Performance evaluation of a liquid-shrouded cryogenic storage system
Performance of cryogenic liquid shroud insulation for cryogenic fluid storage system
Mc Laughlan, P. B.↗
SEARCH · Engineering Papers
Results for “Storage systems”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
A study of the applicability/compatibility of inertial energy storage systems to future space missions
The applicability/compatibility of inertial energy storage systems like the homopolar generator (HPG) and the compensated pulsed alternator (CPA) to future space missions is explored. Areas of CPA and HPG design requiring development for space applications are identified. The manner in which acceptance parameters of the CPA and HPG scale with operating parameters of the machines are explored and the types of electrical loads which are compatible with the CPA and HPG are examined. Potential applications including the magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thruster, pulsed data transmission, laser ranging, welding and electromagnetic space launch are discussed.
Weldon, W. F.↗
Chemical and electrochemical behavior of the Cr(3)/Cr(2) half cell in the NASA Redox Energy Storage System
The Cr(III) complexes in the NASA Redox Energy Storage System were isolated and identified as Cr(H2O)6(+3) and Cr(H2O)5Cl(+2) by ion exchange chromatography and visible spectrophotometry. The cell reactions during charge-discharge cycles were followed by means of visible spectrophotometry. The spectral bands were resolved into component peaks and concentrations calculated using Beer's Law. During the charge mode Cr(H2O)5Cl(+2) is reduced to Cr(H2O)5Cl(+) and during the discharge mode Cr(H2O)5Cl(+) is oxidized back to Cr(H2O)5Cl(+2). Both electrode reactions occur via a chloride-bridge inner-sphere reaction pathway. Hysteresis effects can be explained by the slow attainment of equilibrium between Cr(H2O)6(+3) and Cr(H2O)5Cl(+2).
Johnson, D. A.↗
Tribology of magnetic storage systems
The construction and the materials used in different magnetic storage devices are defined. The theories of friction and adhesion, interface temperatures, wear, and solid-liquid lubrication relevant to magnetic storage systems are presented. Experimental data are presented wherever possible to support the relevant theories advanced.
Bhushan, Bharat↗
Final Report: Hydrogen Storage System Cost Analysis
The Fuel Cell Technologies Office (FCTO) has identified hydrogen storage as a key enabling technology for advancing hydrogen and fuel cell power technologies in transportation, stationary, and portable applications. Consequently, FCTO has established targets to chart the progress of developing and demonstrating viable hydrogen storage technologies for transportation and stationary applications. This cost assessment project supports the overall FCTO goals by identifying the current technology system components, performance levels, and manufacturing/assembly techniques most likely to lead to the lowest system storage cost. Furthermore, the project forecasts the cost of these systems at a variety of annual manufacturing rates to allow comparison to the overall 2017 and “Ultimate” DOE cost targets. The cost breakdown of the system components and manufacturing steps can then be used to guide future research and development (R&D) decisions. The project was led by Strategic Analysis Inc. (SA) and aided by Rajesh Ahluwalia and Thanh Hua from Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and Lin Simpson at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Since SA coordinated the project activities of all three organizations, this report includes a technical description of all project activity. This report represents a summary of contract activities and findings under SA’s five year contract to the US Department of Energy (Award No. DE-EE0005253) and constitutes the “Final Scientific Report” deliverable. Project publications and presentations are listed in the Appendix.
