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At least 343 records · Page 19

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DOE OSTI2023

Mechanisms of Zn removal from water by amorphous geopolymer: Molecular-level insights from X-ray absorption spectroscopy, isotope fractionation, and surface complexation modeling

Porous geopolymers have attracted widespread attention as promising heavy metal adsorbents that can be synthesized from aluminosilicate solid wastes. However, the precise microstructural evidence for adsorbed heavy metals on geopolymers remains unclear due to the insensitivity of conventional characterization techniques on minerals with amorphous structure and surface disorder. Batch adsorption and column experiments coupled with X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), Zn stable isotope, and surface complexation model (SCM) were employed to reveal the Zn removal mechanisms with coal fly ash porous geopolymer (CFAPG) at a molecular scale. The macroscopic kinetic and isothermal adsorption of Zn on CFAPG were well described by the pseudo-second-order model and Bi_Langmuir equation, respectively, indicating the presence of abundant heterogeneous active sites on the CFAPG surface. Further, two types of active sites on the CFAPG surface were identified by XAS coupled with Zn isotopes in batch experiments at pH <= 6.0: one is pH-dependent and associated with tetrahedral zinc coordi-nation, and the other is pH-insensitive and associated with octahedral zinc coordination; these sites were confirmed by the bidentate SCM as the variable charge site (surface complexation, >S-OH) and the permanent negative charge site (cation exchange, >X - ), respectively. Furthermore, the important contribution of surface co -precipitation besides surface complexation and cation exchange to the Zn adsorption on CFAPG was identified by XAS coupled with SCM in a flow-through column experiment at pH >6.0. These investigations provide a systemic understanding of the Zn adsorption mechanisms on CFAPG and an SCM reference for the application and prediction of geopolymers in heavy metal-contaminated water remediations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2020

A review of coal heating value correlations with application to coal char, tar, and other fuels

Accurately measuring a fuel’s heating value is one of the first steps in the classification of a new fuel. Heating values are widely used in coal combustion research and are becoming more useful in other fuel types as well. Many different empirical correlations to predict heating values based on primary organic (CHONS) elemental composition are found in the literature, many of which were originally created to predict heating values of parent coal, and some of which have been extended for biomass. However, no correlations exist for heating values of coal chars and tars. Thirteen literature heating value correlations (10 model forms with 13 unique sets of coefficients) were evaluated for their predictive accuracy of a wide variety of fuel types, including 353 coals. This comparative analysis showed that the predictive capabilities of many of these literature models are very similar for coal-based fuels, with good correlation of coal char heating values. Correlation of coal tar heating values was hampered by the lack of heating value data. The choice of which model to use becomes more important for biomass fuels as well as for more unique fuel types like propellants and explosives, municipal solid waste, etc. Finally, the best model forms for each fuel type are suggested based on several statistical measures of fit.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗

DOE OSTI2021

Wind turbine blade material in the United States: Quantities, costs, and end-of-life options

Wind energy has experienced enormous growth in the past few decades; as a result, there are thousands of wind turbines around the world that will reach the end of their design lifetimes in the coming years. Much of the material in those turbines can be recycled using conventional processes, but the composite material that is the main component of the blades is more challenging to recycle. In the United States, turbine blades may be disposed of in landfills, adding a new solid waste stream to the material already being landfilled. This paper presents a spatially resolved estimate of the mass and volume of wind turbine blade waste in each state by 2050 and compares these amounts to estimates of the remaining landfill capacity by state. In this work, we estimate costs for each stage of the disposal process to indicate cost levels for alternatives. Assuming a 20-year turbine lifetime, the cumulative blade waste in 2050 is approximately 2.2 million tons. This value represents approximately 1% of remaining landfill capacity by volume, or 0.2% by mass. We also find that the current cost of disposing of blades in large segments or through grinding is relatively low in comparison to the overall life-cycle cost of energy. Based on these findings, landfill space constraints and disposal costs appear unlikely to motivate a change in waste handling strategies under current policy conditions. Instead, more profound shifts in recycling technologies, blade materials, or policy may be needed to move towards a circular economy for wind turbine blades.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2026

