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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2010

Ocean Turbulence, III: New GISS Vertical Mixing Scheme

We have found a new way to express the solutions of the RSM (Reynolds Stress Model) equations that allows us to present the turbulent diffusivities for heat, salt and momentum in a way that is considerably simpler and thus easier to implement than in previous work. The RSM provides the dimensionless mixing efficiencies Gamma-alpha (alpha stands for heat, salt and momentum). However, to compute the diffusivities, one needs additional information, specifically, the dissipation Epsilon. Since a dynamic equation for the latter that includes the physical processes relevant to the ocean is still not available, one must resort to different sources of information outside the RSM to obtain a complete Mixing Scheme usable in OGCMs. As for the RSM results, we show that the Gamma-alpha s are functions of both Ri and Rq (Richardson number and density ratio representing double diffusion, DD); the Gamma-alpha are different for heat, salt and momentum; in the case of heat, the traditional value Gamma-h = 0.2 is valid only in the presence of strong shear (when DD is inoperative) while when shear subsides, NATRE data show that Gamma-h can be three times as large, a result that we reproduce. The salt Gamma-s is given in terms of Gamma-h. The momentum Gamma-m has thus far been guessed with different prescriptions while the RSM provides a well defined expression for Gamma-m(Ri,R-rho). Having tested Gamma-h, we then test the momentum Gamma-m by showing that the turbulent Prandtl number Gamma-m/Gamma-h vs. Ri reproduces the available data quite well. As for the dissipation epsilon, we use different representations, one for the mixed layer (ML), one for the thermocline and one for the ocean;s bottom. For the ML, we adopt a procedure analogous to the one successfully used in PB (planetary boundary layer) studies; for the thermocline, we employ an expression for the variable epsilon/N(exp 2) from studies of the internal gravity waves spectra which includes a latitude dependence; for the ocean bottom, we adopt the enhanced bottom diffusivity expression used by previous authors but with a state of the art internal tidal energy formulation and replace the fixed Gamma-alpha = 0.2 with the RSM result that brings into the problem the Ri, R-rho dependence of the Gamma-alpha; the unresolved bottom drag, which has thus far been either ignored or modeled with heuristic relations, is modeled using a formalism we previously developed and tested in PBL studies. We carried out several tests without an OGCM. Prandtl and flux Richardson numbers vs. Ri. The RSM model reproduces both types of data satisfactorily. DD and Mixing efficiency Gamma-h(Ri,Rq). The RSM model reproduces well the NATRE data. Bimodal epsilon-distribution. NATRE data show that epsilon (Ri < 1) approximately equals 10epsilon(Ri > 1), which our model reproduces. Heat to salt flux ratio. In the Ri much greater than 1 regime, the RSM predictions reproduce the data satisfactorily. NATRE mass diffusivity. The z-profile of the mass diffusivity reproduces well the measurements at NATRE. The local form of the mixing scheme is algebraic with one cubic equation to solve.

Canuto, V. M.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Stellar Mixing: I. Formalism

In this paper we use the Reynolds stress models (RSM) to derive algebraic expressions for the following variables: a) heat fluxes; b) J.l fluxes; and c) momentum fluxes. These relations, which are fully 3D, include: 1) stable and unstable stratification, represented by the Brunt-Vaislila frequency, N(exp 2) =-g/H(sub p_(del - del(sub ad))(1 - RI(sub mu)); 2) double diffusion, salt-fingers, and semi-convection, represented by the density ratio R(sub mu) = del(sub mu)/(del - del(sub ad)); 3) shear (differential rotation), represented by the mean squared shear Sigma(exp 2) or by the Richardson number, Ri =N(exp 2)Sigma(exp -2); 4) radiative losses represented by a Peclet number, Pe; 5) a complete analytical solution of the ID version of the model. In general, the model requires the solution of two differential equations for the eddy kinetic energy K and its rate of dissipation, epsilon. In the local and stationary cases, when production equals dissipation, the model equations are all algebraic.