08 HYDROGEN↗
A Novel Mobile Examination and Remediation Facility for On-Site Remediation of Dry Storage Systems - 18389
Most of the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) in dry storage in the United States is safely and securely stored in dual-purpose (i.e., storage and transportation) canisters [1]. However, some of the SNF is stored in storage-only (i.e., non-transportable) packages, or packages that may become nonconforming for continued storage or transportation for a variety of reasons. Currently, the capability to remediate dry storage systems (DSSs) for SNF that are not transportable or that need to be repaired to maintain confinement boundary integrity during storage service does not exist without on-site access to a spent fuel pool. Hence, there is a potential future need for a mobile facility with remediation capabilities that can be used at multiple storage installations. These capabilities would permit needed repairs to an existing DSS to support continued storage or for the dry transfer of fuel to a new conveyance suitable for transport, if necessary. This is a technical paper that does not take into account the contractual limitations under the Standard Contract for Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel and/or High-Level Radioactive Waste (Standard Contract) (10 CFR Part 961). Under the provisions of the Standard Contract, DOE does not consider spent nuclear fuel in canisters to be an acceptable waste form, absent a mutually agreed to contract amendment. To the extent discussions or recommendations in this paper conflict with the provisions of the Standard Contract, the Standard Contract provisions prevail. A novel design concept for a Mobile Examination and Remediation Facility (MERF) is proposed with functions and capabilities to remediate a DSS. The proposed MERF would be a multi-purpose facility, remotely operated and computer-controlled with semi-automated equipment to allow trained operators to safely perform remediation activities while keeping worker radiation dose as low as reasonably achievable. It would include a shielded rotating platform with support towers and would use commercial off- the-shelf examination and repair equipment. A slip ring arrangement underneath the rotating platform would allow for the power supply without impeding the continuous rotation and would simplify cable management. The support towers would be mounted on the rotating platform, and each tower would have vertical and horizontal positioning capability for axial and radial tool location. The rotating platform would be attached to the main MERF structure. Capabilities would include visual, surface, and volumetric examinations to fully characterize physical conditions on canister surface before and after a repair; repair techniques, e.g., laser beam welding, friction stir welding, or cold spray, to perform needed remediation activities; and associated equipment for surface preparation such as cutting and grinding equipment. The proposed design would be simple, modular, robust, economically viable, and easily transportable and would have a small footprint. The modular design would present several advantages including compatibility with a variety of different DSSs, on-site assembly, and transportability; it also would be built in interchangeable sections to facilitate decontamination. Further, shielding would be supplemented through interface with the existing transfer cask and storage overpack. Robustness and canister stability would be achieved using pneumatic holders and steel support structures designed with vibration absorbers to reduce impacts and/or a 'pendulum' effect during a seismic event. Thus, the proposed MERF would be designed to: (i) minimize handling of an affected DSS to the extent practicable, (ii) provide radiation shielding and minimize dose to operators and the public during remediation activities, and (iii) enable examination, repair, and repackaging. This paper describes the proposed MERF design concept and capabilities, main components, equipment, different modes of operation, and operating procedures. Structural and safety assessments would need to be performed before final design, licensing, and deployment. The MERF is evaluated with respect to regulatory impact (first of a kind, prior experience), operational impact (safety, security, staffing, ongoing operations, constraints), worker dose (low, medium, high), cost (low, medium, high), schedule (duration, time sequence), and technology readiness level. (authors)
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
Comprehensive Measurement and Analysis of the User-Perceived I/O Performance in a Production Leadership-Class Storage System
With the increase of the scale and intensity of the parallel I/O workloads generated by those scientific applications running on high performance computing facilities, understanding the I/O dynamics, especially the root cause of the I/O performance variability and degradation in HPC environment, have become extremely critical to the HPC community. In this paper, we run extensive I/O measuring tests on a production leadership-class storage system to capture the performance variabilities of large-scale parallel I/O. Analyzing these results and its statistic correlation revealed some valuable insights into the characteristics of the storage system and the root cause of I/O performance variability. Further, we leverage these findings and propose an I/O middleware design refactoring which can improve the performance of the parallel I/O by optimizing the data striping and placement. Our preliminary evaluation results demonstrate the proposed approach can reduce the average per-process write latency by at least 80% and the maximum per-process write latency by at least 20%.
Wan, Lipeng↗
Development of Nano-Modified Concrete for Next Generation of Storage Systems
The goal of the research was to develop a superior concrete for the long-term storage of used nuclear fuel by engineering concrete at the nanoscale through the incorporation of nano-sized and nano-structured particles based on enhanced reactivity (not fiber reinforcement). The specific objectives were to determine for nano-modified concrete: 1. The effects of environmental weathering (i.e., wet/dry and ingress of reactive species such as chloride and sulfate from the marine environment or other sources) and exposure to radiation and thermal environments on the structural stability and microstructural evolution of the material; 2. How microstructural and morphological changes from environmental weathering and thermal and radiation damage affect the long-term, macroscale performance of the material; and, 3. Identify formulation envelopes for nanoparticle content and combinations to achieve superior concrete criteria for dry storage systems by integrating and extending existing predictive modeling approaches that couple reactive transport and thermo- chemo- and radiation induced damage. The major findings of this work are summarized as follows. The results are being processed and compiled in manuscripts for peer-reviewed publication. Due to the late access to the gamma irradiation facility, material characterization is continuing. Dispersion/agglomeration of nanoparticles in cement pastes. The dispersion/agglomeration of nanoparticles (NPs) of SiO 2 , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , and clay (bentonite and halloysite) in water, with and without polycarboxylate-based high range water reducer (P-HRWR), and in the environment of hydrating cement have been investigated. The intrinsic particle characteristics, surface charge, pH, monovalent and divalent ion concentrations in solution, and modes of interaction of the NPs with P-HRWR influenced the NP behavior in solution.