Identification of Common Types of Plastics by Vibrational Spectroscopic Techniques

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), Polypropylene (PP), and Polystyrene (PS) account for most plastic use worldwide, with production nearing 380 million tons annually. A considerable portion enters municipal solid waste and landfills, creating long-term environmental concerns. Scaling recycling operations requires automated sorting technologies, with spectroscopy and machine learning offering promising solutions. In this study, a six-class convolutional neural network (CNN) was developed for plastic identification using vibrational spectroscopies. Raman Scattering (RS) spectra collected from recycling samples enabled accurate chemical differentiation while assessing the influence of visible features such as color. A CNN trained on RS data achieved 100% classification accuracy. To strengthen field applicability, Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was incorporated, achieving 95% accuracy with a similar CNN model. These findings demonstrate the potential of integrating spectroscopy with deep learning for reliable plastic classification, advancing development of scalable, field-ready recycling technologies.

Garcia Tovar, Maria P.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Comparative Life Cycle Evaluation of the Global Warming Potential (GWP) Impacts of Renewable Natural Gas Production Pathways

Renewable Natural Gas (RNG) sources are being considered in future energy strategy discussions as potential replacements for fossil natural gas (FNG). While today’s supply of RNG resources is insufficient to meet U.S. demands, there is significant interest in its viability to supplement and decarbonize the natural gas supply. However, the resources that compare the life cycle global warming potential (GWP) of various RNG production pathways are lacking and focus mostly on a singular pathway. This effort is an attempt to close this gap and provide a comparison between the life cycle GWP of three major RNG pathways and the FNG pathway. The three RNG pathways evaluated are Anaerobic Digestion (AD), Thermal Gasification (TG), and Power-to-Gas (P2G) using various feedstocks. The functional unit is 1MJ of compressed RNG ready for injection into the natural gas transmission network. The results show that RNG production is not always carbon neutral or negative. Depending on the pathway the GWP impact of RNG production can range from -229 to 27 g CO 2 e/MJ compressed RNG, with AD of animal manure and AD of municipal solid waste being the least and the most impactful pathways, respectively, compared to the 10.1 g CO 2 e/MJ impact for compressed FNG.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

Virgin-like High-Density Polyethylene from Recycled Mixed Polyolefins

Reported herein is the compatibilization of mixed polyolefins containing a rheology modifier (M-PO RM ) derived from municipal solid waste (MSW) by using different types of compatibilizers. One compatibilizer was produced “in situ” during reactive extrusion (REX), and the other compatibilizers were commercial styrenic block copolymer and maleated polymer-based compatibilizers. Both “in situ” and commercial compatibilizers were first used in laboratory-controlled polyolefins containing a rheology modifier (denoted as L-PO RM ) and were investigated for their mechanical properties. The study was then extended to a rheology modifier containing recycled mixed polyolefins (M-PO RM ), where the effects of both compatibilizers were evaluated. Compared to the in situ and other commercial compatibilizers, the styrenic block copolymer offered superior performance, as it enabled the synthesis of virgin-like high-density polyethylene (HDPE) from the M-PO RM . The findings suggest that M-PO RM can be transformed into blends with virgin HDPE-like properties, thus offering an industrially relevant approach for the re- and upcycling of mixed polyolefins. Finally, the M-PO RM pellets with uniform MFI and good mechanical properties can be used as injection mold feedstocks for different applications such as in the construction and automotive sectors.

compatibilization↗

DOE OSTI2022

Material Flow Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of Polyethylene Terephthalate and Polyolefin Plastics Supply Chains in the United States

