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At least 343 records · Page 19
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

Evaluation of gold and silver leaching from printed circuit board of cellphones

Highlights: • Printed circuit boards (PCB) of mobile phones have large amounts of metals with high economic value such as gold and silver. • Dissolution of gold was done with a cyanide-based reagent and silver with nitric acid. • Leaching of PCB with Na{sub 2}S{sub 2}O{sub 3} and (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}S{sub 2}O{sub 3} to examine the feasibility of using these reagents was done. - Abstract: Electronic waste has been increasing proportionally with the technology. So, nowadays, it is necessary to consider the useful life, recycling, and final disposal of these equipment. Metals, such as Au, Ag, Cu, Sn and Ni can be found in the printed circuit boards (PCB). According to this, the aims of this work is to characterize the PCBs of mobile phones with aqua regia; obtaining “reference” values of leaching, to gold and silver, with cyanide and nitric acid, respectively; and study the process of leaching of these metals in alternative leaching with sodium thiosulfate and ammonium thiosulfate. The metals were characterized by digesting the sample with aqua regia for 1 and 2 h at 60 °C and 80 °C. The leaching of Au with a commercial reagent (cyanide) and the Ag with HNO{sub 3}were made. The leaching of Au and Ag with alternative reagents: Na{sub 2}S{sub 2}O{sub 3,} and (NH{sub 4}){sub 2}S{sub 2}O{sub 3} in 0.1 M concentration with the addition of CuSO{sub 4}, NH{sub 4}OH, and H{sub 2}O{sub 2}, was also studied. The results show that the digestion with aqua regia was efficient to characterize the metals present in the PCBs of mobile phones. However, the best method to solubilize silver was by digesting the sample with nitric acid. The leaching process using sodium thiosulfate was more efficient when an additional concentration of 0.015 and 0.030 M of the CuSO{sub 4} was added.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2016

Quantitatively in Situ Imaging Silver Nanowire Hollowing Kinetics

We report the in-situ investigation of the morphological evolution of silver nanowires to hollow silver oxide nanotubes using transmission x-ray microscopy (TXM). Complex silver diffusion kinetics and hollowing process via the Kirkendall effect have been captured in real time. Further quantitative x-ray absorption analysis reveals the difference between the longitudinal and radial diffusions. In conclusion, the diffusion coefficient of silver in its oxide nanoshell is, for the first time, calculated to be 1.2 × 10 -13 cm 2 /s from the geometrical parameters extracted from the TXM images.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Templated Mesoporous Silica Outer Shell for Controlled Silver Release of a Magnetically Recoverable and Reusable Nanocomposite for Water Disinfection

Here, we encapsulated Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 @Ag (MS-Ag), a bifunctional magnetic silver core–shell structure, with an outer mesoporous silica (mS) shell to form an Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 @ 2 Ag@mSiO 2 (MS-Ag-mS) nanocomposite using a cationic CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) micelle templating strategy. The mS shell acts as protection to slow down the oxidation and detachment of the AgNPs and incorporates channels to control the release of antimicrobial Ag + ions. Results of TEM, STEM, HRSEM, EDS, BET, and FTIR showed the successful formation of the mS shells on MS-Ag aggregates 50–400 nm in size with highly uniform pores ~4 nm in diameter that were separated by silica walls ~2 nm thick. Additionally, the mS shell thickness was tuned to demonstrate controlled Ag + release; an increase in shell thickness resulted in an increased path length required for Ag + ions to travel out of the shell, reducing MS-Ag-mS’ ability to inhibit E. coli growth as illustrated by the inhibition zone results. Through a shaking test, the MS-Ag-mS nanocomposite was shown to eradicate 99.99+% of a suspension of E. coli at 1 × 10 6 CFU/mL with a silver release of less than 0.1 ppb, well under the EPA recommendation of 0.1 ppm. This high biocidal efficiency with minimal silver leach is ascribed to the nanocomposite’s mS shell surface characteristics, including having hydroxyl groups and possessing a high degree of structural periodicity at the nanoscale or “smoothness” that encourages association with bacteria and retains high Ag + concentration on its surface and in its close proximity. Furthermore, the nanocomposite demonstrated consistent antimicrobial performance and silver release levels over multiple repeated uses (after being recovered magnetically because of the oxidation-resistant silica-coated magnetic Fe 3 O 4 core). It also proved effective at killing all microbes from Long Island Sound surface water. The described MS-Ag-mS nanocomposite is highly synergistic, easy to prepare, and readily recoverable and reusable and offers structural tunability affecting the bioavailability of Ag + , making it excellent for water disinfection that will find wide applications.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