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
High efficiency thermal storage system for solar plants (HELSOLAR). Final report
The project objective was to develop a high temperature Thermal Storage System (TES) based on graphite and able to provide both economical and technical advantages with respect to existing solutions contributing to increase the share of Concentrated Solar Plants (CSP). One of the main disadvantages of most of the renewable energy systems is their dependence to instantaneous irradiation and, thus, lack of predictability. CSP plants with thermal storage have proved to offer a good solution to this problem although still at an elevated price. The identification of alternative concepts able to work more efficiently would help to speed up the convergence of CSP towards grid parity. One way to reduce costs is to work in a range of temperatures higher than those allowed by the actual molten salt systems, currently the benchmark for TES in CSP. This requires the use of alternative energy storage materials such as graphite, as well as the utilization of Heat Transfer Fluids (HTF) other than molten salts or organic oils. The main technical challenges identified are derived from the high temperatures and significant high pressures, which pose risks such as potential graphite and insulation oxidation, creep, fatigue, corrosion and stress-corrosion in the pipes, leakages in the joints, high blower drivers’ electrical power consumption, thermal compatibility or relative deformations of the different materials. At the end, the main challenge of the project, is to identify a technical solution able to overcome all these problems but still at a competitive cost when compared to already existing thermal storage solutions. Special attention is given to all these issues during this project.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Conceptual Design Study of a Thermal Energy Storage System Using Granular Solids for Coal-fired Boilers
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Presentation for the 2020 International Pittsburgh Coal Conference held virtually from September 8-11, 2020.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Abstract: As electricity from various renewable energy sources is increasingly supplied to the power grid, the grid’s stability will be challenged. Proposed grid-stability solutions will need to address variability of sources, such as solar and wind energy, in order to alleviate problems such as overgeneration and ramping. In regions where increases in solar energy are prominent, such as California, the net power demand curve often referred to as “the Duck Curve,” has caused problems for energy dispatchers, due to over-generation and fast ramping demands. In this project, we investigated a conceptual design for a Thermal Energy Storage System (TESS) integrated into a coal-fired power plant to support grid-scale storage. Implementing a TESS into power plants can allow for an increase in renewable sources, increase grid resilience, and allow conventional coal-fired plants to operate more efficiently. For this project, a TESS using granular solids as the energy-storage media is integrated into a conventional coal-fired power plant. The purpose of the TESS is to store energy from the flue gas during low demand periods and transfer the energy to steam during peak demand periods. The storage allows the stabilization of combustion and related boiler components at low loads and provides the opportunity to avoid some shutdowns. This study uses thermodynamic properties of several candidate thermal storage materials to estimate the size of storage system required for several operating scenarios. </span>
Huckaby, E. David↗
Performance and Health Test Procedure for Grid Energy Storage Systems
A test procedure to evaluate the performance and health of field installations of grid-connected battery energy storage systems (BESS) is described. Performance and health metrics captured in the procedures are: round-trip efficiency, standby losses, response time/accuracy, and useable energy/state of charge at different discharge/charge rates over the system's lifetime. The procedures are divided into reference performance tests, which require the system to be put in a test mode and are to be conducted in intervals, and real-time monitoring tests, which collect data during normal operation without interruption. The procedures can be applied on a wide array of BESS with little modification and can thus support BESS operators in the management of BESS field installations with minimal interruption and expenditure. Simulated results based on a detailed system simulation of a prototype system are provided as guideline.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Experimental Results of Integrated Refrigeration and Storage System Testing
Launch operations engineers at the Kennedy Space Center have identified an Integrated Refrigeration and Storage system as a promising technology to reduce launch costs and enable advanced cryogenic operations. This system uses a close cycle Brayton refrigerator to remove energy from the stored cryogenic propellant. This allows for the potential of a zero loss storage and transfer system, as well and control of the state of the propellant through densification or re-liquefaction. However, the behavior of the fluid in this type of system is different than typical cryogenic behavior, and there will be a learning curve associated with its use. A 400 liter research cryostat has been designed, fabricated and delivered to KSC to test the thermo fluid behavior of liquid oxygen as energy is removed from the cryogen by a simulated DC cycle cryocooler. Results of the initial testing phase focusing on heat exchanger characterization and zero loss storage operations using liquid oxygen are presented in this paper. Future plans for testing of oxygen densification tests and oxygen liquefaction tests will also be discussed. KEYWORDS: Liquid Oxygen, Refrigeration, Storage