Canuto, V .M.↗
NASA NTRS2015

Transonic Investigation of Two-Dimensional Nozzles Designed for Supersonic Cruise

An experimental and computational investigation has been conducted to determine the off-design uninstalled drag characteristics of a two-dimensional convergent-divergent nozzle designed for a supersonic cruise civil transport. The overall objectives were to: (1) determine the effects of nozzle external flap curvature and sidewall boattail variations on boattail drag; (2) develop an experimental data base for 2D nozzles with long divergent flaps and small boattail angles and (3) provide data for correlating computational fluid dynamic predictions of nozzle boattail drag. The experimental investigation was conducted in the Langley 16-Foot Transonic Tunnel at Mach numbers from 0.80 to 1.20 at nozzle pressure ratios up to 9. Three-dimensional simulations of nozzle performance were obtained with the computational fluid dynamics code PAB3D using turbulence closure and nonlinear Reynolds stress modeling. The results of this investigation indicate that excellent correlation between experimental and predicted results was obtained for the nozzle with a moderate amount of boattail curvature. The nozzle with an external flap having a sharp shoulder (no curvature) had the lowest nozzle pressure drag. At a Mach number of 1.2, sidewall pressure drag doubled as sidewall boattail angle was increased from 4deg to 8deg. Reducing the height of the sidewall caused large decreases in both the sidewall and flap pressure drags. Summary

Capone, Francis J.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Influence of Length-Scale Correction on Predicting Aeronautical Flows

A length-scale correction recently developed for the SSG/LRR-ωReynolds-stress model is applied to the flow around airfoils near maximum lift and the transonic flows around a wing and a generic aircraft with shock-induced separation. The length-scale correction is active only in regions of separation. It reduces the predicted maximum lift of airfoils by widening the separation bubble at the trailing edge, and predicts an increased size of shock-induced separation regions.

Bernhard Eisfeld↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

CFD Predictions of Fluctuating Pressure Environments on NASA’s SLS Ascent Unsteady Aerodynamics Wind Tunnel Test

This paper details work that is being conducted on predicting fluctuating pressure environments on NASA launch vehicles using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The accurate characterization of these aeroacoustics environments is necessary in the analysis of vehicle structural health and aerodynamic performance and in the vehicle design process. High-fidelity simulations of the unsteady flow over NASA’s SLS Ascent Unsteady Aerodynamics wind tunnel Test (AUAT) using the hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)-large eddy simulations (LES) methodologies in Mississippi States’ Loci/CHEM solver are presented. The two available methods, Nelson-Nichols and dynamic hybrid RANS-LES (DHRL), are compared head-to-head on identical grids at two Mach numbers. At the high-subsonic Mach number, locally supersonic flow expanding over a shoulder induces a separation-reattachment system that is predicted poorly by the Nelson-Nichols method due to an under-prediction in unsteady content. The DHRL solution predicts the spatial extent and frequency domain response of this system well but under-predicts the peak noise levels due to a delay in the RANS-to-LES transition. At the low-supersonic Mach number, compression corner dynamics dominate the unsteady flow. While the Nelson Nichols solution captures this phenomenon well, another solution on a refined grid indicates that some model stress depletion is occurring. The DHRL solution again performs well at this Mach number and matches the wind tunnel data fairly closely, but perhaps most impressively, is fairly agnostic to increasing grid resolution. The findings in this paper are expected to be generally applicable and will be used to guide the prediction of aeroacoustics environments of other NASA launch vehicles.

CFD↗
NASA NTRS1974

Model for thermal stress resistance of truly elastic materials containing more than one crack

The model was developed upon the physical properties of surface energy and intrinsic modulus of elasticity of a material containing a number of equal sized microcracks which are independent of one another. The effect of these cracks upon the strain energy per unit volume of material necessary to continue simultaneous crack growth as well as the measured physical properties was established, and the thermal stress resistance is developed in terms of this energy. The model is expressed in its final form in terms of the measured physical properties of fracture strength, effective modulus of elasticity, and coefficient of thermal expansion. The model was applied to existent thermal stress data of ceramic materials for which these physical properties had been measured. On the basis of these data it was concluded that the thermal stress resistance of a material may be improved by increasing the fracture strength.

Lineback, L. D.↗
NASA NTRS2006

A Comparison of Various Stress Rupture Life Models for Orbiter Composite Pressure Vessels and Confidence Intervals

In conjunction with a recent NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) investigation of flight worthiness of Kevlar Ovenvrapped Composite Pressure Vessels (COPVs) on board the Orbiter, two stress rupture life prediction models were proposed independently by Phoenix and by Glaser. In this paper, the use of these models to determine the system reliability of 24 COPVs currently in service on board the Orbiter is discussed. The models are briefly described, compared to each other, and model parameters and parameter error are also reviewed to understand confidence in reliability estimation as well as the sensitivities of these parameters in influencing overall predicted reliability levels. Differences and similarities in the various models will be compared via stress rupture reliability curves (stress ratio vs. lifetime plots). Also outlined will be the differences in the underlying model premises, and predictive outcomes. Sources of error and sensitivities in the models will be examined and discussed based on sensitivity analysis and confidence interval determination. Confidence interval results and their implications will be discussed for the models by Phoenix and Glaser.

stress ratios↗
NASA NTRS2007

A Comparison of Various Stress Rupture Life Models for Orbiter Composite Pressure Vessels and Confidence Intervals