XFEL Microcrystallography of Self-Assembling Silver n -Alkanethiolates

New synthetic hybrid materials and their increasing complexity have placed growing demands on crystal growth for single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Unfortunately, not all chemical systems are conducive to the isolation of single crystals for traditional characterization. Here, small-molecule serial femtosecond crystallography (smSFX) at atomic resolution (0.833 Å) is employed to characterize microcrystalline silver n-alkanethiolates with various alkyl chain lengths at X-ray free electron laser facilities, resolving long-standing controversies regarding the atomic connectivity and odd–even effects of layer stacking. smSFX provides high-quality crystal structures directly from the powder of the true unknowns, a capability that is particularly useful for systems having notoriously small or defective crystals. We present crystal structures of silver n-butanethiolate (C4), silver n-hexanethiolate (C6), and silver n-nonanethiolate (C9). We show that an odd–even effect originates from the orientation of the terminal methyl group and its role in packing efficiency. We also propose a secondary odd–even effect involving multiple mosaic blocks in the crystals containing even-numbered chains, identified by selected-area electron diffraction measurements. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the merits of the synthetic preparation for the preparation of microdiffraction specimens and compare the long-range order in these crystals to that of self-assembled monolayers.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2012

Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Study of the Kinetics of Self-Assembly of Carboxylate-Terminated n -Alkanethiols on Silver

Adsorption of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) on silver from methanol and aqueous solutions was monitored in situ by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SRES) spectroscopy. While adsorption of MUA from methanol is a one-step formation of a thiol-bound monolayer, SERS spectra reveal that monolayer formation from aqueous solution involves interactions of both carboxylate and thiol groups of MUA with the silver surface. Several Raman scattering bands, including the ν(C–S), ν s (COO – ), and ν(C–C), were used to investigate the evolution of the structure of adsorbed MUA on silver surfaces. The time-dependent profiles of these bands for assembly from aqueous solution indicate a multistep process, which is initiated by the binding of both carboxylate and thiol groups to silver, producing a mixture of gauche and trans conformations. In a subsequent step, the COO–Ag interactions are displaced by stronger S–Ag bonds, leading to ordering of the resulting monolayer with formation of a complete SAM with all-trans conformations. The results also showed that the adsorption process depended strongly on the solution pH and surface potential of the metal. Furthermore, these factors can significantly affect the participation and displacement of –COO – during self-assembly of MUA from aqueous solution.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2011

Communication: CO oxidation by silver and gold cluster cations: Identification of different active oxygen species

The oxidation of carbon monoxide with nitrous oxide on mass-selected Au{sub 3}{sup +} and Ag{sub 3}{sup +} clusters has been investigated under multicollision conditions in an octopole ion trap experiment. The comparative study reveals that for both gold and silver cations carbon dioxide is formed on the clusters. However, whereas in the case of Au{sub 3}{sup +} the cluster itself acts as reactive species that facilitates the formation of CO{sub 2} from N{sub 2}O and CO, for silver the oxidized clusters Ag{sub 3}O{sub x}{sup +} (n= 1-3) are identified as active in the CO oxidation reaction. Thus, in the case of the silver cluster cations N{sub 2}O is dissociated and one oxygen atom is suggested to directly react with CO, whereas a second kind of oxygen strongly bound to silver is acting as a substrate for the reaction.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2014

Surface plasmon coupled emission studies on engineered thin film hybrids of nano α−Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} on silver