Notardonato, W. U.↗
Theoretical Performance Limits of an Isobaric Hybrid Compressed Air Energy Storage System
Furthermore, the desire to increase power production through renewable sources introduces a number of problems due to their inherent intermittency. One solution is to incorporate energy storage systems as a means of managing the intermittent energy and increasing the utilization of renewable sources. A novel hybrid thermal and compressed air energy storage (HT-CAES) system is presented which mitigates the shortcomings of the otherwise attractive conventional compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems and its derivatives, such as strict geological locations, low energy density, and the production of greenhouse gas emissions. The HT-CAES system is investigated, and the thermodynamic efficiency limits within which it operates have been drawn. The thermodynamic models considered assume a constant pressure cavern. It is shown that under this assumption the cavern acts just as a delay time in the operation of the plant, whereas an adiabatic constant volume cavern changes the quality of energy through the cavern. The efficiency of the HT-CAES system is compared with its Brayton cycle counterpart, in the case of pure thermal energy storage (TES). It is shown that the efficiency of the HT-CAES plant is generally not bound by the Carnot efficiency and always higher than that of the Brayton cycle, except for when the heat losses following compression rise above a critical level. The results of this paper demonstrate that the HT-CAES system has the potential of increasing the efficiency of a pure TES system executed through a Brayton cycle at the expense of an air storage medium.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Development of an integrated heat pipe-thermal storage system for a solar receiver
An integrated heat pipe-thermal storage system was developed as part of the Organic Rankine Cycle Solar Dynamic Power System solar receiver for space station application. The solar receiver incorporates potassium heat pipe elements to absorb and transfer the solar energy within the receiver cavity. The heat pipes contain thermal energy storage (TES) canisters within the vapor space with a toluene heater tube used as the condenser region of the heat pipe. During the insolation period of the earth orbit, solar energy is delivered to the heat pipe. Part of this thermal energy is delivered to the heater tube and the balance is stored in the TES units. During the eclipse period of earth orbit, the stored energy in the TES units is transferred by the potassium vapor to the toluene heater tube. A developmental heat pipe element was constructed that contains axial arteries and a distribution wick connecting the toluene heater and the TES units to the solar insolation surface of the heat pipe. Tests were conducted to demonstrate the heat pipe, TES units, and the heater tube operation. The heat pipe element was operated at design input power of 4.8 kW. Thermal cycle tests were conducted to demonstrate the successful charge and discharge of the TES units. Axial power flux levels up to 15 watts/sq cm were demonstrated and transient tests were conducted on the heat pipe element. Details of the heat pipe development and test procedures are presented.
Keddy, E.↗
Preliminary Component Design and Cost Estimation of a Novel Electric-Thermal Energy Storage System Using Solid Particles
Energy storage will become indispensable to complement the uncertainty of intermittent renewable resources and to firm the electricity supply as renewable power generation becomes the mainstream new-built energy source and fossil fuel power plants are phased out to meet carbon-neutral utility targets. Current energy storage methods based on pumped storage hydropower or batteries have many limitations. Thermal energy storage (TES) has unique advantages in scale and siting flexibility to provide grid-scale storage capacity. A particle-based TES system is projected to have promising cost and performance characteristics to meet the future growing energy storage needs. This paper introduces the system and components required for particle TES to become technically and economically competitive. The system integrates electric particle heaters, particle TES within insulated concrete silos, and an efficient air-Brayton combined-cycle power system to provide power for storage durations up to several days via low-cost, high-performance storage cycles. Design specifications and cost estimation of major components in a commercial-scale system are presented in this paper. A techno-economic analysis based on preliminary component designs and performance indicates that particle TES integrated with an air-Brayton combined-cycle power system has a path to achieve the targeted levelized cost of storage of 5 ¢/kWh-cycle at a round-trip efficiency of 50% when taking low-cost energy-specific components and leveraging basic assets from existing thermal power plants. The cost model provides insights for further development and economic potentials for long-duration energy storage.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Surface-wave tomography of the Emeishan large igneous province (China): Magma storage system, hidden hotspot track, and its impact on the Capitanian mass extinction