Plastics are useful and beneficial materials that contribute to an improved quality of life, yet they generate significant solid wastes and emissions and consume significant energy resources. Systems analysis is incomplete on current linear production systems of plastics supply chains and their associated processes. Our study combines material flow and life cycle assessment data sets of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and the main polyolefin polymers in the United States, comprising over 70% of plastics flows. This study estimates the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy consumption of these supply chains, including transportation and end-of-life processes, lacking in prior studies. Here we calculate annual GHG emissions and energy consumption of these plastic supply chains to be 101 MMT CO 2 -eq and 3248 PJ in 2019, respectively. The GHG emissions of these supply chains represented 1.5% of the total U.S. emissions and 5% of the total U.S. industry-related GHG emissions. The total energy consumption of these supply chains represented 3.1% of the total U.S. energy consumption in 2019. Transportation of PET and polyolefin plastic materials contributes 5% and 2% to the total supply chain GHG emissions and energy consumption, respectively. This baseline study provides a benchmark and enables a comparison to future circular production systems for plastics in the United States.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Sustainable extraction of rare earth elements from coal fly ash leachates using a recyclable ionic liquid

The growing demand for rare earth elements (REEs) has prompted interest in their recovery from alternative sources such as coal fly ash (CFA). This study explores the ionic liquid (IL) betainium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [Hbet][Tf 2 N], for selective extraction of REEs from leachates of a Class C CFA. While previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of using [Hbet][Tf 2 N] to extract REEs from different types of CFA in direct ash-IL systems, this study investigates four CFA leachates prepared using HCl, HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , and citrate. Extraction experiments were conducted across varying pH levels and with additives such as ascorbic acid and betaine. Among the systems tested, [Hbet][Tf 2 N] achieved REE recoveries of 51% and 47% from the HCl and citrate leachates, respectively, comparable to 49% REE recovery in ash-IL extraction. Co-extraction of bulk elements was significantly reduced in the leachate-IL systems. Optimal REE extraction occurred near pH 11, and addition of ascorbic acid effectively suppressed iron co-extraction without compromising REE recovery. Recycling experiments demonstrated that [Hbet][Tf₂N] retains its performance over five cycles with manageable losses. These results reveal the promise of [Hbet][Tf 2 N] for effectively recovering REEs from leachates of solid wastes, highlighting its applicability as a sustainable strategy for other aqueous REE feedstocks.

chemistry↗

DOE OSTI2021

Transcriptional control of Clostridium autoethanogenum using CRISPRi

Gas fermentation by Clostridium autoethanogenum is a commercial process for the sustainable biomanufacturing of fuels and valuable chemicals using abundant, low-cost C1 feedstocks (CO and CO 2 ) from sources such as inedible biomass, unsorted and nonrecyclable municipal solid waste, and industrial emissions. Efforts toward pathway engineering and elucidation of gene function in this microbe have been limited by a lack of genetic tools to control gene expression and arduous genome engineering methods. To increase the pace of progress, here we developed an inducible CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) system for C. autoethanogenum and applied that system toward transcriptional repression of genes with ostensibly crucial functions in metabolism.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

A Complex Brownfields Case Study—The Former Bannister Federal Complex, Kansas City, Missouri

Abstract In November 2017, 225 acres (91 ha) of the former Bannister Federal Complex (BFC) in Kansas City, Missouri were transferred from the Federal Government to Bannister Transformation & Development, LLC (BTD), for demolition; environmental corrective measures; and preparation of the site for redevelopment. This presented a once‐in‐a‐lifetime opportunity to reconfigure groundwater remedies and address long‐standing soil contamination issues. The property included more than 40 previously‐identified Solid Waste Management Units, 3.9 million square feet (362,000 m 2 ) of buildings, subsurface utilities dating back to the 1940s, and an active groundwater containment system. Demolition of buildings and installation of an interim groundwater containment system began almost immediately after property transfer. In 2018, BTD substantially modified its project schedule to incorporate the construction of the first new buildings while demolition and remedial activities were ongoing. By October 2020, construction of the first new warehouse commenced while excavation and capping of contaminated soils, installation of a groundwater containment treatment systems, and abandonment of legacy utilities were still underway. Completion of this work, within the originally planned timeframe, was made possible by factors including up‐front multi‐year funding, early and ongoing engagement of regulators, an extended 3‐year due diligence program and planning stage, and establishment of well‐defined environmental targets. Both the soil and groundwater remedies were also designed with the flexibility needed to accommodate unknown conditions, changing schedules, and revisions to the regrading and redevelopment plans. This case study highlights key technical and management factors that led to the successful completion of this complex brownfields remediation project.