We report the first time engineering and fabrication of a novel thin film hybrid of nano α-alumina doped in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix along with rhodamine b (Rh.B) on a silver thin film. Silver films of 50 nm thickness on glass slides were fabricated by thermal evaporation. Nano α-alumina was synthesized through the combustion route and characterized by XRD. The α-alumina was dispersed in the PVA-Rh.B matrix by tip sonication. The resultant solution was spin coated on the Ag thin film at 3000 rpm to generate an overcoat of ∼30 nm. We have designed and constructed an opto-mechanical setup for performing the SPCE studies. Excitation with a 532 nm continuous laser, led to the coupling of the energy of Rh.B emission to the surface plasmon modes of silver. The emission @ 580 nm was recorded using an Ocean Optics(copyright, serif) fiber optic spectrometer. Calculation of the ratio of signal intensity between the directional SPCE and isotropic fluorescence gives us the factor of signal enhancements which SPCE offers. We report an '8 fold' signal enhancement attributed to SPCE arising from the metal oxide doped thin film hybrid. We observed only a '5 fold' signal enhancement in the case of a thin film hybrid without α-alumina. The emission was also 92% P-polarized which is in coherence with the theory of SPCE. The greater degree of signal enhancement observed in the α-alumina doped thin film substrate can be attributed to the surface roughness which alumina offers to silver, which along with the porous nature of alumina enables a greater degree of adsorption of Rh.B which results in a higher emission intensity. Computational modeling was also performed, based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) calculations to provide theoretical background to observed experimental data. The α-alumina thin film hybrid can be extended as an economical sensing platform towards the high sensitive detection of analytes.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Distortion of ethyne on coordination to silver acetylide, C{sub 2}H{sub 2}⋅⋅⋅AgCCH, characterised by broadband rotational spectroscopy and ab initio calculations

The rotational spectra of six isotopologues of a complex of ethyne and silver acetylide, C{sub 2}H{sub 2}⋅⋅⋅AgCCH, are measured by both chirped-pulse and Fabry-Perot cavity versions of Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy. The complex is generated through laser ablation of a silver target in the presence of a gas sample containing 1% C{sub 2}H{sub 2}, 1% SF{sub 6}, and 98% Ar undergoing supersonic expansion. Rotational, A{sub 0}, B{sub 0}, C{sub 0}, and centrifugal distortion Δ{sub J} and Δ{sub JK} constants are determined for all isotopologues of C{sub 2}H{sub 2}⋅⋅⋅AgCCH studied. The geometry is planar, C{sub 2v} and T-shaped in which the C{sub 2}H{sub 2} sub-unit comprises the bar of the “T” and binds to the metal atom through its π electrons. In the r{sub 0} geometry, the distance of the Ag atom from the centre of the triple bond in C{sub 2}H{sub 2} is 2.2104(10) Å. The r(HC≡CH) parameter representing the bond distance separating the two carbon atoms and the angle, ∠(CCH), each defined within the C{sub 2}H{sub 2} sub-unit, are determined to be 1.2200(24) Å and 186.0(5)°, respectively. This distortion of the linear geometry of C{sub 2}H{sub 2} involves the hydrogen atoms moving away from the silver atom within the complex. The results thus reveal that the geometry of C{sub 2}H{sub 2} changes measurably on coordination to AgCCH. A value of 59(4) N m{sup −1} is determined for the intermolecular force constant, k{sub σ}, confirming that the complex is significantly more strongly bound than hydrogen and halogen-bonded analogues. Ab initio calculations of the r{sub e} geometry at the CCSD(T)(F12{sup *})/ACVTZ level of theory are consistent with the experimental results. The spectra of the {sup 107}Ag{sup 13}C{sup 13}CH and {sup 109}Ag{sup 13}C{sup 13}CH isotopologues of free silver acetylide are also measured for the first time allowing the geometry of the AgCCH monomer to be examined in greater detail than previously.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Tailoring the optical constants in single-crystal silicon with embedded silver nanostructures for advanced silicon photonics applications

Plasmonic effects associated with metal nanostructures are expected to hold the key to tailoring light emission/propagation and harvesting solar energy in materials including single crystal silicon which remains the backbone in the microelectronics and photovoltaics industries but unfortunately, lacks many functionalities needed for construction of advanced photonic and optoelectronics devices. Currently, silicon plasmonic structures are practically possible only in the configuration with metal nanoparticles or thin film arrays on a silicon surface. This does not enable one to exploit the full potential of plasmonics for optical engineering in silicon, because the plasmonic effects are dominant over a length of ∼50 nm, and the active device region typically lies below the surface much beyond this range. Here, we report on a novel method for the formation of silver nanoparticles embedded within a silicon crystal through metal gettering from a silver thin film deposited at the surface to nanocavities within the Si created by hydrogen ion implantation. The refractive index of the Ag-nanostructured layer is found to be 3–10% lower or higher than that of silicon for wavelengths below or beyond ∼815–900 nm, respectively. Around this wavelength range, the optical extinction values increase by a factor of 10–100 as opposed to the pure silicon case. Increasing the amount of gettered silver leads to an increased extinction as well as a redshift in wavelength position for the resonance. This resonance is attributed to the surface plasmon excitation of the resultant silver nanoparticles in silicon. Additionally, we show that the profiles for optical constants in silicon can be tailored by varying the position and number of nanocavity layers. Such silicon crystals with embedded metal nanostructures would offer novel functional base structures for applications in silicon photonics, optoelectronics, photovoltaics, and plasmonics.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Electrical conductivity modification using silver nano particles of Jatropha Multifida L. and Pterocarpus Indicus w. extracts films