Large igneous provinces (LIPs) are commonly associated with mass extinctions. However, the precise relations between LIPs and their impacts on biodiversity is enigmatic, given that they can be asynchronous. It has been proposed that the environmental impacts are primarily related to sill emplacement. Therefore, the structure of LIPs' magma storage system is critical because it dictates the occurrence and timing of mass extinction. We use surface-wave tomography to image the lithosphere under the Permian Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP) in southwestern China. We find a northeast-trending zone of high shear-wave velocity (Vs) and negative radial anisotropy (Vsv > Vsh; v and h are vertically and horizontally polarized S waves, respectively) in the crust and lithosphere. We rule out the possibilities of rifting or orogenesis to explain these seismic characteristics and interpret the seismic anomaly as a mafic-ultramafic, dike-dominated magma storage system of the ELIP. We further propose that the anomaly represents a hidden hotspot track that was emplaced before the ELIP eruption. A zone of higher velocity but less-negative radial anisotropy, on the hotspot track but to the northeast of the eruption center in the Panxi region, reflects an elevated proportion of sills emplaced at the incipient stage of the ELIP. Liberation of poisonous gases by the early sill intrusions explains why the mid-Capitanian global biota crisis preceded the peak ELIP eruption by 2–3 m.y.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
Energy efficiency evaluation of a stationary lithium-ion battery container storage system via electro-thermal modeling and detailed component analysis
Energy efficiency is a key performance indicator for battery storage systems. A detailed electro-thermal model of a stationary lithium-ion battery system is developed and an evaluation of its energy efficiency is conducted. The model offers a holistic approach to calculating conversion losses and auxiliary power consumption. Sub-models for battery rack, power electronics, thermal management as well as the control and monitoring components are developed and coupled to a comprehensive model. The simulation is parametrized based on a prototype 192 kWh system using lithium iron phosphate batteries connected to the low voltage grid. The key loss mechanisms are identified, thoroughly analyzed and modeled. Generic profiles featuring various system operation modes are evaluated to show the characteristics of stationary battery systems. Typically the losses in the power electronics outweigh the losses in the battery at low power operating points. The auxiliary power consumption dominates for low system utilization rates. For estimation of real-world performance, the grid applications Primary Control Reserve, Secondary Control Reserve and the storage of surplus photovoltaic power are evaluated. Conversion round-trip efficiency is in the range of 70-80%. Finally, overall system efficiency, which also considers system power consumption, is 8-13 percentage points lower for Primary Control Reserve and the photovoltaic-battery application. However, for Secondary Control Reserve, the total round-trip efficiency is found to be extremely low at 23% due to the low energy throughput of this application type.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NUHOMS{sup R} EOS (Extended Optimized Storage): Robust, Advanced, and Dual Purpose Dry Storage System - 16472
AREVA TN has completed the design, analysis, and US NRC license submittal for the NUHOMS{sup R} Extended Optimized Storage (EOS) system. NUHOMS{sup R} EOS offers a large capacity and high heat load dry storage and transportation solution for UNF. EOS is not a new system, but an evolution of the already-proven safe and low-risk horizontal NUHOMS{sup R} storage system, which is one of the most widely used UNF dry storage systems in the United States. The EOS system features a 37PTH dry shielded canister (DSC) for 37 PWR UNF assemblies and an 89BTH DSC for the 89 BWR UNF assemblies. The EOS DSCs will be stored inside a horizontal storage module (HSM) that is a robust, fortress-like concrete storage overpack. Designed with the lessons learned from the Fukushima event in Japan in mind, EOS has robust margins for beyond design basis (BDB) events and offers the lowest risk and highest safety margin of any dry storage system design for recovery from BDB events. EOS also offers innovative aging management features with an aging management program (AMP) to assure safe and low dose long-term storage at the utility sites. EOS incorporates ports for AMP inspections and offers the option of using duplex stainless steel (DSS) for the DSC shell in order to negate corrosion issues. EOS is stored horizontally and above ground, making it easy and quick to access for visual inspection, monitoring, and mitigating actions during AMP. NUHOMS{sup R} EOS is optimized for high capacity, high burnup, high enrichments, and very low cooling times for UNF assemblies. It enables the highest heat load per canister (50 kW) and low dose rates. Even with high heat loads, EOS has significant margins to design basis limits. As the future of used fuel disposition will require the need to move fuel off-site to interim or consolidated storage, EOS is the ideal solution as it enables on-site loading and unloading operations that mitigate risk when transferring fuel on-site or transporting fuel off-site. The EOS design can be safely located in a traditional outdoor setting with fortress-like concrete reinforced modules that offer superior resistance to attack or can be safely operated inside of a building enclosure for those utilities desiring a more discreet siting for its used fuel storage systems. EOS has an innovative basket design that is made of high strength low alloy (HSLA) material and is easy to fabricate due to its non-welded design. Its innovative inlet and outlet air vent design, which incorporates dose reduction hardware, allows for optimal ambient airflow for highly efficient heat transfer with minimal radiation dose. The NUHOMS{sup R} EOS storage modules are interlocked in a side-by-side configuration offering superior and robust seismic performance. The license application for NUHOMS{sup R} EOS is currently under US NRC review and this system will be available for deployment in 2017. (authors)
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