Water Resources↗

DOE OSTI2024

BioSiting Tool (BioSiting) v2

The BioSiting Tool provides a geospatial interface for analyzing bioeconomy resources and infrastructure across the continental U.S. The tool integrates empirical and modeled data from a broad range of sources. Bioeconomy resources mapped in the tool include agricultural residues, forest residues, municipal solid waste streams, food waste, manure, fats, oils and greases and potential yields of energy crops. Infrastructure mapped in the tool includes biorefineries, material recovery facilities, anaerobic digesters, wastewater treatment plants, combustion plants, district energy systems, crude oil pipelines, petroleum pipelines, natural gas pipelines, railways and freight terminals. Additional data layers include environmental justice indicators at the census tract level and carbon dioxide geologic storage potential. Users can select a location on the map, define a buffer radius in kilometers and generate an inventory of all bioecomony resources within the buffer zone. Data from the tool can be downloaded from individual buffer zones, or at the state or national level.

Huntington, Tyler↗

DOE OSTI2023

Partial wet oxidation of dairy manure as a pretreatment process to produce acetic acid ‘a Source Growth of Methanogens’

Wet oxidation can be an effective process for the pretreatment of complex biomass such as lignocellulose. However, studies on the use of wet oxidation for treating solid waste such as dairy manure are limited. The use of partial wet oxidation to convert dairy manure into low molecular weight carboxylic acids as final products were investigated. This work focuses on the performance of the sub-critical wet oxidation treatment of dairy cattle manure as a conversion/pretreatment process to release matter from the lignocellulosic fraction rather than a destructive process. The operating conditions were controlled at the short residence time and optimal temperature in the presence of oxygen under a pressure of 120 psi. The thermal hydrolysis under wet oxidation significantly affected conversion manure slurry into organic acids. The concentration of acetic acid reached 1778 mg L –1 , achieved at 190°C (60 minutes reaction time) as the reaction temperature increased within the range of 150°C–200°C, total organic carbon was reduced and monomers in the process liquids decreased. On the other hand, soluble COD in process liquids increased with an increment in reaction temperature. The results provide insights into technical options to pretreat dairy manure to improve biochemical conversion yield.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Environmental Restorations Operations (Consolidated Quarterly Report Jul - Sep 2019)

This Environmental Restoration Operations (ER) Consolidated Quarterly Report (ER Quarterly Report) provides the status of ongoing corrective action activities being implemented at Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico (SNL/NM) during the July - September 2019 reporting period. Table I-1 lists the Solid Waste Management Units (SWMUs) and Areas of Concern (A0Cs) currently identified for corrective action at SNL/NM. This section of the ER Quarterly Report summarizes the work completed during this quarterly reporting period at sites undergoing corrective action. Corrective action activities were conducted during this reporting period at the three groundwater AOCs (Burn Site Groundwater [BSG] AOC, Technical Area-V [TA-V] Groundwater [TAVG] AOC, and Tijeras Arroyo Groundwater [TAG] AOC). Corrective action activities are deferred at the Long Sled Track (SWMU 83), the Gun Facilities (SWMU 84), and the Short Sled Track (SWMU 240) because these three sites are active mission facilities. These three active mission sites are located in Technical Area-III. There were no SWMUs or AOCs in the corrective action complete regulatory process during this quarterly reporting period.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

