±0.002 (1–15 h) and then decreased to 7.937±0.001 for 20 h milled sample. Electron microscopic observation displayed that the final product had hexagonal platelet structure with lateral dimension of 20–100 nm. Therefore, the synthesis of Mg{sub 0.8}Al{sub 0.2}(OH){sub 2}Cl{sub 0.2} via mechanochemistry owing to simplicity and versatility can be a promising candidate for use in catalyst carriers, drug delivery, and gene delivery. - Graphical Abstract: TEM image of milled sample (Mg–Al–Cl–LDH). - Highlights: • Chlorine intercalated LDH was synthesized by a facile solid-state process. • Structural features of products were influenced strongly by the milling time. • XRD and FTIR spectra suggested predominant Mg–Al–Cl–LDH after 5 h milling. • Products showed hexagonal platelet structure with lateral dimension of 20–100 nm.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Benchmark Analysis on Magnetic and Photoluminescence Properties of Selective Metal Ions Doped ZnS Nanoparticles

The creation of diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) at lower dimensions that exhibit room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) has been given immense significance for the fabrication of a new class of spintronic devices through utilizing spin degrees of freedom besides charge nature of electrons. In this view, nanocrystals of ZnS doped with 4% concentration of Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Mn, Sr, Cu, and Ce have been synthesized at room temperature (RT) by chemical co-precipitation method. The samples were examined by various characterization techniques like energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and photoluminescence (PL). EDS spectra revealed the existence of parent elements in the prepared samples. XRD characterization disclosed hexagonal structures of nanocrystals, and no secondary phases were observed in all the samples except for Cu and Ni doped ZnS. FTIR data confirmed the proper substitution of dopants in the host lattice as all the graphs have almost same stretchings. The magnetic nature of each sample was evaluated from M-H graphs of VSM, and it corroborated the transition of magnetic properties due to doping. Pristine ZnS showed diamagnetic nature, while Fe and Sr doped ZnS evinced strong ferromagnetic and anti-ferromagnetic properties, respectively. Photoluminescence studies on Ce, Sr and Mn doped ZnS samples revealed strong emission peaks with enhanced luminescence properties compared to bare ZnS. Cu, Cr and Mn doped ZnS exhibited a red shift in emission wavelengths, whereas Co doped ZnS showed emission peak shifted towards the blue region as compared to the host lattice.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Influence of SiC grain boundary character on fission product transport in irradiated TRISO fuel

The relationship between grain boundary character and fission product migration is identified as an important knowledge gap in order to advance the understanding of fission product release from TRISO fuel particles. Precession electron diffraction (PED), a TEM-based technique, was used in this study to quickly and efficiently provide the crystallographic information needed to identify grain boundary misorientation, grain boundary type (low or high angle) and whether the boundary is coincident site lattice (CSL) – related, in irradiated SiC. Analysis of PED data showed the grain structure of the SiC layer in an irradiated TRISO fuel particle from the AGR-1 experiment to be composed mainly of twin boundaries with a small fraction of low angle grain boundaries (<10%). In general, fission products favor precipitation on random, high angle grain boundaries but can precipitate out on low angle and CSL-related grain boundaries to a limited degree. Pd is capable of precipitating out on all types of grain boundaries but most prominently on random, high angle grain boundaries. Pd-U and Pd-Ag precipitates were found on CSL-related as well as random high angle grain boundaries but not on low angle grain boundaries. In contrast, precipitates containing only Ag were found only on random, high angle grain boundaries but not on either low angle or CSL-related grain boundaries.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2008

A Thermal Precipitator for Fire Characterization Research

Characterization of the smoke from pyrolysis of common spacecraft materials provides insight for the design of future smoke detectors and post-fire clean-up equipment on the International Space Station. A thermal precipitator was designed to collect smoke aerosol particles for microscopic analysis in fire characterization research. Information on particle morphology, size and agglomerate structure obtained from these tests supplements additional aerosol data collected. Initial modeling for the thermal precipitator design was performed with the finite element software COMSOL Multiphysics, and includes the flow field and heat transfer in the device. The COMSOL Particle Tracing Module was used to determine particle deposition on SEM stubs which include TEM grids. Modeling provided optimized design parameters such as geometry, flow rate and temperatures. Microscopy results from fire characterization research using the thermal precipitator are presented.