In conjunction with a recent NASA Engineering and Safety Center (NESC) investigation of flight worthiness of Kevlar Overwrapped Composite Pressure Vessels (COPVs) on board the Orbiter, two stress rupture life prediction models were proposed independently by Phoenix and by Glaser. In this paper, the use of these models to determine the system reliability of 24 COPVs currently in service on board the Orbiter is discussed. The models are briefly described, compared to each other, and model parameters and parameter uncertainties are also reviewed to understand confidence in reliability estimation as well as the sensitivities of these parameters in influencing overall predicted reliability levels. Differences and similarities in the various models will be compared via stress rupture reliability curves (stress ratio vs. lifetime plots). Also outlined will be the differences in the underlying model premises, and predictive outcomes. Sources of error and sensitivities in the models will be examined and discussed based on sensitivity analysis and confidence interval determination. Confidence interval results and their implications will be discussed for the models by Phoenix and Glaser.

Grimes-Ledesma, Lorie↗
NASA NTRS1993

A Realizable Reynolds Stress Algebraic Equation Model

The invariance theory in continuum mechanics is applied to analyze Reynolds stresses in high Reynolds number turbulent flows. The analysis leads to a turbulent constitutive relation that relates the Reynolds stresses to the mean velocity gradients in a more general form in which the classical isotropic eddy viscosity model is just the linear approximation of the general form. On the basis of realizability analysis, a set of model coefficients are obtained which are functions of the time scale ratios of the turbulence to the mean strain rate and the mean rotation rate. The coefficients will ensure the positivity of each component of the mean rotation rate. These coefficients will ensure the positivity of each component of the turbulent kinetic energy - realizability that most existing turbulence models fail to satisfy. Separated flows over backward-facing step configurations are taken as applications. The calculations are performed with a conservative finite-volume method. Grid-independent and numerical diffusion-free solutions are obtained by using differencing schemes of second-order accuracy on sufficiently fine grids. The calculated results are compared in detail with the experimental data for both mean and turbulent quantities. The comparison shows that the present proposal significantly improves the predictive capability of K-epsilon based two equation models. In addition, the proposed model is able to simulate rotational homogeneous shear flows with large rotation rates which all conventional eddy viscosity models fail to simulate.

Shih, Tsan-Hsing↗
NASA NTRS1999

ANSYS Modeling of Hydrostatic Stress Effects

Classical metal plasticity theory assumes that hydrostatic pressure has no effect on the yield and postyield behavior of metals. Plasticity textbooks, from the earliest to the most modem, infer that there is no hydrostatic effect on the yielding of metals, and even modem finite element programs direct the user to assume the same. The object of this study is to use the von Mises and Drucker-Prager failure theory constitutive models in the finite element program ANSYS to see how well they model conditions of varying hydrostatic pressure. Data is presented for notched round bar (NRB) and "L" shaped tensile specimens. Similar results from finite element models in ABAQUS are shown for comparison. It is shown that when dealing with geometries having a high hydrostatic stress influence, constitutive models that have a functional dependence on hydrostatic stress are more accurate in predicting material behavior than those that are independent of hydrostatic stress.

Allen, Phillip A.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Transient thermal stress recovery for structural models

A method for computing transient thermal stress vectors from temperature vectors is described. The three step procedure involves the use of NASTRAN to generate an influence coefficient matrix which relates temperatures to stresses in the structural model. The transient thermal stresses are then recovered and sorted for maximum and minimum values. Verification data for the procedure is also provided.

Walls, William↗
NASA NTRS1979

The response of an equatorial ocean to simple wind stress patterns. I - Model formulation and analytic results. II - Numerical results

A time-dependent, primitive equation, beta plane model that is two-dimensional in the horizontal has been developed to model wind-driven equatorial ocean circulation. A simple vertical structure consisting of two layers above the thermocline with the same constant density permits a steady-state undercurrent in the model. An analytical study of the linear dynamics of the model suggests that the addition of inertial effects is needed to simulate the undercurrent properly. Also, both linear and nonlinear dynamics of the model are investigated numerically. Such nonlinear response to wind stress as a strong eastward equatorial undercurrent and an intense eastward 'countercurrent' at three deg N are noted in the numerical results.