Natural polymers can be extracted from leaf or stem of plants. Pterocarpus Indicus W. (PIW) and Jatropha Multifida L. (JIL) plants are good candidate as natural polymer sources. PIW and JIW polymers contain chemical compound so-called flavonoids which has C{sub 6}-C{sub 3}-C{sub 6} carbons conjugated configuration. The renewable type of polymer as well as their abundancy of flavonoid provide us to explore their physical properties. A number of research have been reported related to broad synthesis method and mechanical properties. So far there is no specific report of electrical conductivity associated to PIW and JIL natural polymers. In order to obtain electrical conductivity and its crystallinity of the extracted polymer films, it was induced on them a various fraction of silver nano particles. The film has been prepared by means of spin coating method on nickel substrate. It was revealed that FTIR spectra confirm the existing of rutine flavonoid. The crystallinity of the samples increase from 0.66%, to 4.11% associated to the respective various of silver fractions of 0.1 M to 0.5 M. SEM images show that there are some grains of silver in the film. The nature of electric conductivity increases a long with the addition of silver. The electrical conductivity increase significantly from 3.22 S/cm, to 542.85 S/cm. On the other hand, PIW films also shows similar trends that increase of Ag induce the increase its crystallinity as well as its electrical conductivity at semiconducting level. This result opens a prospective research and application of the green renewable polymer as optoelectronic materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Formation of nanoparticles from thin silver films irradiated by laser pulses in air

Some specific features of the transport of silver nanoparticles onto a SiO{sub 2} substrate under focused nanosecond IR laser pulses is experimentally investigated. A possibility of obtaining silver coatings is demonstrated. The formation of silver nanostructures as a result of pulsed laser ablation in air is studied. Nanoparticles are formed by exposing a silver film to radiation of an HTF MARK (Bulat) laser marker (λ = 1064 nm). The thus prepared nanoparticles are analysed using scanning electron microscopy and optical spectroscopy. (paper)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2026

A Model of Hydrogen Solubility in Palladium-Silver Alloys

Fusion fuel cycle designs depend on palladium and palladium-silver alloys. The selective permeability of these is used to separate hydrogen isotopes from other elements. Predicting the solubility of hydrogen isotopes in palladium-silver alloys is important for the design of key unit operations for tritium processing. This paper presents a model of hydrogen isotope solubility in palladium and palladium-silver alloys based on Guggenheim’s quasichemical lattice theory. The model parameters were determined as functions of isotope molecular weight and the silver content of the alloy. The model predicts reasonable values for the solubility of protium, deuterium, and tritium over a wide range of temperatures, pressures, and alloy compositions.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2015

Optical properties and crystallinity of silver mirrors under a 35 krad cobalt-60 radiation

This study addresses the effects of thin film optical design and environmental radiation on the optical properties of silver mirrors. Different experimental thin film optical designs are selected, and the film stack is built using Macleod's approach. Mirror elements are exposed to the same dose of radiation and their properties are characterized using a spectrophotometer equipped with an integration sphere and an x-ray diffractometer. Spectrophotometric analyses of mirrors exposed to about 35 krad of {sup 60}Co radiations overall show that the B270 glass substrates coated with titanium oxide (TiO{sub 2}), silicon dioxide (SiO{sub 2}), pure chrome, and pure silver effectively reduces radiation damage. The absorption spectrum of the TiO{sub 2} film in the visible region decreases after radiation and displays drifting. As thin metal films comparison, the silver thin film exhibits higher radiation resistance than the chrome thin film. The x-ray diffraction analysis on metal film layers reveals that crystallinity slightly increases when the silver thin film is irradiated.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Ag + reduction and silver nanoparticle synthesis at the plasma–liquid interface by an RF driven atmospheric pressure plasma jet: Mechanisms and the effect of surfactant