Vadose Zone Model for B-63 Area for Composite Analysis

The objectives of the vadose modeling for the updated Hanford Site composite analysis (CA) are to simulate the flow and transport of water and radionuclide releases from the surface to the water table and to provide radionuclide transfer rates for the plateau to river (P2R) model, version 8.3 (CP-57037, Model Package Report: Plateau to River Groundwater Model, Version 8.3). Water additions include natural recharge and water discharged to the ground as a result of industrial processes associated with Hanford Site operations. Contaminant sources include radionuclides in water discharged to the ground during operations and radionuclides disposed “dry” in solid waste burial grounds or other means. The following 16 radionuclides were selected for this modeling effort; carbon-14 (C-14), chlorine-36 (Cl-36), tritium (H-3), iodine-129 (I-129), neptunium-237 (Np-237), rhenium-187 (Re-187), strontium-90 (Sr-90), technetium-99 (Tc-99), uranium-232 (U-232), uranium-233 (U-233), uranium-234 (U-234), uranium-235 (U-235), uranium-236 (U-236), uranium-238 (U-238), radium-226 (Ra-226), and thorium-230 (Th-230). The simulation time starts in 1943 and ends at 12070, which is 10,000 years after assumed Hanford Site closure in 2070. The parallel version of the Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases (STOMP1) simulator, officially named the exascale Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases (eSTOMP), is used to simulate flow and transport for the vadose models. The documentation for the STOMP code is comprehensive. The theoretical and numerical approaches applied in the STOMP code are documented in a published theory guide (PNNL-12030, STOMP Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Version 2.0 Theory Guide). The code has undergone a rigorous verification procedure against analytical solutions, laboratory-scale experiments, and field-scale demonstrations. The application guide (PNNL-11216, STOMP Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Application Guide) provides instructive examples in the application of the code to classical groundwater problems. The user’s guide (PNNL-15782, STOMP: Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Version 4.0: User’s Guide) describes the general use, input file formatting, compilation, and execution of the code. The primary output of the vadose zone modeling is radionuclide transfer rates to the groundwater for input into the P2R model. The rates will be summed over the 100 by 100 m P2R grid cells that fall within the vadose zone model source domain.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2020

Vadose Zone Model for REDOX Area for Composite Analysis

The objectives of the vadose modeling for the updated Hanford Site composite analysis (CA) are to simulate the flow and transport of water and radionuclide releases from the surface to the water table and to provide radionuclide transfer rates for the plateau to river (P2R) model, version 8.3 (CP-57037, Model Package Report: Plateau to River Groundwater Model, Version 8.3). Water additions include natural recharge and water discharged to the ground as a result of industrial processes associated with Hanford Site operations. Contaminant sources include radionuclides in water discharged to the ground during operations and radionuclides disposed “dry” in solid waste burial grounds or other means. The following 16 radionuclides were selected for this modeling effort: carbon-14 (C-14), chlorine-36 (Cl-36), tritium (H-3), iodine-129 (I-129), neptunium-237 (Np-237), rhenium-187 (Re-187), strontium-90 (Sr-90), technetium-99 (Tc-99), uranium-232 (U-232), uranium-233 (U-233), uranium-234 (U-234), uranium-235 (U-235), uranium-236 (U-236), uranium-238 (U-238), radium-226 (Ra-226), and thorium-230 (Th-230). The simulation time starts in 1943 and ends at 12070, which is 10,000 years after assumed Hanford Site closure in 2070. The parallel version of the Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases (STOMP1) simulator, officially named the exascale Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases (eSTOMP), is used to simulate flow and transport for the vadose models. The documentation for the STOMP code is comprehensive. The theoretical and numerical approaches applied in the STOMP code are documented in a published theory guide (PNNL-12030, STOMP Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Version 2.0 Theory Guide). The code has undergone a rigorous verification procedure against analytical solutions, laboratory-scale experiments, and field-scale demonstrations. The application guide (PNNL-11216, STOMP Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Application Guide) provides instructive examples in the application of the code to classical groundwater problems. The user’s guide (PNNL-15782, STOMP: Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Version 4.0: User’s Guide) describes the general use, input file formatting, compilation, and execution of the code. The primary output of the vadose zone modeling is radionuclide transfer rates to the groundwater for input into the P2R model. The rates will be summed over the 100 by 100 m P2R grid cells that fall within the vadose zone model source domain.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2020