Cane, M. A.↗
NASA NTRS1994

The roles of vertical mixing, solar radiation, and wind stress in a model simulation of the sea surface temperature seasonal cycle in the tropical Pacfic Ocean

The climatological seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Pacific is simulated using a newly developed upper ocean model. The roles of vertical mixing, solar radiation, and wind stress are investigated in a hierarchy of numerical experiments with various combinations of vertical mixing algorithms and surface-forcing products. It is found that the large SST annual cycle in the eastern equatorial Pacific is, to a large extent, controlled by the annually varying mixed layer depth which, in turn, is mainly determined by the competing effects of solar radiation and wind forcing. With the application of our hybrid vertical mixing scheme the model-simulated SST annual cycle is much improved in both amplitude and phase as compared to the case of a constant mixed layer depth. Beside the strong effects on vertical mixing, solar radiation is the primary heating term in the surface layer heat budget, and wind forcing influences SST by driving oceanic advective processes that redistribute heat in the upper ocean. For example, the SST seasonal cycle in the western Pacific basically follows the semiannual variation of solar heating, and the cycle in the central equatorial region is significantly affected by the zonal advective heat flux associated with the seasonally reversing South Equatorial Current. It has been shown in our experiments that the amount of heat flux modification needed to eliminate the annual mean SST errors in the model is, on average, no larger than the annual mean uncertainties among the various surface flux products used in this study. Whereas a bias correction is needed to account for remaining uncertainties in the annual mean heat flux, this study demonstrates that with proper treatment of mixed layer physics and realistic forcing functions the seasonal variability of SST is capable of being simulated successfully in response to external forcing without relying on a relaxation or damping formulation for the dominant surface heat flux contributions.

Chen, Dake↗
NASA NTRS1992

Assessment of higher order turbulence models for complex two- and three-dimensional flowfields

A numerical method is presented to solve the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in combination with a full Reynolds-stress turbulence model. Computations will be shown for three complex flowfields. The results of the Reynolds-stress model will be compared with those predicted by two different versions of the k-omega model. It will be shown that an improved version of the k-omega model gives as accurate results as the Reynolds-stress model.

Menter, Florian R.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Finite element analysis of structural engineering problems using a viscoplastic model incorporating two back stresses

The feasibility of a viscoplastic model incorporating two back stresses and a drag strength is investigated for performing nonlinear finite element analyses of structural engineering problems. To demonstrate suitability for nonlinear structural analyses, the model is implemented into a finite element program and analyses for several uniaxial and multiaxial problems are performed. Good agreement is shown between the results obtained using the finite element implementation and those obtained experimentally. The advantages of using advanced viscoplastic models for performing nonlinear finite element analyses of structural components are indicated.

Arya, Vinod K.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Comparison of special sensor microwave imager vector wind stress with model-derived and subjective products for the tropical Pacific

An assessment of a new source of vector wind stress data relative to existing analyses of the surface wind field is presented. The large-scale variability of vector wind stress generated by Atlas et al. (1991) and based on the special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) remotely sensed observations of surface wind speed is compared with five operational and subjectively analyzed wind products across the tropical Pacific basin for the first year of SSM/I, July 1987 through June 1988. The spatial and temporal variability of the zonal component, meridional component, and curl of the wind stress are examined relative to their future use in wind-driven ocean model studies of tropical Pacific Ocean circulation.

Busalacchi, Antonio J.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Search for subgrid scale parameterization by projection pursuit regression

The dependence of subgrid-scale stresses on variables of the resolved field is studied using direct numerical simulations of isotropic turbulence, homogeneous shear flow, and channel flow. The projection pursuit algorithm, a promising new regression tool for high-dimensional data, is used to systematically search through a large collection of resolved variables, such as components of the strain rate, vorticity, velocity gradients at neighboring grid points, etc. For the case of isotropic turbulence, the search algorithm recovers the linear dependence on the rate of strain (which is necessary to transfer energy to subgrid scales) but is unable to determine any other more complex relationship. For shear flows, however, new systematic relations beyond eddy viscosity are found. For the homogeneous shear flow, the results suggest that products of the mean rotation rate tensor with both the fluctuating strain rate and fluctuating rotation rate tensors are important quantities in parameterizing the subgrid-scale stresses. A model incorporating these terms is proposed. When evaluated with direct numerical simulation data, this model significantly increases the correlation between the modeled and exact stresses, as compared with the Smagorinsky model. In the case of channel flow, the stresses are found to correlate with products of the fluctuating strain and rotation rate tensors. The mean rates of rotation or strain do not appear to be important in this case, and the model determined for homogeneous shear flow does not perform well when tested with channel flow data. Many questions remain about the physical mechanisms underlying these findings, about possible Reynolds number dependence, and, given the low level of correlations, about their impact on modeling. Nevertheless, demonstration of the existence of causal relations between sgs stresses and large-scale characteristics of turbulent shear flows, in addition to those necessary for energy transfer, provides important insight into the relation between scales in turbulent flows.

Meneveau, C.↗