Here, the involvement of plasma produced species in the reduction of silver ions at the plasma–liquid interface is investigated using a well-characterized radio-frequency driven atmospheric pressure plasma jet. The absolute gas phase H density was measured using two photon absorption laser induced fluorescence in the free jet. Broadband absorption and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). It is shown that fructose, an often used surfactant/stabilizer for AgNP synthesis, also acts as a reducing agent after plasma exposure. Nonetheless, surfactant free AgNP synthesis is observed. Several experimental findings indicate that H plays an important role in the reduction of silver ions for the plasma conditions in this study. Vacuum ultraviolet photons generated by the plasma are able to reduce silver ions in the presence of fructose. Adding H2 to the argon feed gas leads to the production of a large amount of AgNPs having a particle size distribution with a maximum at a diameter of 2–3 nm, which is not observed for argon plasmas. This finding is consistent with a smaller concentration of reducing species at the plasma–liquid interface for Ar with the H2 admixture plasma. The smaller flux of reactive species to the liquid is in this case due to a less strong interaction of the plasma with the liquid. The formation of the nanoparticles was observed even at a distance of 6–7 mm below the tip of the plasma plume, conditions not favoring the injection of electrons.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2011

Second-surface silvered glass solar mirrors of very high reflectance

This paper reports methods developed to maximize the overall reflectance second-surface silvered glass. The reflectance at shorter wavelengths is increased with the aid of a dielectric enhancing layer between the silver and the glass, while at longer wavelengths it is enhanced by use of glass with negligible iron content. The calculated enhancement of reflectance, compared to unenhanced silver on standard low-iron float glass, corresponds to a 4.4% increase in reflectance averaged across the full solar spectrum, appropriate for CSP, and 2.7% for CPV systems using triple junction cells. An experimental reflector incorporating these improvements, of drawn crown glass and a silvered second-surface with dielectric boost, was measured at NREL to have 95.4% solar weighted reflectance. For comparison, non-enhanced, wetsilvered reflectors of the same 4 mm thickness show reflectance ranging from 91.6 - 94.6%, depending on iron content. A potential drawback of using iron-free drawn glass is reduced concentration in high concentration systems because of the inherent surface errors. This effect is largely mitigated for glass shaped by slumping into a concave mold, rather than by bending.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Optical Properties of Thulium-Modified Silver Nanoparticles

We have prepared silver nanoparticles in thulium-modified colloidal solutions by “green” synthesis and investigated the optical properties of the resultant mixed solutions. The thulium ions have been shown to influence the properties of the colloidal silver nanoparticles. Thulium has a strong advantageous effect on the plasmon resonance of the silver nanoparticles, whereas the components of peppermint reduce the effect. The silver nanoparticles reduce the thulium ion photoluminescence intensity.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

X-ray diffraction analysis of LiCu{sub 2}O{sub 2} crystals with additives of silver atoms

Silver-containing LiCu{sub 2}O{sub 2} crystals up to 4 × 8 × 8 mm in size were grown by the crystallization of 80(1-x)CuO · 20{sub x}AgNO{sub 3} · 20Li{sub 2}CO{sub 3} (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) mixture melt. According to the X-ray spectral and Rietveld X-ray diffraction data, the maximum amount of silver incorporated in the LiCu{sub 2}O{sub 2} structure is about 4 at % relative to the copper content. It was established that silver atoms occupy statistically crystallographic positions of lithium atoms. The incorporation of silver atoms is accompanied by a noticeable increase in parameter c of the LiCu{sub 2}O{sub 2} rhombic unit cell, a slight increase in parameter a, and a slight decrease in parameter b.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2012

Electrophysical properties of solid solutions of silver in PbTe

The thermopower coefficient {alpha}{sub 0} and the electrical conductivity {sigma} of Pb{sub 1-x}Ag{sub x}Te solid solutions, where x = (0-0.007), are measured at T = 300 K. The hole concentration p is calculated. All samples are of the p type. With increasing silver content, {alpha}{sub 0} decreases, while p and {sigma} increase. For undoped crystals, {alpha}{sub 0} = 251.0 {mu}V/K, p = 1.1 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 18} cm{sup -3}, and {sigma} = 165 {Omega}{sup -1} cm{sup -1}. At the silver-solubility limit for x = 0.007, {alpha}{sub 0} = 193.8 {mu}V/K, p = 2.3 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 18} cm{sup -3}, and {sigma} = 216 {Omega}{sup -1} cm{sup -1}. The hole concentration in all samples is much lower than the concentration of introduced silver atoms. The hole gas in Pb{sub 1-x}Ag{sub x}Te solid solutions is weakly degenerate in the entire silver-concentration range.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