Vadose Zone Model for U Plant Area for Composite Analysis

The objectives of the vadose modeling for the updated Hanford Site composite analysis (CA) are to simulate the flow and transport of water and radionuclide releases from the surface to the water table and to provide radionuclide transfer rates for the plateau to river (P2R) model, version 8.3 (CP-57037, Model Package Report: Plateau to River Groundwater Model, Version 8.3). Water additions include natural recharge and water discharged to the ground as a result of industrial processes associated with Hanford Site operations. Contaminant sources include radionuclides in water discharged to the ground during operations and radionuclides disposed “dry” in solid waste burial grounds or other means. The following 16 radionuclides were selected for this modeling effort: carbon-14 (C-14), chlorine-36 (Cl-36), tritium (H-3), iodine-129 (I-129), neptunium-237 (Np-237), rhenium-187 (Re-187), strontium-90 (Sr-90), technetium-99 (Tc-99), uranium-232 (U-232), uranium-233 (U-233), uranium-234 (U-234), uranium-235 (U-235), uranium-236 (U-236), uranium-238 (U-238), radium-226 (Ra-226), and thorium-230 (Th-230). The simulation time starts in 1943 and ends at 12070, which is 10,000 years after assumed Hanford Site closure in 2070. The parallel version of the Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases (STOMP1) simulator, officially named the exascale Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases (eSTOMP), is used to simulate flow and transport for the vadose models. The documentation for the STOMP code is comprehensive. The theoretical and numerical approaches applied in the STOMP code are documented in a published theory guide (PNNL-12030, STOMP Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Version 2.0 Theory Guide). The code has undergone a rigorous verification procedure against analytical solutions, laboratory-scale experiments, and field-scale demonstrations. The application guide (PNNL-11216, STOMP Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Application Guide) provides instructive examples in the application of the code to classical groundwater problems. The user’s guide (PNNL-15782, STOMP: Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Version 4.0: User’s Guide) describes the general use, input file formatting, compilation, and execution of the code. The primary output of the vadose zone modeling is radionuclide transfer rates to the groundwater for input into the P2R model. The rates will be summed over the 100 by 100 m P2R grid cells that fall within the vadose zone model source domain.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2020

Vadose Zone Model for LLBG-200W B for Composite Analysis

The objectives of the vadose modeling for the updated Hanford Site composite analysis (CA) are to simulate the flow and transport of water and radionuclide releases from the surface to the water table and to provide radionuclide transfer rates for the plateau to river (P2R) model, version 8.3 (CP-57037, Model Package Report: Plateau to River Groundwater Model, Version 8.3). Water additions include natural recharge and water discharged to the ground as a result of industrial processes associated with Hanford Site operations. Contaminant sources include radionuclides in water discharged to the ground during operations and radionuclides disposed “dry” in solid waste burial grounds or other means. The following 16 radionuclides were selected for this modeling effort: carbon-14 (C-14), chlorine-36 (Cl-36), tritium (H-3), iodine-129 (I-129), neptunium-237 (Np-237), rhenium-187 (Re-187), strontium-90 (Sr-90), technetium-99 (Tc-99), uranium-232 (U-232), uranium-233 (U-233), uranium-234 (U-234), uranium-235 (U-235), uranium-236 (U-236), uranium-238 (U-238), radium-226 (Ra-226), and thorium-230 (Th-230). The simulation time starts in 1943 and ends at 12070, which is 10,000 years after assumed Hanford Site closure in 2070. The parallel version of the Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases (STOMP1) simulator, officially named the exascale Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases (eSTOMP), is used to simulate flow and transport for the vadose models. The documentation for the STOMP code is comprehensive. The theoretical and numerical approaches applied in the STOMP code are documented in a published theory guide (PNNL-12030, STOMP Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Version 2.0 Theory Guide). The code has undergone a rigorous verification procedure against analytical solutions, laboratory-scale experiments, and field-scale demonstrations. The application guide (PNNL-11216, STOMP Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Application Guide) provides instructive examples in the application of the code to classical groundwater problems. The user’s guide (PNNL-15782, STOMP: Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases Version 4.0: User’s Guide) describes the general use, input file formatting, compilation, and execution of the code. The primary output of the vadose zone modeling is radionuclide transfer rates to the groundwater for input into the P2R model. The rates will be summed over the 100 by 100 m P2R grid cells that fall within the vadose zone model source domain.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2020

Vadose Zone Model for M Pond Area for Composite Analysis

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