Meyer, Marit↗
DOE OSTI2019

Magnetic Properties of Mn-Substituted Zn–Mg- and Zn–Co-Nanosized Compounds

Mn-substituted Zn–Mg and Zn–Co with chemical formula Mn{sub 0.3}Mg{sub 0.2}TM{sub 0.5}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} (TM = Zn or Co) fine powders have been synthesized by glycol-thermal process. XRD results reveal the formation of a cubic phase without any impurity phases. TEM images show nearly spherical particles with fairly distributed particles with an average crystallite size of about 14 nm. {sup 57}Fe Mössbauer spectral studies show well-resolved magnetic splitting in the Mn–Mg–Co oxide due to stronger superexchange interactions. FC and ZFC magnetization data revealed the superparamagnetic nature of the compounds investigated. Mn–Mg–Zn nanoparticles are blocked at about 206 K while the maximum blocking temperature of Mn–Mg–Co-nanosized oxide is above 300 K. These differences were discussed on the basis of Stoner-Wohlfath relation T{sub B} = KV /25k{sub B}.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

In-situ observation of recrystallization in an AlMgScZr alloy using confocal laser scanning microscopy

In this work we present a novel in-situ approach to study the recrystallization behavior of age hardening alloys. We use confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) at 400 °C to investigate the static recrystallization of an AlMg4Sc0.4Zr0.12 alloy in-situ. The results are combined with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses. It was found that CLSM is a powerful tool to visualize both the local initiation and temporal sequence of recrystallization. After fast nucleation and initial growth, the grain growth rate decreases and the grain boundary migration stops after some minutes due to Zener pinning from Al{sub 3}(Sc,Zr) precipitates produced during the heat treatment. EBSD and TEM analyses confirm both the boundary movements and the particle-boundary interactions. - Highlights: • First time that CLSM is used to study recrystallization in-situ. • The start and end of recrystallization can be directly observed. • The procedure is easy to apply and requires only simple data interpretation. • In-situ observations on the surface correlate to modifications inside the bulk. • In-situ observations correlate to EBSD and EFTEM analyses.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

A consistent path for phase determination based on transmission electron microscopy techniques and supporting simulations

Here this work addresses aspects for the analysis of industrial relevant materials via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The complex phase chemistry and structural diversity of these materials require several characterization techniques to be employed simultaneously; unfortunately, different characterization techniques often lack connection to yield a complete and consistent picture. This paper describes a continuous path, starting with the acquisition of 3D diffraction data – alongside classical high-resolution imaging techniques – and linking the structural characterization of hard metal industrial samples with energy-loss fine-structure simulations, quantitative electron energy-loss (EEL) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Thereby, the compositional analysis of a MAX phase indicated an offset of the hydrogenic, theoretical sensitivity factors, originating from poorly-adjusted screening factors. In a next step, these results were matched against quantitative compositions and parameters obtained from X-ray spectroscopy data, carried out synchronously with EELS.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2000

Mineralogy and Microstructures of Shock-Induced Melt Veins in Chondrites

The applicability of phase equilibrium data to the interpretation of shock-induced melt veins can only be tested by a detailed study of melt- vein mineralogy to see how high-pressure assemblages vary as a function of shock conditions inferred from other indicators. We have used transmission electron microscopy (TEM), analytical electron microscopy (AEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron microprobe analysis (EMA) and optical petrography to characterize the mineralogy, microstructures, and compositions of melt veins and associated high-pressure minerals in shocked chondrites and SNC meteorites. In the processes, we have gained a better understanding of what melt veining can tell us about shock conditions and we have discovered new mineral phases in chondritic and SNC meteorites.

Sharp, Thomas G.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Validation of the GFS model for gyrokinetic stability of NSTX pedestal data

This study presents a large database validation of the gyro fluid system (GFS) model for linear gyrokinetic stability for high-mode (H-mode) edge transport barrier conditions in the national spherical torus experiment (NSTX) tokamak. The database of linear stability calculations with the CGYRO gyrokinetic code was produced using plasma profile measurements from NSTX discharges to identify kinetic ballooning modes (KBM), trapped electron modes (TEM), and micro-tearing modes (MTM) that limit the pressure profile gradient in the H-mode barrier. A novel Bayesian optimization approach determines optimal resolution parameters for GFS specifically for spherical tokamak pedestal conditions. Our results demonstrate that GFS, with optimized resolution, can achieve accurate linear stability analysis in NSTX pedestal conditions for reduced resolution compared to CGYRO. GFS can accurately find the KBM, TEM, and MTM instability branches. Parametric analysis reveals that GFS accuracy in this extreme pedestal parameter range is degraded for low magnetic shear and near the separatrix conditions. These findings establish GFS as a fast linear eigenmode solver for spherical tokamak pedestal gyrokinetic stability and demonstrate a systematic methodology for determining the optimum resolution settings.

Yang, Minglei [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL↗
DOE OSTI2025

In Situ Study of Resistive Switching in a Nitride‐Based Memristive Device

Abstract Resistive switching (RS) devices with ultra‐low‐voltage threshold and reliable switching repeatability exhibits great potential applications in energy‐efficient data storage and neuromorphic computing. Understanding switching mechanisms at nanoscale is critical to design RS devices with improved performance. In this work, a lamella memristive device using focused ion beam (FIB) method based on the metal/TiO x /TiN/Si structure device is fabricated. In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and current–voltage ( I–V ) characteristic demonstrate that the lamella device shows a volatile RS behavior with a threshold switching at ≈ ± 0.4 V. In situ scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) experiments with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) reveal that the charge carriers such as oxygen vacancies migrate under positive/negative DC bias and modulate Schottky barriers at the top and bottom metal/semiconductor interfaces. The RS mechanism of the lamella device is based on the Schottky barriers modulation and Joule heating assisted electric field triggered thermal runaway (FTTR) occurred at the metal/semiconductor interfaces. The fundamental insights gained from this study presents a perspective on interface‐type RS devices processing and opens up new technological opportunities of fabricating ultra‐low‐energy memristive devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Thermoelectric performance of nanostructured p-type Zr₀.₅Hf₀.₅Co₀.₄Rh₀.₆Sb 1–x Sn x half-Heusler alloys

Several compositions of the p-type half-Heusler alloys Zr₀.₅Hf₀.₅Co₀.₄Rh₀.₆Sb 1–x Sn x (0≤x≤0.4) were synthesized by mechanically alloying high purity elemental powders using hardened steel jars and balls on a high energy shaker mill. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations of several aliquots taken after regularly spaced milling time suggested that single phase products with half-Heusler (HH) structure can be obtained after 10 h. However, XRD and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of several specimens obtained from compacted polycrystalline powders of Z₀.₅Hf₀.₅Co₀.₄Rh₀.₆Sb 1–x Sn x alloys using a uniaxial hot press (HP) revealed the presence of CoSb inclusions with various sizes embedded inside the HH matrix. Hall effect, electrical conductivity, and thermopower data collected between 300 K and 775 K on several compositions suggested that electronic transport in the synthesized Zr₀.₅Hf₀.₅Co₀.₄Rh₀.₆Sb 1–x Sn x /CoSb composites strongly depends on the average size and/or mole fraction of the embedded CoSb inclusions rather than the fraction (x) of Sn substituting for Sb. Among the samples investigated, the nanocomposite with x=0.2, which contains nanometer-scale CoSb inclusions, showed the largest power factor (800 μW/K² m at 775 K) and the lowest lattice thermal conductivity (~2.2 W/m K at 775 K) leading to a six-fold enhancement in the figure of merit when compared to the Zr₀.₅Hf₀.₅Co₀.₄Rh₀.₆Sb₀.₉₉Sn₀.₀₁ bulk matrix. - Graphical abstract: CoSb nanoinclusions embedded into a p-type Zr₀.₅Hf₀.₅Co₀.₄Rh₀.₆Sb 1–x Sn x half-Heusler matrix simultaneously boost the thermopower and carrier mobility leading to a drastic enhancement of the power factor of the resulting bulk nanostructured materials. Highlights: • The phase composition of half-Heusler (HH) alloy is very sensitive to the synthesis method. • Mechanical alloying (MA) of elements results in bulk HH matrix with CoSb inclusions. • CoSb nanoinclusions simultaneously boost the thermopower and carrier mobility with the HH matrix. • The MA process reduces lattice thermal conductivity due to high density of grain boundaries.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Roadmap for Edge Computing Enabled Automated Multidimensional Transmission Electron Microscopy

The advent of modern, high-speed electron detectors has made the collection of multidimensional hyperspectral transmission electron microscopy datasets, such as 4D-STEM, a routine. However, many microscopists find such experiments daunting since analysis, collection, long-term storage, and networking of such datasets remain challenging. Some common issues are their large and unwieldy size that often are several gigabytes, non-standardized data analysis routines, and a lack of clarity about the computing and network resources needed to utilize the electron microscope. The existing computing and networking bottlenecks introduce significant penalties in each step of these experiments, and thus, real-time analysis-driven automated experimentation for multidimensional TEM is challenging. One solution is to integrate microscopy with edge computing, where moderately powerful computational hardware performs the preliminary analysis before handing off the heavier computation to high-performance computing (HPC) systems. In this work, we trace the roots of computation in modern electron microscopy, demonstrate deep learning experiments running on an edge system, and discuss the networking requirements for tying together microscopes, edge computers, and HPC systems.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